Numerical summary of the cardinals and pseudocardinals created created by the 16 popes and of this century.

Paschal II (1099-1118) - 91 Cardinals
[Antipope] Theodoric (1100-1101) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
[Antipope] Albert (1101) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
[Antipope] Sylvester IV (1105-1111) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
Gelasius II (1118-1119) - 3 Cardinals
[Antipope] Gregory VIII (1118-1121) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
Callistus II (1119-1124) - 34 Cardinals
Honorius II (1124-1130) - 26 Cardinals
[Antipope] Celestine II (1124) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
Innocent II (1130-1143) - 74 Cardinals
[Antipope] Anacletus II (1130-1138) - 19 Pseudocardinals
[Antipope] Victor IV (1138) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
Celestine II (1143-1144) - 12 Cardinals
Lucius II (1144-1145) - 9 Cardinals
Bl. Eugenius III (1145-1153) - 38 Cardinals
Anastasius IV (1153-1154) - 1 Cardinal
Adrian IV (1154-1159) - 23 Cardinals
Alexander III (1159-1181) - 65 Cardinals
[Antipope] Victor IV (1159-1164) - 17 Pseudocardinals
[Antipope] Paschal III (1164-1168) - 10 Pseudocardinals
[Antipope] Callistus III (1168-1178) - 11 Pseudocardinals
[Antipope] Innocent III (1179-1180) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
Lucius III (1181-1185) - 16 Cardinals
Urban III (1185-1187) - 4 Cardinals
Gregory VIII (1187) - did not create any Cardinals
Clement III (1187-1191) 30 Cardinals
Celestine III (1191-1198) - 11 Cardinals
Total: 437 Cardinals and 57 Pseudocardinals.

Of these cardinals, 15 were declared saint or blessed; 12 became popes; 4 became antipopes; 23 were deposed; and 98 occupied episcopal sees.

Source: Annuaire Pontifical Catholique. XXXI (1928), p. 159.

The suburbicarian sees of Porto and Santa Rufina united, 1119, Calixtus II (1119-1124).

When these two suburbicarian sees, dating from the third and sixth centuries respectively, were united into one by the pope, the number of cardinal bishops was diminished by one since both dioceses until then had each been occupied by one cardinal.

Source: Forget, J. "Cardinaux", Dictionnaire de théologie catholique contenant l'exposé des doctrines de la théologie catholique, leurs prevues et leur histoire. Commence sous la direction de A. Vacant, E. Mangenot, continué sous celle de E. Amann, avec le concours d'un grand nombre de collaborateurs. Troisiéme tirage. Tome deuxiéme, deuxiéme partie, Cabados-Cisterciens. Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ané, 1932, col. 1720; Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 1996. Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1996, p. 554.

II Lateran Ecumencial Council, April 2-17, 1139, Innocent II (1130-1143).

Restricted the election of the new pope entirely to the cardinals. It eliminated the right of the other clergy and the laymen to acclaim the election made by the cardinal bishops as established by the decree In Nomine Domini, issued by Nicholas II in 1059.

Source: Fanning, William H. W. "Papal elections", The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1913, pp. 456-457.

Whether the Pope in this council made a rule restricting the election of the popes to the cardinals, thus eliminating whatever participation had been left to the lower clergy and people by Nicholas II (1059-61), is a point that is disputed, though it appears not at all improbable when we consider the circumstances of his own election and those also of the election of Anacletus. One of the purposes of the council was to remove the evils of an eight-year schism, and it seems more than merely probable that the Pope was not content with this only, but went a step farther to prevent the repetition of such a schism from that particular contributing cause. Moreover, such a rule seems to form a necessary link in the historical development of papal elections [6].

Source: Schroeder, H.J. Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils: Text, Translation and Commentary. St. Louis: B. Herder, 1937, pp. 195-213.

Jaffé, Philippus. Regesta Pontificum Romanorum. 2 vols. Graz: Akademische Druck-U. Verlagsanstalt, 1956. Reprint of Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVII. Edidit Philippus Jaffé. Editionem secundam correctam et auctam auspiciis Gulielmi Wattenbach professoris Berolinensis. Curaverunt S. Loewenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald. Tomus primus (A S. Petro ed a. MCXLIII). Tomus secundus (Ab a. MCXLIII ad a. MCXCVIII). Lipsiae: Veit et Comp. 1888-1895, I, p. 886.

Consistory of Rheims of March or April 1148 and the origin of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Between 1059 and 1179, in the Council of Reims in 1148, the cardinals unanimously protested against the formulary composed by the bishops of France and proposed by St. Bernard, without their consent, in the affair of Gilbert de La Porrie. They give themselves the name of Sacred College that will be used from then on:

They manifested to the pope with great resentment that the Sacred College of Cardinals was like the base on which rests the Universal Church and that it was an unacceptable act against the primacy itself of the Holy See to have made this doctrinal determination without its intervention. (Col. 990).

Source: Molien, A. "Collège (Sacré)", Dictionnaire de droit canonique, contenant tous les termes de droit canonique, avec un sommaire de l'histoire et des institutions et de l'etat actuel de la discipline. Paris, Letouzey et Ané, 1935-1965, columns 990-1000. Cfr. Thomassin, Louis. Ancienne et nouvelle discipline ecclésiastique. Paris, 1864, Ier part., l.II, c. Cxiii, p. 4; Hefele-Leclerq, Histoire des conciles, t. V, p. 834; Vacandard, Vie de saint Bernard, t. II, p. 339.

At this juncture of the events, the person on trial was no longer Gilbert but Pope Eugene III who was faced with both the determined group led by St. Bernard and an equally determined curia whose spokesman reminded Eugene in no uncertain terms that the time had finally come to forget "old and new friendships," think of the Church Universal, and punish the outrageous audacity of such novel procedure in matters concerning the faith.

Haring, Nicholas M. "Notes on the council and the consistory of Rheims (1148)", Mediaeval studies, XXVIII (1966), p. 50.

Formation of the College of Cardinals, 1150, Bl. Eugenius III (1145-1153).

In 1150 the Sacred College of Cardinals was formed with a dean, who still is the bishop of Ostia, and a camerlengo as a property administrator.

Source: Pontifical Yearbook. Supplement. Historical Notes. Citt` del Vaticano: Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, n.d.

Source: Bunson, Matthew. Pope Encyclopedia: an A to Z of the Holy See. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1995, p. 68.

The suburbicarian sees of Ostia and Velletri united, 1150, Bl. Eugenius III (1145-1153).

The see of Ostia, dating from the the third century, assigned to the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals by this pope, was united to that of Velletri, established in the fifth century. They remained united until May 5, 1914 when Pope St. Pius X by the motu proprio Edita a nobis, separated them. Later on, October 20, 1981, Velletri was united with the diocese of Segni.

First non-Rome resident cardinal, 1163, Alexander III (1159-1181).

Traditionally, the clerics created cardinals were required to reside in Rome. This custom was changed in 1163 when the pope allowed the archbishop of Mainz, Conrad of Wittelsbach, to return to his see after having being created a cardinal. In order to make him a member of the Roman clergy, Alexander named him to a church in the city, making the cardinal a titular pastor. This custom is still in practice.

Source: Bunson, Matthew. Pope Encyclopedia: an A to Z of the Holy See. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1995, p. 68-69.

Licet de vitanda, decree, III Lateran Ecumenical Council, March 19, 1179, Alexander III (1159-1181).

The first canon of that Council stated that "to prevent schisms in future, only the cardinals should have the right to elect the pope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election. If any candidate, after securing only one-third of the votes, should arrogate to himself the papal dignity, both he and his partisans should be excluded from the ecclesiastical order and excommunicated." The most important regulation of this constitution is the inclusion of all cardinals--bishops, priests and deacon--as the exclusive electors of the pope thus ending the antagonism among the three orders created by Nicholas II's decision in 1059 granting the electoral right to only the cardinal bishops.

Source:

Text: Alex. III in Concil. Later. Cap. 6 "Licet de vitanda", de elect. I, 6; Jaffé, Philippus. Regesta Pontificum Romanorum. 2 vols. Graz: Akademische Druck-U. Verlagsanstalt, 1956. Reprint of Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVII. Edidit Philippus Jaffé. Editionem secundam correctam et auctam auspiciis Gulielmi Wattenbach professoris Berolinensis. Curaverunt S. Loewenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald. Tomus primus (A S. Petro ed a. MCXLIII). Tomus secundus (Ab a. MCXLIII ad a. MCXCVIII). Lipsiae: Veit et Comp. 1888-1895, II, p. 340-341.

Twelfth century catalog of cardinalitial titles enumerates 28 titles, seven for each of the four patriarchal basilicas.

For the service of St. Peter's: S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Crisogono, S. Cecilia, S. Anastasia, S. Lorenzo in Damaso, S. Marco and SS. Martino e Silvestro. For S. Paolo fuori le Mura: S. Sabina, SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, S. Prisca, S. Sisto, S. Balbina, S. Marcello and S. Susanna. For S. Maria Maggiore: SS. Apostoli, S. Ciriaco in Thermis, S. Eusebio, S. Pudenziana, S. Vitale, SS. Marcellino e Pietro and S. Clemente. For S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura: S. Prassede, S. Pietro ad Vincula, S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, S. Stefano in Celio Monte, SS. Giovanni e Paolo and SS. Quattro Coronati.

This catalog was done by Pietro Mallio during the pontificate of Alexander III (1159-1181).

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©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.