BIOLOGICAL	FEMALE	MALE
1.Chromosomal	XX	XY
2. Gonadal	ovaries	testes
3. Hormonal	estrogen progesterone	androgen
4. Internal organs	uterus, vagina	prostate, seminal vesicle
5. External organs	clitoris, vagina	penis, scrotum
PSYCHOSOCIAL/PRESCRIBED
6. Assigned gender	It's a girl.	It's a boy.
7. Gender identity	I'm a girl.	I'm a boy.
8. Gender role	feminine	masculine
9. Sexual orientation	prefer males	prefer females

II. Differentiation of sexual anatomy during embryo development

A. Chromosomal sex determination

• 23 chromosome pairs carry genes; 1 pair determines sex
• XX (female); XY (male)
• contribution of X and Y differs; examples

   

B. Gonadal development (regulated by genes)

1. Undifferentiated: 7 wks

gonads with two kinds of sex cells

2. Development

• female (XX, no Y genes, some X genes) : 10 wks - 6 months
  • ovaries
  • eggs produced, 300,000-400,000 at birth
• male (XY, y genes): 8 wks - 7 months
  • testes develop
  • testes produce androgens
  • testes produce Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
  • descend at 7 months

C. Hormones/Internal development

1. Undifferentiated organs

• Mullerian duct
• Wolffian duct

2. Developed organs

Female: if no testosterone, no MIS,

1) Wollfian duct atrophies

2) Mullerian duct develops into:

• fallopian tubes
• uterus
• upper 80% vagina
• hymen

Male: if testosterone, MIS

1) Mullerian duct atrophies

2) Wollfian duct develops into:

• epidydimus: receives and houses sperm
• vas deferens: tube that connects to seminal vesicles
• ejaculatory duct: passes through prostate gland
• urethra

D. External genitalia (presence or absence of testosterone)

1. Undifferentiated organs

• genital tubercle
• urethral folds
• labioscrotal swellings

2. Early differentiated organs

3. Fully developed sexual anatomy at birth

• female: clitoris, inner lips, outer lips
• male: penis, urethra, scrotal sacs

E. Summary of homologous organs

III. Chromosomal and Hormonal Anomalies/Hermaphrodites

A. Anne Fausto-Sterling - The five sexes

• external genitals incongruent with genetic sex

B. Genetic anomalies

• X - Turner's syndrome
• XXX
• XXY - Klinefelter's syndrome - low androgen
• XXYY - supermale
• Y - none live

C. Hormonal anomalies

BIOLOGICAL	"NORMAL" FEMALE	TYPE A FERM	TYPE B FERM
1.Chromosomal	XX	XX	XX
2. Gonadal	ovaries	ovaries	ovaries
3. Hormonal	estrogen progesterone	androgen	some androgen
4. Internal organs	uterus, vagina	Internal uterus, vagina	Internal uterus, vagina
5. External organs	clitoris, vagina	penis, fused labia, empty scrotum	micropenis, or large clitoris
PSYCHOSOCIAL/ PRESCRIBED
6. Assigned gender	It's a girl.	It's a boy.	It's a girl.
7. Gender identity	I'm a girl.	I'm a boy.	I'm a girl.
8. Gender role	feminine	masculine	feminine
9. Sexual orientation	prefer males	prefer females	prefer males

D. MERMS

BIOLOGICAL	"NORMAL" MALE	TYPE A MERM (AIS)Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome	TYPE B MERM Partial (AIS) Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
1.Chromosomal	XY	XY	XY
2. Gonadal	testes	testes	testes
3. Hormonal	androgen	androgen- insensitive	responds to some androgen
4. Internal organs	prostate, seminal vesicle	no uterus, short vagina	no uterus, short vagina
5. External organs	clitoris, vagina	female external or micropenis	micropenis, or large clitoris
PSYCHOSOCIAL/ PRESCRIBED
6. Assigned gender	It's a boy.	It's a girl.	It's a girl.
7. Gender identity	I'm a boy.	I'm a girl.	I'm a girl.
8. Gender role	masculine	feminine	feminine
9. Sexual orientation	prefer females	prefer males	prefer males

Type C Merm. 5alpha reductose deficiency; caused by a recessive gene.

38 boys from the Dominican Republic.

IV. Conclusion

Genes do not solely determine gender identity, gender role, or sexual orientation.