Benedict IV, a Roman and the son of Mammalus, was elected pope between January and May 900. He was not a cardinal. Died in July 903.

903 (I)
(1) 1. Cristoforo (deaconry is not known). + (?).

Leo V was elected pope in August 903. He was a parish priest in Priapi, near Ardea, in the south of Rome. He was deposed and imprisoned in September of that same year. Kelly, Oxford History of Popes, p. 118, says that after several weeks in prison he was murdered. The Catholic Encyclopedia indicates that although some authors believe that he was murdered, this pope "died a natural death in prison or in a monastery." No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Antipope Christopher led the revolt that deposed and imprisoned Pope Leo V in September 903. In turn, he was deposed and imprisoned by Pope Sergius III in January 904. Like Pope Leo V, some authors say that he spent the rest of his life in a monastery and others say that he was murdered. He did not create any pseudocardinals.

904 (I)
(1) 1. Crisogono (bishop of Porto). + Before 956.

906 (II)
(2) 1. Ildebrando (bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina). + 910.

907 (III)
(3) 1. Giovanni, archbishop of Ravenna (title is not known). (1)

(1) Elected Pope John X at the end of March or beginning of April 914. He was deposed in May 928 and imprisoned in Castello Sant'Angelo where he was probably murdered on July 2, 929.

Unknown date (IV)
(4) 1. Cristoforo (title or deaconry not known). + (?).
(5) 2. Anastasio (deaconry is not known). (1)
(6) 3. Landone (deaconry is not known). (2)

(1) Elected Pope Anastasius III in June or September 911. Died in June, August or October 913.
(2) Elected Pope Landone in July or November 913. Died in March or April 914.

Elected Pope in June or September 911. Died in June, or August, or October 913. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Elected Pope in July or November 913. Died in March or April 914. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

914 (I)
(1) 1. Leone (bishop of Palestrina). + 928 (?).

928 (II)
(2) 1. Gregorio (bishop of Sabina). + Before 948.
(3) 2. Sergio (deaconry is not known). + (?).

Unknown date (III)
(4) 1. Leone (title of S. Susanna). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Leo VI in May or June 928. Died in December 928 or January 929.

928 (I)
(1) 1. Bobone (deaconry is not known). + (?).

Unknown date (II)
(2) 1. Stefano (title of S. Anastasia). (1)
(3) 3. Giovanni (title of S. Maria in Trastevere). (2)

(1) Elected Pope Stephen VII (VIII) in January 929. Died in February 931.
(2) Elected Pope John XI in March 931. Died in January 936.

Elected pope in January 929. Died in February 931. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Unknown date (I)
(1) 1. Leone, O.S.B. (title of S. Sisto). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Leo VII on January 3 or 9, 936. Died July 13, 939.

Unknown date (I)
(1) 1. Stefano (title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Stephen VIII (IX) on July 14, 939. Died in late October 942.

941 (I)
(1) 1. Leone (bishop of Velletri). + 963.

Unknown date (II)
(2) 1. Marino (title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Marinus II on October 30 or November, 942. Died in May 946.

Unknown date (I)
(1) 1. Agapito (deaconry is not known). (1)
(2) 2. Bonifazio, bishop of Sutri (title or deaconry is not known). + (?).
(3) 3. Ottaviano (deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica). (2)

(1) Elected Pope Agapitus II on May 10, 946. Died in December 955.
(2) Elected Pope John XII on December 16, 955. Deposed by a Roman synod, convoked and presided by Emperor Otto I, and thus illegitimate, on December 4, 963. Restored by the Romans in February 964. Died on May 14, 964.

946 (I)
(1) 1. Benigno (bishop of Ostia). + Before 960.
(2) 2. Hadamar, O.S.B., abbot of Fulda, Germany (title is not known). + May 25, 956.

948 (II)
(3) 1. Anastasio (bishop of Sabina). + Before 963.

955 (III)
(4) 1. Costantino (bishop of Porto). + Before 960.
(5) 2. Faustino (title of S. Pietro in Vincoli). + Before 964.

956 (I)
(1) 1. Giovanni (title is not known). + (?).

960 (II)
(2) 1. Siccone (bishop of Ostia). + (?).
(3) 2. Benedetto (bishop of Porto). + 969 (or before 985).

961 (III)
(4) 1. Benedetto, called Grammatico (his deaconry is not known). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Benedict V in May 964. He was deposed on June 23, 964. Died on July 4, 966, in exile in Hamburg.

963 (IV)
(5) 1. Gregorio (bishop of Albano). + 985.
(6) 2. Giovanni (bishop of Sabina). + Before 997.
(7) 3. Teofilo (bishop of Palestrina). + Before 988.
(8) 4. Vidone (bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina). + 969.
(9) 5. Stefano (title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo). + Before 980.
(10) 6. Leone (title of S. Balbina). + (?).
(11) 7. Domno (title of S. Anastasia). + (?).
(12) 8. Pietro (title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso). + Before 993.
(13) 9. Teofilatto (title of S. Crisogono). + Before 1026.
(14) 10. Giovanni (title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti). + (?).
(15) 11. Giovanni (title of S. Susanna). + Before 1012.
(16) 12. Pietro (title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo). + (?).
(17) 13. Adriano (title of S. Maria in Trastevere). + Before 972.
(18) 14. Adriano (title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina). + (?).
(19) 15. Benedetto (title of S. Sisto). + Before 993.
(20) 16. Teofilatto (title of Ss. Quattro Coronati). + (?).
(21) 17. Stefano (title of S. Sabina). + (?).
(22) 18. Giorgio (title of S. Pietro in Vincoli). + Before 972.
(23) 19. Leone (title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme). + (?).
(24) 20. Giuliano (title is not known). + (?).
(25) 21. Benedetto (deaconry is not known). + (?).
(26) 22. Giovanni (deaconry is not known). + (?).
(27) 23. Bonfilio (deaconry is not known). + (?).

964 (V)
(28) 1. Egidio (bishop of Frascati). + ca. 969.
(29) 2. Gregorio (bishop of Ostia). + (or disappeared) before 969.
(30) 3. Stefano (title of S. Cecilia). + Before 967.

Leo VIII was elected by acclamation with Emperor Otto I's approval in the Roman synod of December 4, 963, which deposed Pope John XII. The synod is considered illegitimate for not having been convoked by the pope. Leo was a layman, chief notary (protoscrinarius) of the Church. He was installed at the Lateran and received all the lower sacred orders in one day, which was uncanonical. On December 6, he was consecrated by the cardinal bishops of Ostia, Porto, and Albano. The legitimacy of his pontificate, at least until Pope John XII's death, has been debated. It depends on the validity of that pope's deposition. He may have been an antipope until May of that year, when John XII's death occurred. Following is a note from Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2009 (Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2009), p. 12*, concerning the standing of Pope Leo VIII's pontificate:

"Leone VIII fu eletto nel concilio romano tenuto nella Basilica di S. Pietro dall'imperatore Ottone I dopo la deposizione compiuta lo stesso di, 4.XII.963, Giovanni XII, che morì, il 14 maggio successivo. Fu valida tale deposizione? Se si, Leone VIII fu Papa legittimo. Qui, come poi circa la metà del secolo XI, sono in campo elezioni ... sulle quali, per ragione delle difficoltà di accordare i criteri storici ed i teologico-canonici, non si riesce a decidere perentoriamente da qual parte sia la legittimità, che, esistendo in facto, assicura la legittima continuazione ininterrota dei Successori di S. Pietro. Ma da ciò deriva un'incertezza, in alcuni casi, che ha consigliato ad abbandonare nella serie dei Papi il numero progressivo."

No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Note. Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2009 (Cittá del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2009), p. 13*, n. 29, says that if Leo VIII was a legitimate pope, then Benedict V, who was deposed on June 23, 964, in a Lateran synod celebrated by Pope Leo VIII and Emperor Otto I, is an antipope.

964 (I)
(1) 1. Giovanni, bishop of Narni (title is not known). (1)
(2) 2. Giovanni (title of Ss. XII Apostoli). + Before 993.

(1) Elected Pope John XIII on October 1, 965. Died on September 6, 972.

965 (II)
(3) 1. Bonifazio (deaconry is not known). + (?)
(4) 2. Gianvier (title of S. Cecilia). + Before 1012.

Note. "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926 (Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presee, 1927), p. 158, Note complétive, indicates that Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 724, lists 3 more cardinals: Faustino, cardinal of S. Pietro, but the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli was occupied by Gregorio (no. 2) from 964 to arount 972; Andrea, archpriest of the patriarchate of Letran, believed to be archpriest of the basilica, which was never a cardinalitial title. It is not known if he was ever a cardinal although Chacón seems to indicate so; and Benedetto, cardinal priest of the title of S. Maria ad Proespe, which is to say S. Maria Maggiore, that was never a title.

969 (I)
(1) 1. Leone (bishop of Ostia). + 983.
(2) 2. Giovanni (bishop of Frascati). + (?).

970 (II)
(3) 1. Gianvier (title is not known). + (?).

972 (III)
(4) 1. Benedetto, iuniore (title of S. Maria in Trastevere). + Before 993.
(5) 2. Giuliano (title of S. Pietro in Vincoli). + (?).
(6) 3. Crescenzio (title is not known). + (?).
(7) 4. Benedetto (deaconry of S. Teodoro). (1)
(8) 5. Domno (deaconry is not known). + March 974. (2)
(9) 6. Benedetto (bishop of Sutri). (3)
(10) 7. Francone (deaconry is not known). (4)

(1) Elected Pope Benedict VI in December 972. Imprisoned in the Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome, he was strangled in July 974, by order of Cardinal Francone, who took his place under the name Boniface VII.
(2) "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926 (Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presee, 1927), p. 159, indicates that he was elected pope Donus on December 20, 973, but Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2009 (Cittá del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2009), p. 13*, n. 21, indicates that in 972 a pope that did not exist, Donus, II, used to be listed in the series of Roman pontiffs.
(3) Elected Pope Benedict VII in October 974. Died on July 10, 983.
(4) Imprisoned and had Pope Benedict VI strangled in 974; took his place in June or July 973 under the name of Boniface VII; and was deposed in August. When Pope John XIV died on August 20, 984, Antipope Boniface VII illegitimately took over the papacy again. He died on July 20, 985.

Elected in December 972. Imprisoned in the Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome, he was strangled in July 974, by order of Cardinal Francone, who took his place under the name Boniface VII. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Imprisoned and strangled Pope Benedict VI in 974, took his place in June or July 973 under the name of Boniface VII and was deposed in August. When Pope John XIV died on August 20, 984, Francone made himself elected again under the same name. He died on July 20, 985. No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his pontificate.

975 (I)
(1) 1. Leone (title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo). + (?).

981 (II)
(2) 1. Pietro Canepanova, bishop of Pavia (his title or deaconry is not known). (1)

(1) Elected Pope John XIV in November or December 983. Seized, assaulted, deposed and imprisoned in Castello Sant'Angelo, Rome, by order of Antipope Boniface VII. Died of starvation, or poisoned, on August 20, 984.

982 (III)
(3) 1. Werinhar, O.S.B., abbot of the monastery of Fulda (title or deaconry is not known). + June 983.

Unknown date
(4) 1. Giovanni (title or deaconry is not known). (1)
(5) 2. Giovanni (title of S. Vitale). (2)

(1) Elected Pope John XV in August 985. Died without having been consecrated. According to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926 (Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presee, 1927), p. 159, some consider him antipope and others doubtful. He is not listed in the official series of Roman pontiffs in Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 20092009 (Cittá del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2009), p. 13*.
(2) Elected Pope John XV (or XVI) in August 985. Died in March 996.

984 (I)
(1) 1. Giovanni (bishop of Sabina). + Before 997.

985 (I)
(1) 1. Gregorio (bishop of Porto). + 991.
(2) 2. Leone (title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo). + (?).

988 (II)
(3) 1. Stefano (bishop of Palestrina). + Before 996.

993 (IV)
(4) 1. Crezcenzio (bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina). + Before 1012.
(5) 2. Bonizzone (title of S. Lucia). + (?).
(6) 3. Benedetto (title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio). + Before 1012.
(7) 4. Giovanni (title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina). + Before 1012.
(8) 5. Leone (title of S. Sisto). + Before 1037.
(9) 6. Giovanni (title of Ss. XII Apostoli). + (?).
(10) 7. Giovanni (title of S. Clemente). + Before 1012.
(11) 8. Crescenzio (title of S. Maria in Trastevere). + Before 1026.
(12) 9. Gianviero (title is not known). + (?).
(13) 10. Benedetto (deaconry is not known). + (?).
(14) 11. Giovanni (deaconry is not known). + (?).
(15) 12. Benedetto (deaconry is not known). + (?).
(16) 13. Giovanni (deaconry is not known). + (?).

995 (V)
(17) 1. Teobaldo (bishop of Albano). + 1030.
(18) 2. Brun von Kärnten (title or deaconry is not known). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Gregory V on May 3, 996. Died on February 4, 999.

996 (VI)
(19) 1. Aldemaro (title or deaconry not known). + (?).

Unknown date (VII)
(20) 1. Adalbéron d'Ardenne, O.S.B., archbishop of Reims, France (title or deaconry not known). + January 24, 988. (1)

Note. Alfonso Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium (Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677), II, cols. 741-742, lists 14 cardinals, priests and deacons. "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux du XIè siècle". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926 (Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presee, 1927), p. 159, completed the list with additions from Francesco Cristofori, Cronotassi dei Cardinali de Santa Romana Chiesa (Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888); and Charles Bertone, Dictionnaire des Cardinaux (Paris : J.-P. Migne, 1857 ; Facsimile edition. Farnborough ; Gregg, 1969).

996 (I)
(1) 1. Azzone (bishop of Ostia). + 998.
(2) 2. Giovanni (bishop of Albano). + 1001.
(3) 3. Pietro (bishop of Palestrina). + 1015.
(4) 4. Giovanni (title is not known). + (?).
(5) 5. Pietro (title is not known). + (?).
(6) 6. Giovanni Filagato (title or deaconry is not known). (1)
(7) 7. Siccone (title is not known). (2)
(8) 8. Suidger von Morsleben und Hornburg (title is not known). (3)
(9) 9. Amico (title is not known). + (?).

(1) Elected Antipope John XVI in February or March 997. Died on August 26, 1001.
(2) Elected Pope John XVII on May 16, 1003. Died on November 6, 1003.
(3) Elected Pope Clement II December 24, 1046. Died October 9, 1047.

997 (II)
(10) 1. Benedetto (bishop of Sabina) in 997. + Before 1015.

998 (III)
(11) 1. Gregorio (bishop of Ostia). + Before 1003.
(12) 2. Benedetto (bishop of Porto). + Before 1001.
(13) 1. Gerbert, O.S.B. (title is not known). (1)

(1) Elected Pope Sylvester II on February 28, 999. Died on May 12, 1003.

Elected Antipope John XVI in February or March 907. Died August 26, 1001, or ca. 1013. No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his pontificate.

SUMMARY
Benedict IV (900-903) - 1 cardinal
Leo V (903) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
[Antipope] Christopher (903-904) - No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his pontificate
Sergius III (904-911) - 6 cardinals
Anastasius III (911-913) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Landone (913 -914) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
John X (914-928) - 4 cardinals
Leo VI (928-929) - 3 cardinals
Stephen VII (VIII) (929-931) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
John XI (931-936) - 1 cardinal
Leo VII (936-939) - 1 cardinal
Stephen VIII (IX) (939-942) - 2 cardinals
Marinus II (942-946) - 3 cardinals
Agapitus II (946-955) - 5 cardinals
John XII (955-964) - 30 cardinals
Leo VIII (963-965) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Benedict V (964-964 or 965) - 4 cardinals
John XIII (965-972) - 10 cardinals
Benedict VI (973-974) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
[Antipope] Boniface VII (974 and 984-985) - No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his pontificate
Benedict VII (974-983) - 5 cardinals
John XIV (983-984) - 1 cardinal
John XV (985-996) - 20 cardinals
Gregory V (996-999) - 13 cardinals
[Antipope] John XVI (997-998) - No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his pontificate
Total - 109 cardinals

©1998-2010 Salvador Miranda.