A guide to resources in computer-mediated communications.

• Adrianson, L., and Helmquist, E. (1988).User's experiences of COM-A computer-mediated communication system, Behaviour and Information Technology 7: 77-99.
• Akin, O. and Rao, D. R. (1985). Efficient computer-user interface in electronic mail systems, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22(6): 589-611. Investigated the question of user-computer inferface using a general purpose method for encoding and measuring efficiency of use in computer systems. Three experts with a given system and 3 Ss with routine knowledge of it participated as Ss and were observed performing several mailing tasks. While experts performed these tasks with fewer errors and in a more complete manner, it was not clear that they achieved this any faster than regular users. Recommendations for system design are made. (14 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
• Almquist, E. (1992). Impact of electronic media on scientific research, communication and collaboration, Faxon Institute Annual Conference, Reston, Va.
• Anderson, J. R. and Meyer, ? (1988). Mediated Communication: A Social Action Perspective, Sage Publication.
• Anderson, J. R. and Schooler, L. J. (1991). Reflections of the environment in memory, Psychological Science, 2(6): 396-408. Availability of human memories for specific items shows reliable relationships to frequency, recency, and pattern of prior exposures to the item. These relationships have defied a systematic theoretical treatment. Empirical data about a number of environmental sources ( New York Times, parental speech, electronic mail) are examined to show that the probability that a memory will be needed also shows reliable relationships to frequency, recency, and pattern of prior exposures. Moreover, the environmental relationships are the same as the memory relationships. It is argued that human memory has the form it does because it is adapted to these environmental relationships. Models for both the environment and human memory are described. [S. Rafaeli]
• Anis, N. (1991). Interview with Ward Christensen the first BBS operator, BoardWatch Magazine, April: 14-22.
• Aubret, J. and Damiani, C. (1989). Telematique, information et orientation: analyse des questions et des reponses de deux messageries telematiques (Telematics, information and guidance: Analysis of questions and answers from two electronic mail boxes), Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle, 18(2): 155-169.
• Baer, V. E. (1988). Getting to know the neighbors: An information exchange between two middle schools, The Computing Teacher, 15(8): 20-23
• Baym, N. (1992). Computer-mediated soaptalk: Communication, community and entertainment on the net. Presented at SCA and American Folklore Society.
• Bazerman, C. (1988). Shaping Written Knowledge: The genre and activity of t= he experimental article in science, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
• Beals, D. (1992). Computer networks as a new data base, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 8(3): 327-345. On content analysis [F. Henri]
• Benedikt, M. (1991). Cyberspace: First Steps, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
• Berger, C. R. and Chaffee, S. H. (198?) On bridging the communication gap, Human Communication Research, 15(winter): 311.
• Biber, D. (1988). Variations Across Speech and Writing, Cambridge Universit= y Press, New York.
• Black, S. D., Levin, J. A., Mehan, H. and Quinn, C. N. (1983). Real and non-real time interaction: unraveling multiple threads of discourse, Discourse Processes, 6: 59-75.
• Boehlefeld, S. (1992). "Does she do the Vulcan mind meld on the first date?" Doing gender in computer-mediated communication. Unpublished manuscript.
• Bolter, J. (1991). Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext and the History of Writing, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
• Broadbent, K. (1990). New information-communication technologies in scientific communication: implications for third-world users, The Information Society, 7: 203-232.
• Bromberg, C. (1991). In defense of hackers, New York Times Magazine, 21 Apr= il, p. 44.
• Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage, in E. N. G= oody (ed.), Questions and Politeness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.56-289.
• Bull, Glenn, et al. (1989). The electronic academical village, Journal of Teacher Education, 40(4): 27-31
• Carey, J. (1980). Paralanguage in computer mediated communication, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia.
• Carley, K. and Wendt, K. (1991). Electronic mail and scientific communication: a study of the Soar extended research group, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 12: 406-440. A new type of scientific research group is emerging - the extended research group (a large number of geographically dispersed researchers working together in a coordinated fashion). This article describes the roles that various modes of communication (such as face-to-face discussion and EMail), types of information communicated, and types of social ties played in the communication behavior of one such group, computer analysts and programmers working on a specialized language model called Soar, which stands for "state operator and result." The authors show that the Soar group used different communication modes to acquire different types of information and that EMail enhanced rather than reduced the impact of traditional scientific communication networks.
• Caswell, S A.(1988). E-mail, Converging Technology Series, Gage, Agincourt, Canada.
• Chaffee, S. H., Gomez-Palacia, C. and Rogers, E. M. (1990). Mass communication research in Latin America: Views from here and there, Journalism Quarterly, 67(4): 1015-1024.
• Chesebro, J. W. (1985). Computer mediated interpersonal communication, in B= . D. Ruben (ed.), Information and Behavior, Vol. 1, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 202-222.
• Chesebro, J. and Bonsall, D. (1989). Computer-Mediated Communication: Human Relationship in a Computerized World, University of Alabama Press, USA. This text focuses on computers as a means of communication. It begins with a discussion of the information society and continues with the types of computer-human communication (including artificial intelligence) and then briefly touches on societal issues at the end. [Richard Foote]
• Christians, C. E., Ferre, J. P. and Fackler, P. M. (1993). Good News: Social ethics and the press, Oxford University Press, New York. Offers a community-centered approach to media ethics that challenges the classical liberal ideal of the autonomous individual [newbooks]
• Clark, C. (1988). Confessions of an educator/SYSOP, The Computing Teacher, 15(9): 11-12
• Clement, A. (1990). Cooperative support for computer work: a social perspective on the empowering of End Users, CSCW 90 Proceedings.
• Cohen, H. (1994). The History of Speech Communication: The emergence of a discipline, 1914-1945, Speech Communication Association, Annandale, VA. After more than 40 years as a teacher, researcher and department administrator, Professor Cohen has written a detailed and comprehensive volume on the discipline from its "derivative" stage, having its beginnings with the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) to the "embryonic" stage in the development of such divisions as Interpersonal Communication, Organizational Communication, and others. [Newbooks]
• Computer communications in cross-border coalition-building: North American NGO networking against NAFTA, Gazette: The International Journal of Mass Communication Studies, 50(2/3) (1992).
• Contractor, N. S. and Eisenberg, E. M. (1990). Communication networks and n= ew media in organizations, in J. Fulk and C. W. Steinfield (eds.), Organizatio= ns and Communication Theory, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 143-172.
• Corbin, R. A. (1991). The development of the National Research and Education Network, Information Technology and Libraries, Scientific American, September: 212-220.
• Cox, R. and Tomer, C. (1992). Electronic mail: implications and challenges for records managers and archivists, Records and Retrieval Report 8 (November) (available from GP Subscription Publications, 88 Post Road West, PO Box 5007, Westport CT 06881 [C. Nowicke].
• Critical Connections: Communication for the Future (1990).U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington
• Crowley, M. L. (1989). Organizing for electronic messaging in the schools, = The Computing Teacher, 16(7): 23:26
• Culnan, M. J. and Markus, M. L. (1988). Information technologies,in G. A. Barnett and G. M. Goldhaber (eds), Handbook of Organizational Communication= , Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 420- 443.
• Czajkowski, A. and Kiesler, S. (1984). Computer-mediated communication: Or the new next best thing to being there, National Forum, 64(3): 31-34.
• Dannefer, W. D. and Poushinsky, N. (1977). Language and community: CB in perspective, Journal of Communication, 27: 122-126.
• Danowski, J. A. (1982).Computer mediated communication: A network-based analysis using a CBBS conference, in M. Burgoon (ed.), Communication Yearbo= ok 6,Sage, Beverly Hills, pp 905-924.
• Danowski, J. A. and Edison-Swift, P. (1985). Crisis effects on intraorganizational computer-based communication, Communication Research, 12(2): 251-270. Examined a midwestern state extension agency's change in computer-based communication structures in response to a crisis. All private electronic mail messages were "captured" (users were unaware their messages were obtained) for 1 yr. Monthly network analysis revealed that electronic mail patterns changed with the occurrence of a crisis associated with merger, funding changes, and staff positions. Content analysis of the messages revealed significant increases in words associated with the organizational changes. (9 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
• Danziger, Dutton, Kling and Kraemer, Computers and politics.
• Denning, P. J.(1982). Electronic junk, Communications of the ACM, 25: 163-65.
• Dennis, A. R., George, J. F., Jessup, L. M., Nunamaker, J. F., Jr., & Vogel, D. R. (1988).Information technology to support electronic meetings. MIS QUARTERLY, 12(4), 591-624.
• Dennis, A.R. and Valacich, J.S. (1993) Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 531-537. Contrary to previous research, this experiment finds cmc groups' brainstorming superior in generating ideas among 12 member groups. They attribute the process to fewer process losses (less production blocking, less evaluation apprehension, and less free riding), while process gains are present (synergy and avoidance of redundancy). For smaller groups (6 members) there was n difference between nominal and electronic groups. [Author's abstract]
• DeSanctis,G.,& Gallupe, R. B. (1987).A foundation for the study of group decision support systems.MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 33(5), 589-609.
• Dillman (1978) Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method.
• Dillon, R. F. and Tombaugh, J. W. (1982). Psychological research on videotex, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 14(2): 191-197. Videotex is a powerful, but simple to use, computer network available for use in homes, offices, and schools. Information can be requested and displayed on the user's TV. While retrieval of information is the 1st service provided on videotex, many other services, including electronic mail, electronic shopping, and electronic funds transfer, will be developed. In order to achieve popularity, a number of human factors and social problems must be solved. Research concerning some of these problems and the role psychologists can play in their solution is described. (6 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
• Downing, T. et al. (1988). Improving instructor/student interaction with electronic mail, Engineering Education, 78(4): 247-50
• Dubrovsky, V. J., Kiesler, S. and Sethna, B. N. (1991). The equalization phenomenon: status effects in computer-mediated and face-to-fa= ce decision making groups, Human Computer Interaction, 6: 119-146. Compared face-to-face (FTF) communication with electronic mail in decision-making groups whose members differed in social status, which was examined by varying the external status of group members and by varying the decision task to manipulate expertise. Ss were 96 university students. When the groups made decisions in FTF meetings, the high-status member dominated discussions with the 3 low-status members. Also, the high-status member more often was a first advocate in the FTF discussions, and first advocates were more influential than later advocates. These status inequalities in FTF decision making were pronounced just when the high- status member's expertise was relevant to the decision task. When the same groups made comparable decisions using electronic mail, status and expertise inequalities in participation were reduced. [S. Rafaeli]
• Dunlop, C. and Kling, R. (eds) (1991). Computerization and Controversy. Value Conflicts and Social Choices, Academic Press, San Diego. Many students, professionals, managers, and laymen are hungry for honest, probing discussions of the opportunities and problems of computerization. This anthology introduces some of the major social controversies about the computerization of society. It highlights some of the key value conflicts and social choices about computerization. It helps readers recognize the social pro- cesses that drive and shape computerization, and to understand the paradoxes and ironies of computerization Some of the controversies about computerization covered in this collection include: * the appropriateness of utopian and anti-utopian scenarios for understanding the future * whether computerization demonstrably improves the productivity of organizations * how computerization transforms work * how computerized systems can be designed with social principles in view * whether electronic mail facilitates the formation of new communities or undermines intimate interaction * whether computerization is likely to reduce privacy and personal freedom * the risks raised by computerized systems in health care * the ethical issues when computer science researchers accept military funding * the extent to which organizations, rather than "hackers," are significant perpetrators of computer abuse [R. Kling]
• Durand, D., Weitzel, J. and Hansen, A. (1989). Computer analysis of sensory predicate use in written and oral communication, Psychological Reports, 65(2): 675-684. 49 employees from all operational levels of a manufacturing firm communicated with researchers 3 times in the following forms: a written reply to a letter, a telephone conversation discussing the written reply, and a written electronic mail message. The samples were transcribed into a computer file for processing by the Rapport Augmentation Program, which uses a neurolinguistic programming technique to assess sensory predicate (SPD) patterns. SPDs were detected in all 3 communication modes, but were detected significantly more often in spoken than in written communication. Results support the union of information technology with SPD matching to improve written communication. [S. Rafaeli]
• Egido, C. (1990). Teleconferencing as a technology to support cooperative work: Its possibilities and limitations, in J. Galegher, R. Kraut and C. Egido (eds), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp.351-371.
• Eklundh, K. S. (1986). Dialogue processes in computer-mediated communication:a study of letters in the COM system, Doctoral dissertation, University of Linkoping, Sweden.
• Eklundh, K.S. (1987). Explicit and implicit feedback in computer-mediated communication, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 14, 147-153. An analysis is made of different kinds of feedback according to their role and function in computer-mediated dialogue. Specifically, the distinction between explicit and implicit feedback to a message is discussed with reference to the author's doctoral dissertation on letter-writing in the COM system. It will be shown that implicit feedback has a greater and partly a different role in computer-mediated communication compared to face-to-face communication, due to specific conditions for communication in the medium and specifically the time delay. Communicative strategies are discussed which may be important in overcoming feedback problems. Finally, some aspects of system design which influence feedback conditions will also be discussed. [Author's abstract]
• Ermann, M. D., Williams, M. B. and Gutierrez, C. (1990) Computers, Ethics and Society, Oxford University Press. Starts out with basic works on ethics, then applies the concepts of ethics to various computer issues that will like face graduates entering the information society in the 1990s. [Richard Foote]
• Eveland, J. D. and Bickson, T. K. (1988). Work group strutures and computer support: A field experiment, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems.
• Ezirim-Onyejekwe, E. R.(1989). The effect of communicator style on perceiv= ed impact of computer mediated messages (CMM) and CMM use in organizations, Unpublished dissertation, Ohio University.
• Feldman, M.S. (1987). Electronic mail and weak ties in organizations, Offic= e: Technology and People, 3: 83-101.
• Ferrara, K., Brunner, H. and Whittemore, G. (1991). Interactive written discourse as an emergent register, Written Communication, 8(1): 8-34.
• Finholt, T., and Sproull, L. S. (1990). Electronic groups at work, Organiza= tion Science, 1(1): 41-64. Studied how electronic communication affects groups in organizations by analyzing ingoing and outgoing electronic mail messages of 96 company employees. Findings highlight the scope and diversity of distribution list activity in the organization. At least some of the groups behaved like real social groups, despite the fact that they shared no physical space, their members were invisible, and their interaction was asynchronous. Benefits of understanding electronic groups for organization theory are outlined. [S. Rafaeli]
• Finholt, T., Sproull, L. S. and Kiesler, S. (forthcoming). Communication an= d performance in ad hoc task groups, in J. Galegher, R. E. Kraut and C. Egido (eds), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technical Bases of Cooperative Wor= k, Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Forsyth, D. R. (1990). Group Dynamics, 2nd edn, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
• Foulger, D. (1990). Medium as Process: The structure, use, and practice of computer conferencing on IBM's IBMPC computer conferencing facility, PhD Dissertation, Temple University.
• Frand, J. L. and Britt, J. A. (1990). Sixth Annual Survey of Business School Computer, Communications of the ACM, 33(5): 544-562. Use of the computer in a survey of schools currently accredited by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business.
• Frederick, H. H. (in press). Computer networks and the emergence of global civil society: the case of the association for progressive communication (APC), in L. Harasim and J. Walls (eds), Globalizing Networks: Computers and International Communication, Oxford.
• Freeman, L. C.(1984). The impact of computer based communication on the social structure of an emerging scientific speciality,Social Networks, 6: 201-221.
• Fulk, J. (1993) Social construction of communication technology, Academy of Management Journal, 36:5, 921-950.
• Galegher, J., Kraut, R. and Egido, C. (eds) (1990). Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
• Gallupe, R. B., Dennis, A. R., Cooper, W. H., Valacich, J. S., Bastianutti, L. M. and Nunamaker, Jr., J. F.Electronic brainstorming and group size, Academy of Management Journal, 35(2): 350-369. Compared the number and quality of unique ideas generated by groups ... using electronic and nonelectronic, verbal brainstorming. The larger groups ... generated more unique ideas and more high-quality ideas, and members were more satisfied when they used electronic brainstorming than when they used verbal brainstorming. The authors interpret these results as showing that electronic brainstorming reduces the effects of production blocking and evaluation apprehension on group performances, particularly for large groups.
• Garramone, G. M., Harris, A. C., and Anderson, R. (1986).Uses of political computer bulletin boards,Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30(3= ): 325-339.
• Garramone, G. M., Harris, A. C., and Pizante, G. (1986). Predictors of motivation to use computer-mediated political communication systems, Journa= l of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30(4): 445-457.
• Geirland, J. G. (1986). Satisfaction with the use of an electronic mail system: A socio-technical systems analysis of manager-secretary teams, Dissertation Abstracts International, 47(2-B): 829-830.
• Gilbert, N. (in press, 1993). CSCW for real, in Diaper, D. and Sanger, C. (eds). CSCW with Existing Technology: Experience and Case Studies, Springer-Verlag, London.
• Givon, T. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: an introduction, in T. Giv= on (ed.), Topic Continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-Language Study, = John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 1-41.
• Givon, T. (1984). Universals of discourse structure and second language acquisition, in W. Rutherford (ed.), Language Universals and Second Languag= e Acquisition, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
• Goldmann, N. (1992). Online Information Hunting, Tab Books.
• Grief, I. (ed.) (?) Collaborative Systems.
• Hahm, W. and Bikson, T. (1989). Retirees using email and networked computers, International Journal of Technology and Aging, 2(2): 113-123. Examined whether older people could learn to use computers, and whether computer networks (electronic mail (EM)) contribute to social structures and interpersonal interactions. 80 retired and employed individuals prepared a report either with computers and EM (electronic group) or without computers (standard group). Ss were trained on the computer, and interviewed concerning the computer, its network, software, and the group. EM increased interaction within the electronic group, and was ranked positively in surveys by its users. Limitations in Ss' abilities to learn to use the computer are discussed. [S. Rafaeli]
• Harasim, L. M. (1989). Online education: A new domain, in R. Mason and A. Kaye (eds), Mindweave: Communication, Computers and Distance Education, Pergamon, Oxford, 50-62.
• Harasim, L. M. (1990). Online education: An environment for collaboration and intellectual amplification, in L. M. Harasim (ed.), Online Education: Perspectives on a New Environment, Praeger, New York, pp.39-64.
• Harasim, L. (ed.) (1993). Global Networks: Computers and International Communication, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. GLOBAL NETWORKS takes up the host of issues raised by the new networking technology that now links individuals, groups, and organizations in different countries and on different continents. The twenty-one contributions focus on the implementation, applications, and impact of computer-mediated communication in a global context. Previously limited to scientific research, global networks now have an impact on social, educational, and business communications. Individuals with a personal computer, a modem, and some simple software can join a new social community that is based on interest, not location. GLOBAL NETWORKS, which was written largely with the assistance of the Internet, provides an understanding of the issues, opportunities, and pitfalls of this new social connectivity. It looks at how networking technology can support and augment communication and collaboration from such perspectives as policy constraints and opportunities, language differences, cross-cultural communication, and social network design. [MIT blurb]
• Harasim, L. and Winkelmans, T. (1990). Computer-mediated scholarly collaboration: a case study of an international educational research workshop, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 11(4): 382-409.
• Haraway, D. J. (?). Simians, Cyborgs, and Women.
• Hardison, O. B. (1989). Disappearing through the skylight: culture and technology in the twentieth century, Viking.
• Hauptmann, A. G. and rudnicky, A. I. (1988). Talking to computers: An empirical investigation, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 28(6): 583-604. Investigated how people communicate with a real-time, speaker- independent continuous speech understanding system in an experiment wih 30 electronic mail users. The experimental design compared 3 communication modes: natural language typing, speaking directly to a computer, and speaking to a computer through a human interpreter. Results show that people speaking to a computer were more disciplined than when speaking to each other. There were significant differences in the usage of spoken language compared to typed language, and several phenomena that are unique to spoken or typed input respectively. Usefulness for work in speech understanding systems for the future is considered. [S. Rafaeli]
• Heim, M.(1986). Humanistic discussion and the online conference, Philosophy Today, 30: 278-88.
• Heimstra, G. (1982). Teleconferencing, concern for face, and organizational culture,in M. Burgoon and N. E. Doran (eds), Communication Yearbook 6, Sage= , Beverley Hills, CA, pp. 874-904.
• Hellerstein, L. N. (1985). The social use of electronic communication at a major university,Computers and the Social Sciences (Special issue: Social impact of computers), 1(3-4): 191-197. Conducted a survey (via computerized communication) of 236 users of computerized mail systems, divided roughly equally between heavy and light users. Heavy users were more likely to use the computer to initiate new friendships, make new friends, and communicate with others, whereas light users tended to do these things in other ways. It is concluded that a segment of the computer population, heavy users, uses the computer to serve social needs. [S. Rafaeli]
• Hellerstein, L. (1989). Creating social reality with computer-mediated communication. PhD Dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
• Herring, S., Johnson, D. and Di Benedetto, T. (1992). Participation in electronic discourse in a "Feminist" field, to appear in Locating Power: Proceedings of the 1992 Berkeley Woman and Language Conference, UC, Berkeley.
• Hesse, B. W., Werner, C. M., and Altman, I.(1988). Temporal aspects of computer-mediated communication,Computers in Human Behavior, 4: 147-165.
• Hill, G.W. (1982) Group versus individual performance: Are N+1 heads better than one? Psychologica Bulletin, 91, 517-539.
• Hiltz, S. R. (1988). Productivity enhancement from computer-mediated communication:A systems contingency approach, Communications of the ACM, 31(12): 1438-1454.
• Hiltz, S. R. (1984). Online Communities: A Case Study of the Office of the Future.Human/Computer Interaction, Ablex, Norwood.
• Hiltz, S. R. and Johnson, K. (1989). Experiments in group decision making, 3: Disinhibition, deindividuation, and group process in pen name and real n= ame computer conferences,Decision Support Systems, 5: 217-32.
• Hiltz, S. R. and Johnson, K. (1991). Measuring acceptance of computer-mediated communication systems, Journal of the American Society for Information, 40: 386-397.
• Hiltz, S. R. and Turoff, M. (1985). Structuring computer-mediated communica= tion systems to avoid information overload, Communications of the ACM, 28(7): 680-689.
• Hiltz, S. R., Turoff, M. and Johnson, K. (1989). Experiments in group decision making, 3: Disinhibition, deindividuation, and group process in pen nameand real name computer conferences, Decision Support Systems, 5: 217-232.
• Hiltz, S. R. and Turoff, M. (1978). The network nation, human communication via computer, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
• Hjalmarsson, A., Oestreicher, L. and Waern, Y. (1989). Human factors in electronic mail system design, Behaviour and Information Technology, 8(6): 461-474. Analyzes how human factors aspects and system design aspects may co-operate in the design of electronic mail systems. A review of research on the experience of electronic mail systems is presented. Results of a pilot study carried out with 6 users (aged 30-45 yrs) with different task responsibilities and levels of experience suggest that a task analysis is essential in system design. It is suggested that communication support can facilitate co-operation between end-users and system designers. [S. Rafaeli]
• Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humaniti= es, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
• Holter, H., Hildur, V. and Haavind, H. (1985). Coopoeration and conflict: a case study of a women's research network in Norway, Women's Studies International Forum, 8(1): 37-44.
• Huber, G. P. (1984). Issues in the design of group decision support systems= , MIS Quarterly, September.
• Huff, C., Sproull, L. and Kiesler, S. (1989). Computer communication and organizational commitment: Tracing the relationship in a city government, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19(16): 1371-1391.
• Humphrey, C. (1985). Getting a turnout: the plight of the organizer. Experiences in promoting a computer conference, IASSIST Quarterly, 9(2): 14-27.
• Hunger, J. and Allen, M. (1992). Adaptation to electronic mail, Journal of Applied Communication Research, August: 254-275. This investigation proposes and tests a path model of the adaptation process to electronic mail using the Komsky (1991) data. The results demonstrate that the user satisfaction and frequency of use are predicted by features consistent with the "media richness" theory .....The model demonstrates some useful information on understanding the ability of an organization to smoothly and efficiently adopt an electronic mail system that employees will use frequently and satisfactorily.
• Jewett, T. and Kling, R. (1991). The dynamics of computerization in a social science research team: a case study of infrastructure, strategies and skills, Social Science Computer Review, 9(2): 246-275.
• Johansen, R., Vallee, J. and Spangler, K. (1979). Electronic meetings: Technical alternatives and social choices, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
• Johansen, R. (1988). Groupware: computer support for business teams, Free Press, New York.
• Jost, K. L. et al. (1990). Computer mediated communication, Instructional Developments, 1(1): 15-22.
• Katovich, M. A. and Reeses II, W. A. (1987). The regular: Full time identities and memberships in an urban bar, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 16: 308-343.
• Katzen, M. (1982). The impact of new technologies on scholarly communicatio= n, in Katzen, M. (ed.), Multi-Media Communications, Frances Pinter, London.
• Kaye, A. R. (ed.) (1992). Collaborative Learning Through Computer Conferencing: the Najaden Papers, NATO ASI Series F: Computer and systems Sciences, Vol.90, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. The book is the product of a workshop held on a sailing ship; the contributors agreed to each write a chapter for the book arising out of the discussion they held on the ship. Kaye's opening chapter is a good overview of research issues in CMC, and there's a section of the book devoted to talking about research methods as well as a section reporting results of research. [C. Dickie]
• Kerr, E. B. (1986). Electronic leadership: A guide to moderating online conferences, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 29(1): 12-18.
• Kerr, E. B. and Hiltz, S. R. (1992). CMC Systems: Status and Evaluation, Academic Press, New York.
• Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., and McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication, American Psychologist, 39(10): 1123-1134. Describes some of the issues raised by electronic communication, including time and information-processing pressures, absence of regulating feedback, dramaturgical weakness, paucity of status and position cues, social anonymity, and computing norms and immature etiquette. An empirical approach for investigating the social psychological effects of electronic communication is illustrated, and how social psychological research might contribute to a deeper understanding of computers and technological change in society and computer-mediated communication (CMC) is discussed. A series of studies that explored how people participate in CMC and how computerization affects group efforts to reach consensus is described; results indicate differences in participation, decisions, and interaction among groups meeting face to face and in simultaneous computer-linked discourse and communication by electronic mail. Findings are attributed to difficulties of coordination from lack of informational feedback, absence of social influence cues for controlling discussion, and depersonalization from lack of nonverbal involvement and absence of norms. (103 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
• Kiesler, S. and Sproull, L. (eds) (1987). Computing and Change on Campus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Koch, S. (1991). Electronic networks and science, in C. McClure et al. (eds), The National Research and Education Network (NREN): Research and Policy Perspectives, Ablex, Norwood.
• Kochen, M. (1978). Long-term implications of electronic information exchang= es for information science, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 4(5): 22-3.
• Komsky, S. H. (1991). A profile of users of electronic mail in a university: frequent versus occasional users, Management Communication Quarterly, 4(3): 310-340.
• Koole, T. and Ten Thije, J. D. (1994) The Construction of Intercultural Discourse, Editions Rodopi B. V., Netherlands. This book breaks open the 'black box' of the workplace where successful immigrants work together with their Dutch colleagues. In their intercultural team meetings the work itself consists of communication and the question is how that work is done. The teams consist of Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan, and Surinamese educational experts whose job it is to advise schools and teachers on the form and content of language teaching. Most studies on intercultural communications focus on misunderstandings and miscommunications. The book demonstrates that also communication without miscommunication can be shown to be intercultural.
• Kraemer, K. L. and Pinsonneault, A. (1990). Technology and groups: Asssessm= ent of the empirical research, in J. Galegher, R. E. Kraut, and E. Egido (eds), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Lawrence Erlbaum,Hillsdale, NJ, pp.375-405.
• Krauss, R. M. and Fussell, S. (1990). Mutual knowledge and communicative effectiveness, in Galegher, J., Kraut, R. and Egido, C. (eds), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp. 111-145.
• Kraut, R., Galegher, J. and Egido, C. (1987-88). Relationships and tasks in scientific collaboration, Human-Computer Interaction, 3: 31-58.
• Kraut, R., Egido, C. and Galegher, J. (1990> Patterns of contact and communication in scientific research collaborations, in Galegher, J., Kraut, R. and Egido, C. (eds), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
• Kurshan, B. (1990). Educational telecommunications connections for the classroom?, The Computing Teacher, 17(6): 30-35 and 17(7): 51-53.
• Lai, K.Y., Malone, T. W. and Yu, K-C. (1988). Object lens: A `spreadsheet' = for cooperative work, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(4): 332-53.
• Lanham, R.A. (1993) The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. ISBM #0226468836 Lanham raises a number of provocative issues and introduces his readers to the world of electronic rhetoric. It is a sophisticated treatment, but provides a good background of the concepts relevant in contemporary rhetorical and post-modern criticism of electronic exchanges. [G. Phillips]
• Lea, M. (ed.) (1992). Contexts of computer-mediated communication, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York. Has a broad range of issues and theories related to CMC, it contains a very sharp theoretical examination of unstructured CMC in groups and the social effects by Spears and Lea; a wide-ranging chapter by Rice on theories about CMC in a variety of domains such as political and other; a cutting critique of the "flaming" research by Lea et al.; intriguing work by Matheson on gender- and other social-status cues; and other good chapters. [J. Walther]
• Lea, M. (1991). Rationalist assumptions in cross-media comparisons of computer-mediated communication, Behaviour and Information Technology, 10(2): 153-172. 13 electronic mail users within a large commercial telecommunications company compared different communication activities, using repertory grid technique, in a study of users' views of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Electronic mailing was construed as being similar to written activities (such as notewriting) on some dimensions (e.g., asynchrony, emotional quality) but similar to spoken, face- to-face communication on other dimensions such as spontaneity. Results suggest that the group of users construed CMC mainly in terms of its attributes as a medium for conversation and social interaction. There was no evidence of spontaneous task-related media comparisons. These results are discussed in terms of rationalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives on CMC. [S. Rafaeli]
• Lemke, J. L. (1992). Discourse, dynamics and social change, Cultural Dynamics, Special Issue on Language as Cultural Dynamic (ed. M. A. K. Halliday).
• Lemke, J. L. (1993). Education, cyberspace and change, Arachnet Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture, 1(1). Presents a strong argument that electronic communication will dramatically change the way we educate and formulates a "new model of education in cyberspace rather than in school and classrooms". [Martin Buck]
• Levin, J. A., Kim, H. and Riel, M. M. (1990). Analysing instructional interactions on electronic message networks, in L. M. Harasim (ed.), Online Education: Perspectives on a New Environment, Praeger Publ., New York, pp. 185-213.
• Levinson, P. (1988). Mind at Large: Knowing in the Technological Age, JAI Press, Connecticut.
• Levinson, P. (1989). Media Relations: Integrating computer telecommunications with educational media, Pergamon, London.
• Lewis, L. (1991). Interactive technologies in organizations, Communication Education, 40(2): 202-212.
• Lindgaard, G. and Perry, L. (1988). Towards a solution to vocabulary problems in computing: A measure of goodness of fit, Ergonomics, 31(5): 785-801. Examined preferences for certain labels in the context of electronic mail and the extent to which such preferences may be indicative of performance, using 132 Ss. Two measures of goodness of fit were used to assess the degree to which short labels describing service elements matched descriptions of the services. In Exp I, 3 different labels were tested for 16 services. Ss preferred generic over technical labels. This was confirmed in Exp II, which employed a different method of measurement. A simulation of an electronic mail system was prepared in a pen/paper format for Exp III, and the link between preference and performance was quite high in some tasks. (French, German & Japanese abstracts) [S. Rafaeli]
• Mabrito, M. Writing apprehension and computer-mediated peer-response groups: A case study of four high- and four low-apprehensive writers communicating face-to-face versus electronic mail, Dissertation Abstracts International, 50(10-A), 3171.
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• Mackay, W. E. (1988). Diversity in the use of electronic mail: A preliminar= y inquiry, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(4): 380-97.
• McLeod, P. L. (1992).An assessment of the experimental literature on electronic support of group work: Results of a meta-analysis. Human-Computer Interaction, 7, 257-280.
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• Malone, T. W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R. L. (1987). Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies,Communications of the ACM, 30(6): 484-497.
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• Matheson, K. and Zanna, M. (1989). Impact of computer-mediated communicatio= n on self awareness, Computers in Human Behavior, 4: 221-233.
• Matheson, K. and Zanna, M. P. (1990). Computer-mediated communications: The focus is on me, Social Science Computer Review, 8(1): 1-12.
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• Monge, P. R. and Eisenberg, E. M. (1987). Emerging communication networks, = in Jablin, F. M., Putnam, L. L., Roberts, K. H. and Porter, L. (eds), Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 304-342.
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• Murray, D. E. (1991). The composing process for computer conversation, Written Communication, 8, 35-55.
• Murray, D. (?) Composition as conversation: The computer terminal as medium of communication, in L. Odell and D. Goswami (eds) Writing in Nonacademic Settings, Guilford Press, New York, pp.203-228.
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• Newby, G. (1993). The maturation of norms for computer-mediated communication, Internet Research, 3(4), 30-38. Interesting comparison between mailing lists, which automatically prompt user by notification, and bulletin boards, which are more passive and require user searching. [Joel Cohen]
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• Pliskin, N. (1989). Interacting with electronic mail can be a dream or a nightmare:A user's point of view, Interacting with computers, 1(3): 259-27= 2.
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• Potosnak, K. M. and Van Nes, F. L. (1984). Effects of replacing text with speech output in an electronic mail application, IPO Annual Progress Report, 19: 123-129. Conducted exploratory study of speech output, using an electronic mail program. All mail messages were in text, but program instructions were either in text or speech. 20 Ss (aged 17-29 yrs) each used both versions of the program. Results show that although speech output took longer, Ss could perform their tasks equally well with the text and speech output modes. Ss interrupted the speech instructions 20% of the time but used the repeat key infrequently. Although the speech was rated as understandable, Ss showed a slight preference for the text version over the speech version. However, Ss who used the speech version before they used the text version rated the program as more interesting, more useful, and more fun than Ss who used the versions in reverse order. Finally, Ss wrote down more task information (as notes) when they used the speech version, even though that information was in text form for both versions. (6 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
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• Rafaeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication, in R. P= . Hawkins, J. M. Weimann and S. Pingree(eds.), Advancing Communication Sciences: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Process, Sage Annual Review of Communication Research, Vol. 16, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, pp 110-134.
• Rafaeli, S. (1990). Interacting with media: Parasocial interaction and real interaction, inB. D. Ruben and L. A. Lievrouw (eds), Information and Behavior, Vol. 3, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 125-181.
• Rafaeli, S. and LaRose, R. (1993). Electronic bulletin boards and "public goods" explanations of collaborative mass media, Communications Research, 20(2): 277-297. Collaborative mass media are a new type of mass communications medium in which the audience acts both as the source and the receiver of the message. Theories of discretionary database contributions and critical mass theory offer parallel explanations for the success of collaborative media. The present research integrated the predictions of these two perspectives in the context of a national survey of public electronic bulletin board systems. The study documented the nature and extent of electronic bulletin board use and compared predictions about the success of collaborative media based on the two theoretical perspectives. File contribution levels and system adoption rates were both found to be directly related to contribution levels, but not to overall adoption levels. The results provided limited support for discretionary database theory. [S. Rafaeli]
• Rafaeli, S. and Ritchie, L.D. (1991). On the value of information, Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, Chicago, May.
• Rapaport, M. (1991). Computer Mediated Communications: Bulletin Boards, Computer Conferencing, Electronic Mail, and Information Retrieval, Wiley, New York. Aimed at the corporate practitioner interested in implementing a conference system. First chapter includes a sketch of some of the history of conferencing tools. (Michael Holmes)
• Reid, E. (1991). Electropolis: Communication and community on Internet Relay Chat, Honors Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.
• Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual Reality, Simon & Schuster, New York.
• Rheingold, H. (1994). Virtual Community, Addison-Wesley. Howard Rheingold is the ultimate insider on networked communication, a key participant in the Bay Area "WELL" on-line community. Venturing out from his own neighborhood on the WELL, he gives us a tour of on-line culture in Japan, England, France, and on small and large bulletin boards and networks throughout the United States. He shows us the depth of human interaction made possible, ironically enough, by this seemingly faceless technology, as well as the power of true electronic democracy, and the positive educational force of this medium... [from back cover of book]
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• Rice, R. E. (1990). Computer-mediated communication system network data: Theoretical concerns and empirical examples, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies.
• Rice, R. E. (1991). Communicating about computers and communications: a course overview, in L. Lederman (ed.), Communication Pedagogy: Theory and Practice, Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
• Rice, R. E. et al. (1984).The New Media, Communication, Research and Technology, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
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• Rice, R. E. and Shook, D. E. (1990). Voice messaging, coordination, and communication, in J. Galegher, R. E. Kraut, and Egido, C (eds.) Intellectua= l teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work, Lawrenc= e Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 327-350.
• Rifkin, W. D. (1993). Who need not be heard: deciding who is not an expert, Technology Studies (Ejournal, ed.: U. E. Gattiker, gattiker3@hg.uleth.ca) When listening to an individual speak in a technical arena, we decide whether to regard him or her as an expert or not an expert. This process of evaluation is examined in this article with use of the concept of expert status. Expert status represents a high participation status in a conversation. I apply conversation analysis to a formal setting, hearings of a water board concerned with toxic waste issues. Two dialogues illustrate how Water Board members decide whose testimony is worth hearing. Board members regulate testimony by applying the criterion of "relevance" stated in the hearing rules. "Relevance" appears to stand for a range of factors involving the information offered, a testifier's identity, and norms and rituals of the hearing process. This finding has implications for managers' decisions about what is "relevant" -- and whose voice is worth hearing -- in technical decisionmaking.
• Rogers, E. M. (1986). Communication Technology: The new media in society, N= ew York, Free Press. Has chapter on the history, changing paradigms and implications for research, and also a modification of diffusion theory applicable to interactive media. [C. McKearney, CMC]
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• Schudson, M. (1978). The ideal of conversation in the study of mass media, Communications Research, 5(3): 320-329. Social scientists who study the mass media share a widely held "ideal of conversation" which assumes that face-to-face interpersonal communication is characterized by continuous feedback between participants, multichannel communication, spontaneous utterance, and egalitarian norms. Compared to this image of what face-to-face conversation is like, communication by mass media seems inferior. It is argued however, that this "ideal of conversation" does not correspond closely to most actual conversations. It is argued further that the rise of the mass media is itself responsible for the development of an ideal of conversation and is responsible for making ideal conversations more often realized in practice. The contribution of the mass media to face-to-face conversation has been to make conversation. [S. Rafaeli]
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• Sproull, L. and Kiesler, S. (1991). Computers, networks and work, Scientifi= c American, 263(3): 84-91.
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• Szlichcinski, K. P. (1983). Designing for the day after tomorrow: I. The interaction between communications systems design and social change, Behaviour and Information Technology, 2(3): 253-261. Argues that social and behavioral changes usually follow the introduction of new communications services or systems. These changes may in turn affect the way the system is used and therefore have implications for system design. The social and behavioral changes promoted by the introduction of the electric telegraph, the telephone, teleconferencing, electronic mail, and communicating office systems are reviewed and their impacts on system design discussed. The author concludes that substantial changes in behavior occur quite rapidly and need to be taken into account in system design. (26 ref) [S. Rafaeli]
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