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Wellness
Activities for Older Americans
Background
There
are many challenges associated with aging. But it is a more difficult
process when an individual does not have certain essential tools to
achieve healthy aging, such as knowledge of proper exercise and nutrition,
peer support, and the ability to cope with the psychological and physical
health changes due to aging. Wellness and health promotion programs
help older adults to understand the complexity of and ingredients for
optimal psychosocial and physical well-being. (1)
Congregate sites are places to eat a healthy meal, socialize, participate
in activities, and not be alone. Many programs and centers provide comprehensive
services in addition to nutritious meals for on-site and homebound participants.
Although participation is declining at some congregate sites due to
lack of variety of program activities (2-3) that meet participant needs,
increasing activities and educational classes, particularly those related
to mental health and physical health are helpful in promoting independence,
functionality, health and overall well-being (2-3).
A
sedentary lifestyle, due to age, depression, obesity, arthritis, stroke
or respiratory diseases, is a major risk factor for disability in older
adults (4-7). Research supports the importance of physical activity
in reducing the risk of these debilitating conditions (5-11). The benefits
of physical activity have been well documented including increased appetite,
increased mobility and flexibility, and improved muscle strength and
aerobic capacity (12). As a result, more active participants have better
dietary intakes, improved functional capacity to perform Activities
of Daily Living, reduced risk for falls, improved bone health, and improved
responses to coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and osteoarthritis
(5-10). Functionality is improved.
Congregate
programs that offer resistance training (eg., strength training via
dumbbells or machines), endurance training (eg., aerobics, walking,
swimming), flexibility training (eg., stretching, yoga), and balance
training (eg., Tai-chi) help benefit older adults in their pursuit of
a healthy lifestyle (12-13).
According
to National Evaluation of the Elderly Nutrition Program, 1993-1995,
80% of nutrition sites that provided recreation and social activities
(or 67 percent of all congregate sites) offered these activities at
least twice per week (14). Physical activity programs were included
in this category but were not listed as a separate activity. The Surgeon
General, supported by AARP, the American College of Sports Medicine,
the American Geriatrics Society, the National Institute on Aging, the
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation in the US Department of Health
and Human Services, recommend community-based physical activity programs
or community activities that include physical activity opportunities
to achieve health benefits in older adults (10, 15,16). Therefore, Older
Americans Nutrition Programs, that serve millions of older adults every
year, are logical sites for such activities. Physical activity, partnered
with good nutrition, enables participants to lead a quality and productive
life.
Health
promotion programs focus on educating older adults about how to increase
control over and improve their health in a variety of areas; for example,
nutrition, physical activity, mental health, alcohol and substance reduction,
tobacco use, and other areas. Wellness programs--a type of health promotion
program--involve all aspects of the individual: mental, physical, and
spiritual. Both types of programs provide structured opportunities to
increase knowledge and skills in specific areas, such as stress management,
or environmental sensitivity. They also provide a supportive environment
to nurture the emotional and intellectual aspects of participants, and
aid individuals in becoming increasingly responsive to their health
needs and quality of life. These programs are usually short-term and
educational rather than therapeutic in nature.
The
Older Americans Act Reauthorization lists a number of activities concerning
health and wellness programs:
Part B-Supportive Services and Senior Centers Program.
Section 321 (a) The Assistant Secretary shall carry out a program
for making grants to States under State Plans approved under section
307 for any of the following supportive services:
(1) health (including mental health), education and training, welfare,
informational, recreational, homemaker, counseling, or referral services:
(7) services designed to enable older adults to attain and maintain
physical and mental well-being through programs of regular physical
activity, exercise, music therapy, art therapy, and dance-movement therapy;
(8) services designed to provide health screening to detect or prevent
illnesses, or both, that occur most frequently in older individuals;
(17) health and nutrition education services, including information
concerning the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation
of age-related diseases and chronic disabling conditions…
Part
D - Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Services Program
Section 361
(a) The Assistant Secretary shall carry out a program for making grants
to States under State Plans approved under section 307 to provide disease
prevention and health promotion services and information at multipurpose
senior centers, at congregate meal sites, through home-delivered meals
programs, or at other appropriate sites. In carrying out such programs,
the Assistant Secretary shall consult with the Directors of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute on Aging.
(b) The Assistant Secretary shall, to the extent possible, assure that
services provided by other community organizations and agencies are
used to carry out the provisions of this part.
Section
102 - Definitions
For the purposed of this Act-
(12) The term "disease prevention and health promotion services'
means-
(A) health risk assessments;
(B) routine health screening, which may include hypertension, glaucoma,
cholesterol, cancer, vision, hearing, diabetes, bone density, and nutrition
screening;
(C) nutritional counseling and educational services for individuals
and their primary caregivers;
(D) health promotion programs, including but not limited to programs
relating to prevention and reduction of effects of chronic disabling
conditions (including osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease), alcohol
and substance abuse reduction, smoking cessation, weight loss and control,
and stress management;
(E) programs regarding physical fitness, group exercise, and music,
art, and dance-movement therapy…
(F) home injury control services, including screening of high-risk home
environments and provision of educational programs on injury prevention
(including fall and fracture prevention)in the home environment;
(G) screening for the prevention of depression, coordination of community
mental health services, provision of educational activities, and referral
to psychiatric and psychological services…
(I) medication management screening and education to prevent incorrect
medication and adverse drug reactions…
Examples
of Wellness and Physical Activity Programs
Below
are examples of wellness programs from a wide variety of organizations
and agencies that provide these services. Summaries provide the objectives
and activities of specific programs. This list also includes suggestions
for specific topics and resources for more information. Additional resources
to tap for information and assistance include (1) state and county health
departments, (2) cooperative extensions, (3) hospitals and health clinics,
(4) colleges and universities, (5) health care practitioners, (6) federal
and state public health agencies, and (7) other agencies, organizations,
and businesses that relate to a specific disease, service, and/or product.
There is no limit to the variety and depth of programs to offer based
on the needs and interest in the community served.
- Research,
resources, and weblinks on the subjects of Education and Health
Promotion posted by the National Policy and Resource Center on Nutrition
and Aging
General
Wellness Programs
- Strong
Bodies Healthy Seniors Program. Monterey County Area Agency
on Aging. Based on the following books: Nelson ME and Wernick S.
Strong Women Stay Young (revised edition). Bantam Doubleday Dell
Publishing; 2000 and Nelson ME and Wernick S. Strong Women Stay
Slim. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing; 1999. http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/health.html
http://www.aaamc.org/
- Interdisciplinary
Health Promotion Education for Low Income Older Adults. Southeast
Florida Center on Aging and College of Health and Urban Affairs,
School of Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL. Teams
of faculty and students from physical therapy, occupational therapy,
nursing, dietetics, and social work planned, organized and implemented
health promotion activities and education for older adults residing
in low income housing. Faculty from each discipline helped facilitate
the group planning, implementation processes, and resource guidance.
Activities were presented in English, Spanish, as well as Creole
as needed. Activities and topics included exercise, stretching,
weight training, walking programs, diabetic foot care, sexuality
and aging, depression, accessing community resources, balloon volleyball,
apartment safety checks, fall prevention, smart grocery shopping,
relaxation and stress reduction, hurricane preparedness, hydration,
memory tips, and nutrition advice. Students were challenged to learn
and work with different disciplines and gained new insights and
respect for each other's discipline specific knowledge. Student's
perceptions of working with older adults often changed. The older
adults found the program worthwhile and helpful. The project provided
needed services to an underserved low income older adult population
while providing students with the opportunity to work, learn, and
gain experience in an interdisciplinary format. Pamela Elfenbein,
PhD, MSW, Center on Aging, Florida International University, Miami,
FL. (305) 919-5563 Email: elfenbep@fiu.edu
- The
Community Education Program. Goldman Institute on Aging, San
Francisco, CA. This program is designed to inform older adults and
caregivers about pressing health issues. Its goal is to provide
up-to-date information so older adults can make informed decisions
about their health and well-being. http://www.gioa.org/
- Community
Health Education Program. DuPage County Health Department, Illinois.
Offers a variety of health education programs to groups of older
adults at either the Health Department or other locations throughout
the county. Health topics include: Arthritis, Dental Health, Depression,
Diabetes, Exercise, Falls, Healthy Aging, Hypertension, Medication,
Safety, Nutrition & Fitness, Osteoporosis, Smoking Cessation,
and Stroke Prevention. http://www.dupagehealth.org/seniorservices/services.html
- Yoga
for Older Adults. McGaw YMCA, Evanston, IL. Yoga is a holistic approach
to overall health and body maintenance, which includes energy awareness,
breathing and stamina. Tai Chi for Older Adults. McGaw YMCA, Evanston,
IL. Tai Chi is a graceful form of meditation through movement that
facilitates relaxation and a healthier connection between the spirit,
mind and body. http://www.ymcacommunity.net/mcgaw/program.asp?ProgramID=369
- Exemplary
State Programs to Prevent Chronic Disease and Promote Health, Winter
2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The
CDC is working with states to implement chronic disease prevention
programs that are research-based and proven to work. Strong, well-coordinated
state programs supported by essential national elements, such as
surveillance and prevention research, form the framework for CDC's
efforts to prevent and control chronic diseases. CDC developed this
document to provide states with models of state-based programs that
are making a sustained contribution to reducing the burden of chronic
diseases by targeting one or more of the following key objectives:
reducing risk factors for chronic diseases, expanding the use of
screening for early detection of chronic diseases, providing high-quality
health education programs, and creating healthier communities. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/exemplary/index.htm
Physical
Activities
- HealthierUS
Initiative. President Bush launched this initiative to educate
Americans of all ages about the vital health benefits of simple
and modest improvements in physical activity and nutritional habits.
On June 21, President Bush and Assistant Secretary for Aging Josefina
G. Carbonell met with seniors in Florida to discuss the importance
of healthy lifestyles and regular physical activity to successful
aging. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/fitness/
- SNAP
(Senior Nutrition and Activity Program) Senior Services, Inc of
Wichita, funded by the Kansas Health Foundation, produced SNAPshots:
A Series of Articles about Nutrition
& Physical
Activity. Articles include Flexibility & Fitness; Exercise
for Visually Impaired People; Balance; Exercise & Arthritis;
Walking for Fitness. Contact info: 200 South Walnut, Wichita, Kansas
67213; phone: 316-267-0302.
- Nutrition
and Physical Activity Profile of Older Adults in Georgia...Results
from a Community Intervention. Division of Aging Services 2001.
The Georgia Division of Aging Services implemented a community-based
nutrition and physical activity screening and intervention program
called Take Charge of Your Health-Active Older Adult Speaker's Kit
and Placement Leg Exercises in a congregate meal program setting.
Participants improved their flexibility, walking speed, and nutrition
knowledge. Georgia Department of Human Resources, Atlanta, GA. http://www2.state.ga.us/Departments/DHR/aging.html
- Chicago
Fitness Plus. Chicago Department on Aging. The largest government-sponsored
senior exercise program caters to over 7000 participants, including
low-income and homebound older adults. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Aging/
- Community
Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors. Center for Healthy
and Active Living, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Comprehensive lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity
using client-centered motivational, behavioral, and cognitive techniques
to help participants overcome barriers, exercise safely, and develop
endurance, flexibility, and strength. Participants choose their
own exercise regimens. Programs also targeted to low-income and
minority seniors. Purpose is to implement and evaluate safe and
effective physical activity programs for older adults that incorporate
strength training and endurance activities. The project's central
tasks are to increase awareness of the benefits of physical activity
programs, build capacity of local agencies to deliver physical activity
programs, enhance the skills and confidence of older adults to engage
in regular physical exercise, and increase the activity level of
older adults. http://nurseweb.ucsf.edu/iha/hlthyact.htm
- AgeFit
TM first introduced its dedicated strength training and fitness
programs for older adults in 1997 in Stamford, CT. Since that time,
hundreds of program participants ages 65 to 95+ have reported increased
functional mobility and strength, better balance, longer gait length,
and improved overall health. Best of all, they reflect a positive
outlook on life that comes from their renewed independence and emotional
well-being. http://www.agefit.com/services.htm
- Benefits
of water exercises for older adults. Ohio University, Athens, OH.
Water exercise is beneficial to older adults because movement in
water puts less stress on the body. For example, when neck deep
in water the body only bears 8% of its weight. In water, there is
less force involved, less of a risk of injury. Immersion in water
also benefits older adults with chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis.
Water resistance helps strengthen muscles and improve balance, with
little risk of falling. Older adults are more apt to participate
if they know the benefits. http://www.ohiou.edu/news/01-02/211.html
- Provide
stretching and chair exercises.
- Provide
stationary bicycles and/or stimulate individuals to ride solo or
in groups.
- Provide
dance-movement therapy or dance for entertainment, aerobics.
Walking
Programs
- USA
on the Move: Steps to Healthy Aging: Eating Better, Moving More.
As part of this initiative, the Administration on Aging has launched
a two-part project sponsored by AoA and the National Policy and
Resource Center on Nutrition and Aging at Florida International
University, Miami, FL. Moving More is designed to improve
nutrition and physical activity in older adults. Older adults can
use digital step counters to count steps daily and add steps throughout
the day to reach their step goal, increasing daily steps gradually.
http://www.fiu.edu/~nutreldr/STEPS_Program/STEPS_home.htm
- Strong
Bodies Healthy Seniors Program. Monterey County Area Agency
on Aging. Based on the following books: Nelson ME and Wernick S.
Strong Women Stay Young (revised edition). Bantam Doubleday Dell
Publishing; 2000 and Nelson ME and Wernick S. Strong Women Stay
Slim. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing; 1999. http://www.randomhouse.com/bantamdell/health.html
http://www.aaamc.org/
- Food
for Thought newsletter. Monterey County Area Agency on Aging
Nov/Dec 2001 issue, Walk This Way, Please...Everything You Ever
Wanted to Know About Walking (Including Why You Should Do It)."
http://www.aaamc.org/
- Mayor's
Walk For Senior Wellness. Florida Department of Elder Affairs and
the Northeast Florida AAA. On November 10, 2001, about 300 seniors
participated in a 1.8 mile walk in Jacksonville to promote health
and fitness. A new wellness program was also introduced. Northeast
Florida AAA, Jacksonville, FL (904) 786-5111, (888) 242-4464. http://www.myflorida.com/doea/healthfamily/learn/elderissues/doeairu.html
- Provide
treadmills and other walking, stepping, and running equipment.
Social,
Cognitive, and Mental Health Improvement Programs
-
Counseling
and support groups for persons/caregivers concerning dementia and
Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral
Center. http://www.alzheimers.org/
-
Alcohol
Abuse Among Seniors report. Alcohol abuse is being called a
hidden epidemic. Hidden because its symptoms often mimic or are
masked by common physical and mental infirmities of aging. Hidden
because doctors rarely ask about when and how much their older patients
drink or what effect alcohol may have on their lives. http://www.healthinaging.org/
-
Artworks.
Goldman Institute on Aging, San Francisco, CA. A unique and innovative
program where professional artists design and implement projects
such as painting, oral history, music and poetry at adult day health
centers and in the homes of frail older adults. Through creative
expression, older adults remain connected to the community and experience
improved physical and emotional well-being. http://www.gioa.org/
-
Friendship
Line/Center for Elderly Suicide Prevention and Geriatric Mental
Health and Counseling. Goldman Institute on Aging, San Francisco,
CA. Older adults often face a multitude of changes and stresses
in relation to the aging process, including health concerns, physical
limitations, financial problems, loss of a loved one and isolation.
http://www.gioa.org/programs/cesp/cesp.html
-
Mental
Wellness Tips. The Health Aging Campaign. The processes of normal
aging do not have to rob older adults of their memory. This class
facilitates learning about depression. New activities, hobbies,
and exercise are wonderful anti-depressants. Course teach older
adults about: staying active doing things that use memory, taking
classes, playing games, being with people, picking up the phone
just to "chat," volunteering time, getting involved with
a cause, and seeking out variety and challenge in daily life. http://www.healthyaging.net/mentalwellness.htm
-
Group
Psychiatric Services Program. The Southeast Public Health Center,
Dupage County Health Department, IL, offers bi-monthly psychiatric
services and a support group for older adults struggling with depression
or mental illness. Services are provided in a group setting by an
interdisciplinary team of professionals. http://www.dupagehealth.org/seniorservices/services.html
-
Bereavement
Drop-In Center. Visiting Nurse Association of Manchester and Southern
New Hampshire. Elliot Hospital, Manchester, NH. Drop-in center open
to anyone grieving the death of a loved one. Meetings are informal,
and offer a place to share thoughts and concerns with a trained
bereavement volunteer or Hospice professional. http://www.elliothospital.org/classes/
-
Offer
spirituality support groups.
-
Offer
counseling and support for sexuality and sexual function issues.
Chronic
Disease Prevention and Treatment / Health
Screening
-
Statewide
Health Education and Awareness Campaign Model. Minnesota
Board on Aging Three campaigns: Strike Out Stroke (1999), Arthritis
Doesn't Have to Slow You Down (2000) and Alzheimer's Disease
(2001) emphasized physical activities to benefit each of these
conditions. (651) 296-2879. http://www.mnaging.org/
-
The
Active Aging Community Task Force Project. Center for Healthy
and Active Living, University of California, San Francisco,
CA. Funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. This project
expands into 17 California regions a proven community task force
model for setting up strength training classes for persons over
the age of 60. The aims of the project are to increase community
awareness of risk factors and prevention and treatment strategies
for osteoporosis and falls, and increase the number of community-based
strength training classes for persons over the age of 60. The
community task forces will develop and implement work plans
to identify community sites in which to establish new strength
training classes, and identify the persons to be trained to
lead the classes. http://nurseweb.ucsf.edu/iha/hlthyact.htm
-
Talk
about Prescriptions is an online resource in an effort to improve
communication about appropriate medicine use from the National Council
on Patient Information and Education http://www.talkaboutrx.org/
-
-
-
Screening
and treatment information for various forms of cancer. American
Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/
-
-
Stroke
Screening. Jefferson Health System, Philadelphia, PA. Learn the
warning signs and risk factors for stroke and "mini-strokes"
or TIA's. A 15-minute screening includes blood pressure and heart
rate check. Discuss personal risk factors with a nurse. Stroke screenings
is available, free of charge, at various locations in the community.
http://www.mainlinehealth.org/neighbors/e3front.dll?durki=5831
-
Focus
on food labels to help diabetic adults. An intense 10-session nutrition
education program developed by Penn State and the University of
North Carolina at Greensboro to help improve eating patterns and
meet treatment goals. The older adults in this study not only changed
their diets but also had greater improvements in their blood sugar
and cholesterol levels than did people who were not counseled through
this new approach. http://www.hhdev.psu.edu/news/news_res/2_18_02_diab.html
-
Dental
care for urgent oral problems. Dupage County Health Department,
IL. Provides care for tooth pain, bleeding, infection and/or swelling,
etc. at no charge. Patients are qualified in advance of treatment
to verify financial and residential eligibility. Referrals to low
cost dental services are also provided. http://www.dupagehealth.org/seniorservices/services.html
-
Immunizations
for tetanus, diphtheria, flu and pneumonia (seasonal) are available
at local public health centers. Dupage County Health Department,
IL.
-
-
-
-
USA
on the Move: Steps to Healthy Aging: Eating Better, Moving More.
As part of this initiative, the Administration on Aging has launched
a two-part project sponsored by AoA and the National Policy and
Resource Center on Nutrition and Aging at Florida International
University, Miami, FL. This pilot project is designed to improve
nutrition and physical activity in older adults. Eating Better
focuses on improving eating habits. It uses a guide (to be developed)
that includes simple healthy recipes and tips to improve diets.
http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/nasua-factsheet-rev211.pdf
http://www.fiu.edu/~nutreldr/STEPS_Program/STEPS_home.htm
-
-
Guidelines
for food shopping, food safety and food preparation. Check online
resources from the Center and other resources noted above.
Use
of vitamins, minerals, herbal, and food supplements. Check online
resources from the Center. Also the Alternative Medicine Foundation.
http://www.amfoundation.org/
-
Nutrition
for a Healthy & Active Lifestyle. City of Sunnyvale, CA
Parks and Recreation. This course focuses on how aging effects
nutritional needs and how to prevent or alleviate many of the
complications associated with growing older through sound nutrition
practices. Special topics include nutrition's role in the prevention
and treatment of heart disease, osteoporosis, arthritis and cancer.
Current research and some controversial topics such as vitamin
and herbal supplements, the French Paradox and red wine's possible
role in prevention of heart disease are reviewed. The course provides
practical nutrition information as well as behavioral strategies
to make healthy eating part of one's life. http://www.ci.sunnyvale.ca.us/leisure-services/activities/older-adults/health.htm
-
Rx
for Communication. Comprehensive Health Education Foundation,
Seattle, WA. A program to help older adults communicate more effectively
with their doctors and pharmacists. The program is designed to
be provided by local staff or volunteers after a one-day training
and using curriculum materials that include a step-by-step guide
for the sessions, masters of participant handouts, transparencies,
and a video. (800) 323-2433. http://www.chef.org/more.htm
-
-
Elder
Abuse Prevention Program. Goldman Institute on Aging, San Francisco,
CA. A nationally recognized model in providing individual and group
counseling to elderly victims of abuse. The program also provides
training and education to older adults, community groups, and professionals.
Additionally, the program heads up the San Francisco Consortium
for Elder Abuse Prevention. http://www.gioa.org/
-
-
-
Internet
for Seniors. AARP. Elliot Hospital, Manchester, NH. This class
introduces techniques for "surfing the net" for older adults.
Basic terminology and theory is reviewed. Internet exercises provides
hands on learning and an informational handout is distributed to participants.
http://www.elliothospital.org/classes/
Background References
1.
Older Adults and Mental Health: Issues and Opportunities, Chapter
4 - Supportive Services and Health Promotion. Administration
on Aging. January 10, 2000. Available at: http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/mh/report2001/chapter4.html.
2.
1998
AoA State Program Reports. Administration on Aging. Available
at: http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/napis/98spr/default.htm.
3. Evaluation of Dine-Out Programs. Prepared by Suburban
Area Agency on Aging and Community Network. August 9, 2000. Contact:
Diane Sleazak, Deputy Director, Suburban Area Agency on Aging: 708-3;
diane.slezak@s3a.com.
4. Kramarow E, Lentzner H, Rooks R, Weeks J, Saydah S. Health
and Aging Chartbook. Health, United States, 1999. Hyattsville,
MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999.
5. Rader MC, Vaughen JL. Management of the frail and deconditioned
patient. South Med J. 1994;87(5):S61-65.
6. Vorhies D, Riley BE. Deconditioning. Clin Geriatr Med.
1993;9:745-763.
7. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S, Khatri
P, Waugh R, Napolitano MA, Forman LM, Appelbaum M, Doraiswamy PM,
Krishnan KR. Effects of exercise training on older patients with
major depression. Arch Intern Med.1999;159:2349-2356.
8. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise
and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1998;30:992-1008. Also available at: http://www.acsm-msse.org.
9. Hurley BF, Roth SM. Strength training in the elderly: Effects
on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med. 2000;4:249-268.
10. US Dept of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and
health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dept
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion;1996.
Also available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/sgr.htm.
11. Yates SM, Dunnagan TA. Evaluating the effectiveness of a home-based
fall risk reduction program for rural community-dwelling older adults.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M226-230.
12. Carlson JE, Ostir GV, Black SA, Markides KS, Rudkin L, Goodwin
JS. Disability in older adults 2: Physical activity as prevention.
Behav Med. 1999. 24(4):157-168.
13. Jette AM, Lachman M, Giorgetti MM, Assmann SF, Harris BA, Levenson
C, Wernick M, Krebs D. Exercise-it's never too late: the strong-for-life
program. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:66-72.
14. Ponza M, Ohls JC, Millen BE. Serving Elders At Risk: The
Older American Act Nutrition Programs, National Evaluation of the
Elderly Nutrition Program, 1993-1995. Washington, DC: Mathematica
Policy Research Inc; 1996. http://www.aoa.gov/aoa/pages/nutreval.html
15. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. National Blueprint: Increasing
physical activity among adults age 50 and older. Available at:
http://www.rwjf.org/app/rw_publications_and_links/rw_pub_other.jsp
16. US Dept of Health and Human Services. Physical activity fundamental
to preventing disease. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning
and Evaluation; June 20, 2002. Also available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.pdf
Compiled
by Lester Rosenzweig, MS, RD and Lauren Rhee, MS, RD, and staff of the
National Policy and Resource Center on Nutrition and Aging, Florida International
University, Miami, FL. Contact: nutritionandaging@fiu.edu
This
project is supported, in part, by a grant from the Administration on Aging,
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Grantees undertaking projects
under government
sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their findings and conclusions.
Points of view or opinions do not, therefore, reflect official DHHS policy.
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