Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)/
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
Dietary Reference Intakes for Older Adults
The National Policy and Research Center on Nutrition and Aging (Center) compiled tables summarizing the most current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) including the DRIs for Macronutrients (2002)* and Dietary Guidelines as well as the findings from the Serving Elders at Risk, the Older Americans Nutrition Programs: National Evaluation of the Elderly Nutrition Program 1993-1995 (Evaluation). These tables are posted as PDF files that require a reader such as Acrobat Reader. Free Download of Acrobat Reader is available at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html.
References are noted below.
Table 1: Dietary Reference Intakes for Older Adults (updated 03/19/04)
This table presents DRI values for men and women for ages 51 to 70 and over 70. They include the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) or Adequate Intake (AI) (whichever is available), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The RDA is the nutrient intake level that meets the requirement for nearly all (97-98%) of people of a specified age range and gender. The AI is the nutrient intake level of healthy people assumed to be adequate and is based on observed intakes, experimental data, etc. The UL is the highest daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all of the general population. It is not a recommended level and there are no established benefits of a higher level. In fact, there may be increased risks to consuming above this level.
The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences published a series of reports presenting dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients by Americans and Canadians. These DRIs replace the 1989 RDAs. DRIs are quantifiable reference values of nutrients that form the basis for planning and assessing the diets of healthy people.
Table 2: Nutrient Availability of an Older Americans Nutrition Program Meal Relative to the Dietary Reference Intakes and Recommended Dietary Allowances (updated 12/20/02)
This table presents the DRIs as noted above as well as the nutrient level to meet Older Americans Nutrition Program requirements. The table also includes nutrient data from the Evaluation that was compared to the 1989 RDAs for individuals age 51 and over.
The Evaluation report summarized the results of a comprehensive study of the Older Americans Nutrition Program. The Program, which serves the general elderly population under Title III and Native Americans under Title VI, is administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Administration on Aging (AoA). Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., conducted the evaluation in conjunction with the University of Minnesota.
Research and Reports
Dietary Reference Intake publications available from the National Academy of Sciences:
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2004.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
* Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.
2003
Blanc S, Schoeller DA, Bauer D, Danielson ME, Tylavsky F, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Everhart JE. Energy requirements in the eighth decade of life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:303-310.
2002 and earlier
Aghdassi E, McArthur M, Liu B, Mcgeer A, Simor A, Allard J. A Comparison of the diet in a population of institutionalized Canadian elderly to the dietary reference intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:339S-340S.
Anonymous. Most frequently asked questions…About 1997 Dietary References Intakes (DRIs). Nutr Today. 1997;32(5):189-190.
Bailey LB. Dietary Reference Intakes for folate: the debut of dietary folate equivalents. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:294.
Bryant RJ, Cadogan J, Weaver CM. The new Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium: implications for osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(suppl):406S-412S.
Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients in the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects, No. 41. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office: 1991.
Dwyer J. Old wine in new bottles? The RDA and the DRI. Nutrition. 2000;16:488-92.
Foote JA, Giuliano JA, Harris RB. Older adults need guidance to meet nutritional recommendations. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:628-640.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington DC: National Academy Press;1997.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;1998.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;2000.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment.Washington, DC:National Academy Press;2000.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC:National Academy Press;2001.
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC:National Academy Press;2002.
Making the most of calcium: Factors affecting calcium metabolism. Dairy Council Digest. 1998;69(1):1-6.
Manual RC. The significance of daily recommended dietary allowances for race differences in health. Gerontologists. 2001;41(special Issue):237. Abstract.
McBride J. Subtle larceny: Too little protein in elders. Agriculture Research. 1995;43:12-13.
Millward DJ, Fereday A, Gibson N, Pacy PJ. Aging, protein requirements, and protein turnover. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:774-78
Monsen ER. Dietary Reference Intakes for the antioxidant nutrients: vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:637-40.
Morse MH, Haub MD, Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Protein requirement of elderly women: Nitrogen balance responses to three levels of protein intake. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M724-M730.
National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed.Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
Omenn GS. An assessment of the scientific basis for attempting to define the Dietary Reference Intake for beta-carotene. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1406-9.
Pennington JA, Hubbard VS. Derivation of daily values used for nutrition labeling. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1407-12.
Rock CL. Dietary Reference Intakes, antioxidants, and beta-carotene. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1410.
Suitor CW, Bailey LB. Dietary folate equivalents: interpretation and application. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:88-94.
Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1621-1630.
Wellman NS, Rosenzweig L, Lloyd J. Older Americans nutrition program: transitioning to meet the new dietary reference intakes. J Nutr Elder. 2002;22:63-76.
Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary Reference Intakes: the new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:699-70
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Resources
2003
Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Planning (2003)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This report is available online from the Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes.
Contact: National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373 or 202-334-3313
Email: zjones@nas.edu
Cost: Free online copy
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)
Audience: Professionals
Description: A Report of the Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes.
Contact: National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373 or 202-334-3313
E-mail: zjones@nas.edu
Cost: Hardcover: $84.95, paperback: $64.95 and prepub $80. Take and additional 20% off when you buy it online.
2002 and earlier
ABC's of Healthy Living
Audience: Professionals
Description: Training package presents the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and reinforces ways to incorporate them in schools, child care centers, and other facilities participating in USDA food programs. Package includes the Dietary Guidelines, a videotape (22 minutes), an overview for a 2 1/2 to 3 hour training session, trainer notes, list of resources, and camera-ready handouts and forms.
Contact: Texas Department of Human Services
701 West 51st St.
Austin, TX 78714-9030
Phone: 512-438-3011
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.
Contact: National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373
Cost: $69.95, hardcover, 0-309-07290-5; $49.95, paperback,0-309-07279-4; $55.00, prepublished copy,
0-309-07325-1pr (all prices are subject to change)
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient, the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Determined by the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Contact: National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373
Cost: $64.95, hardcover, 0-309-06411-2; $44.95, paperback, 0-309-06554-2
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient, the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease.
Contact: See above
Cost: $59.95, hardcover, 0-309-06949-1; $39.95, paperback, 0-309-06935-1
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, And Fluoride (2001)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This book discusses in detail the role of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride in human physiology and health. For each nutrient, the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease.
Contact: See above
Cost: $54.95, hardcover, 0-309-06350-7; $34.95, paperback, 0-309-06403-1
Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment (2000)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This new book, Applications in Dietary Assessment, provides guidance to nutrition and health research professionals on the application of the new DRIs. It represents both a "how to" manual and a "why" manual. Specific examples of both appropriate and inappropriate uses of the DRIs in assessing nutrient adequacy of groups and of individuals are provided, along with detailed statistical approaches for the methods described. In addition, a clear distinction is made between assessing individuals and assessing groups as the approaches used are quite different.
Contact: National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373
Cost: $54.95, hardcover, 0-309-07311-1; $34.95, paperback, 0-309-07183-6
Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber (2001)
Audience: Professionals
Description: This book discusses in detail what is known about how fiber functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors may affect how it works, and how fiber may be related to chronic disease. ISBN: 0-309-07564-5
Contact: National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373
Cost: $18.00, paperback, or read it on-line for free.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber (2001)
Audience: Professionals
Description: A Report on the Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board. The Food and Nutrition Board proposes a definition of dietary fiber that includes both intrinsic and added fibers.
Contact: National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW
Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Phone: 888-624-8373 or 202-334-3313
E-mail: zjones@nas.edu
Cost: $18 (softcover)
Dietary References Intakes for Older Adults
Audience: Consumers and Professionals
Description: The National Policy and Research Center on Nutrition and Aging (Center) compiled tables summarizing the most current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and Dietary Guidelines as well as the findings from the Serving Elders at Risk, the Older American Act Nutrition Programs: National Evaluation of the Elderly Nutrition Program 1993-1995
Contact: Center on Nutrition and Aging's website
Cost: Available as a PDF file.
Macronutrient Symposium
Audience: Professionals
Description: Powerpoint presentations are available online from the Food and Nutrition Board - Macronutrient Symposium held November 6, 2002. This symposia starts with an over-view on DRI and general info on macronutrients. Included in the symposium are on Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Fiber, and report recommendations. The symposia also shows how to use the macronutrient report.
Contact: Leslie Vogelsang
Research Assistant
Food and Nutrition Board
Institute of Medicine
The National Academies
500 Fifth Street, NW
W-733
Washington, DC 20001
Phone: 202-334-1365
Fax: 202-334-2316
E-mail: mailto:fnb@nas.edu
Last Updated:
09/13/2004
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