A FORTEAN COSMOLOGY

Chuck's World: Fort's View of the Universe

The main principle of Fort's cosmology was clearly idiosyncracy. If there was one thing that he was sure of regarding our universe, it was that neither the astronomers or he could fathom anything about it without resorting to "circular" reasoning. But if Fort's books are examined closely, and his statements are read with the assumption that he was trying to point out something, rather than just criticize the astronomers, one can see that the main argument he tried to rally he reader around was that the universe was not quite as vast as it was thought to be. That the stars, planets, and other cosmic phenomena might be actually quite close, in cosmological terms; close enough so that events there could transport things here or influence processes on our own planet. In light of the view that was beginning to prevail among astronomers of the time - that humankind was a speck of dust in an unimaginably vast expanse of empty space - this was a conservative, and perhaps, comforting view. Fort was no geocentrist, clearly, having accepted the Copernican revolution; but he seems to have strongly doubted the Einstein/Hubble one.

Fort did not appear to doubt that the world was a sphere moving through space. He does not appear to have probed for evidence of "flat" or "hollow" Earth theories, though he often did question the geologists about their assumptions regarding the interior of our globe. For Fort, the closeness of the other planets made the interchange of things between them a feasible and likely process. He called this process of movement through interstellar space "transportation." Fort openly joked about the possibility that our planet might make period "requests" for replenishment of vanished species from "storehouses" on other spheres. He certainly though that "superconstructions" could traverse that comparatively short distance and that other beings could claim "ownership" over our sphere, establishing communication with certain select "inhabitants." Today, there are probably few Forteans who are willing to publicly doubt that the stars and planets are not as far away from us as the astronomers claim. But there are certainly cosmic mysteries that remain which still poke holes in the cosmological models and theories of the astronomers. It is to these mysteries that many modern Fortean investigators have turned.

Cosmic Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle

Physicists have increasingly come to examine the amazing coincidences of our universe and to consider the possibility that it may be rather perfectly designed for the emergence of conscious life. This is not evidence of intelligent design; it merely is a statement (a la Dr. Pangloss) that the universe may be one of the best of all worlds (for conscious living organisms anyway.) Merely stating this fact is the Weak Anthropic Principle. But some physicists have supplemented it with the Strong Anthropic Principle - that conscious life is necessary for the universe to exist (through the quantum-mechanical function of collapsing the wave function) - or the Final Anthropic Principle - that the emergence of conscious life is the goal of the universe. (To which Martin Gardner has responded with the Completely Ridiculous Anthropic Principle, or CRAP.) None of these principles presuppose an intelligent creator, as the old Thomistic theological arguments vis-a-vis 'argument by design' did. But they do suggest the possibility of intelligent control over the universe's unfolding, or, more heretically, its self-unfolding toward greater complexity.

So what are these striking cosmic coincidences? One is that the electric charge of the proton and electron are exactly equal and opposite, despite their radically different masses. If this were not the case, everything in the universe would explode. Our sun would not exist if: 1) the neutron did not outweigh the proton by a fraction of a percent or 2) the strong nuclear force were not strong enough to hold the deuteron together, but not so strong as to make it unstable. In fact, nothing would exist if the Big Bang did not 1) have a critical density which prevented recollapse 2) have a perfectly smooth and uniform temperature or 3) generate a slightly greater amount of matter than antimatter. We are also fortunate that space has only three (manifested) dimensions - otherwise nervous system activity & blood circulation would be impossible, and planets would not orbit their stars stably. And if it were not for the nuclear resonances peculiar to Red Giant Stars, the universe would consist solely of hydrogen & helium, and contain no other organic elements. Strangely, there is an almost remarkable matching between the sun's temperature and the absorbtive frequencies of chlorophyll in green plants.

There are other coincidences advantageous to life in the cosmos. The "shape" of the cosmos, known as O to astronomers, would be hyperbolic (4-dimensionally so) if omega was greater than 1, and would soon reach entropic heat death; it would be parabolic if omega was less than 1, and eventually recollapse into a Big Stop. But current data suggests thatO is almost exactly equal to 1, perhaps due to the mysterious "missing mass" which may or not be neutrino-filled "dark matter." Though it seems trivial, the stars are far apart enough that their gravitation does not preclude the stability of solar systems. On our own planet, we are lucky that water possesses some unique properties - its solution of substances, high heat of vaporization, expansion in solid state, and peculiar crystalline molecular structure make conditions here fortuitous for the emergence of life - and is abundant on a planet which might be barren like its neighbors were it to be a little closer or further from the sun. Many of the constants of the cosmos - the gravitational constant, Planck's constant, the mass ratio of hadrons to leptons - almost appear to some physicists to be "fine-tuned." This led the famed astronomer Sir James Jeans to surmise that "the universe seems to be more like a great thought than a machine."

Solar System Surprises

There are many suprising facts about our own cosmic 'burb. One is that the orbits of the planets almost, but not quite, fit a simple arithmetic function known as Bode's Law. Bode's Law works almost perfectly up to Uranus, but then starts to go awry around Neptune. Strangely, it predicts the existence of a planet at roughly the orbital position where the asteroid belt is now. Bode's Law also suggests the possibility of the existence of intra-Mercurial and trans-Plutonian planets, which some astronomers have christened Vulcan and Charon respectively, and mrore than a few have claimed to have turned up on their telescopes. As for the "missing" 5th planet, some have named it Maldek. More interesting than Bode's Law is the fact that the orbital periods of all the planets are exact fractions of a mathematical figure known as the Nineveh constant (approx. 1.95 times 1014.) This figure is found on Babylonian tablets dating from before the 1st millenium BCE, when it was believed that they only knew of the existence of five planets... some scientists have wondered whether there might be a periodicity to the number of moons of each planet. The fact that Earth has one moon and Jupiter had (it was thought) four led Swift to surmise (correctly) that Mars has two moons.

Other astronomers speculate the existence of a "Nemesis" dark-star out beyond the Oort cometary cloud which is responsible for the periodic extinction (every 65 million years or so) of life on our planet apparent from the geologic record. Yet others wonder about the origins of the retrograde diurnal revolutions of Venus and Uranus. Is it necessary to invoke the "billiard-ball" astronomy of Velikovsky to explain such puzzles? Strangely, Velikovsky's predictions about the temperature of Venus proved to be almost exactly correct, as did his belief that Jupiter would have a unique magnetic "tail" that no other planet would have. (Jupiter is the source of constant and powerful radio emissions of unkown origin. Some have suggested it is a secondary "sun" which failed to ignite.) It is also curious that all the so-called "gaseous giant" outer planets - Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune (and not just Saturn) appear to have rings. And there are of course the tantalizing hints that the Red Planet, Mars, may have held water at some point. Certainly, as far as planetary mysteries go, the so-called Face on Mars - if authentic - is hard to ignore...

Frames of Reference

When viewing the universe from our (apparently) fixed vantage point, it is sometimes hard to realize that we are undergoing several types of motion at once. We are on a spinning planet orbiting a star. That star is in turn part of a spiral arm of a spinning galaxy, orbiting around a vast source of energy at the galactic core. That galaxy is in turn rapidly hurtling away from all of its neighbors and toward the constellation of Vega. Said galaxy is also part of what may be a rotating universe (not an impossible notion, if it is in fact finite and unbounded, as Einstein suggested, rather than infinite) which may be part of a vaster multiverse, of which more anon. While most of our units of time are based on simple cosmic motions, few of us are willing to go to the lengths of reckoning Galactic Years. Yet in ancient times the precession of the equinoxes established the crucially important Great Year of approximately 25,900 years. It may be that the Aeons (Yugas) of the Hindus may have been based on accurate notions of cosmic time, with the idea that the movement of the Earth through space might change the influences on the planet - the idea of World or Zodiacal Ages.

While the world has largely absorbed the paradigm shifts of the Copernican revolution, it has yet to absorb the Hubble revolution. The universe contains many exotic, amazing entities - black holes, quasars, pulsars, nebulae, supernovae, and cosmic "walls" of galactic dust - that we can scarcely comprehend. While many have theorized regarding the possibility of intelligent life existing elsewhere in the cosmos, there has been less than great luck in picking up discernible signals in the SETI program, and the search for planetary systems like our own with habitable worlds goes on. The strange thing is that the cosmos does seem to be more structured than we might expect - almost as if it consists of "films" of matter wrapped around vast cosmic "bubbles" or voids. Most of it seems to exist in places beyond our perception, as infrared, radio, and ultraviolet astronomy has revealed, or beyond even our detection - as with the mysterious "dark matter." Like Charles Fort, many of us have difficulty in accepting the vastness of our immense universe. But it is not empty - the void is seething with quantum "virtual particles," a veritable sea of ceaseless becoming.

Welcome to the Multiverse

Are there other universes besides our own? While the idea of other dimensions was left to science fiction in the past, physics has begun to consider the concept seriously. One school of quantum mechanics, the Many-Worlds interpretation popularized by Fred Alan Wolf, assumes parallel universes must exist in order to explain QM dilemmas such as Schrodinger's cat - in one universe (perhaps the one the observer inhabits upon collapsing the wave function) the cat is dead, in the other it is alive, and never shall the twain meet. But cosmology also suggests the idea as well - the "inflationary" cosmos of Alan Guth and others assumes that our universe is just one "bubble" that erupted out of the primaeval fireball, and that others may exist. The idea that space may be "warped" and that "wormholes" may tunnel outside of normal spacetime, connecting "black" and "white" holes, is accepted as quite possible by many physicists. Roger Penrose, for one, feels that black holes could lead to universes other than our own. Such a "hyperspace" might be needed to explain faster-than-light (FTL) particles, such as tachyons, which travel backwards in time.

The idea that there may be other dimensions of existence is gaining ground in physics. Superstring theory suggests that the 4-D universe we experience (length, width, breadth, and duration) may be just a fraction of a higher 11-dimensional universe. Where are the other seven dimensions? They may be "wrapped" up at the subatomic level. Or, they may be "elsewhere" - in a place we can mathematically, but not physically, describe. This is the same dilemma that Flatlanders had in dealing with the mysterious Sphere - he could come and go through their planiverse, but could not tell them where was going without explaining the impossible concept of "up." A higher-dimensional being could only be partially visible in our 4-D universe, and could perform many feats that to us would appear extraordinary, like turning a left-hand glove into a right-hand glove, or turning one of us inside out. It could see easily into any of the spaces we considered "closed." That otherdimensionality might explain some of the paranormal events Forteans observeand collect is a concept I have enumerated many times.

If we live in a multiverse, then we know precious little about what other universes would be like. How would beings get from "there" to "here"? Would the laws of physics be the same "there" as "here?" Are all these parallel universes completely coterminous and overlapping, separated only by differential rates of vibration? Is there a structure to how universes are connected in multiversal "space"? We have no way of knowing these things. But someday we may be using other dimensions to travel more rapidly through our own universe. The discovery and utilization of other dimensions of existence would be a revolution to top that of Copernicus or Hubble. It would force us to revise our idea of scientific law itself. For physics suggests that at the singularity - the place where our universe ends and others begin - the laws of physics do not apply. If our own universe originated in just such a singularity, as Stephen Hawking suggests, then "all bets are off".... and even laws such as "something cannot come from nothing" are negated.

Steve Mizrach, aka Seeker1

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