(1) 1. Pasquale Massimi, Roman, monk and abbot of S. Stefano, Rome, cardinal priest of S. Prassede in 796. (1)
(2) 2. Giovanni, bishop of Porto (2) in 797. + Between 814 and 826.
(3) 3. Gregorio, O.S.B.Fossano, Roman, title of S. Marco in 797. (3)
(4) 4. Sergio, Roman, Can.Reg.Lat., title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti in 797. (4)
(5) 5. Issa (or Jesse), bishop of Sabina in 799. + Before 804.
(6) 6. Pietro, bishop of Frascati in 803 His biography is the 6th of the list. (5)
(7) 7. Bernardo, bishop of Ostia in 804. + 805.
(8) 8. Teodoro, bishop of Sabina in 804. + Before 826.
(9) 9. Pietro, bishop of Ostia (?) in 805. + Before 826.
(10) 10. Romano, title of S. Pudenziana in 805. + Before 853.
(11) 11. Stefano, Roman, created cardinal priest or deacon before 815. His title or deaconry is not known. (6)
(12) 12. Eugenio Savelli (?), Roman, title of S. Sabina in 816. (7)

(1) Elected Pope Paschal I on January 25, 817. Died between February and May 824. Inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, his feast, on February 11 or May 14, was dropped from the calendar in 1963.
(2) The diocese of Porto dates back to the III Century. Its episcopal series begins after 314. The diocese of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina was united to Porto in 1119. This is its first known cardinal bishop.
(3) Elected Pope Gregory IV in September 827. Died on January 25, 844.
(4) Elected Pope Sergius II on January 25, 844. Died on January 27, 844.
(5) The diocese of Frascati (called Tusculum), dates back to at least 269 when its episcopal series starts. This is its first known cardinal bishop.
(6) Elected Pope Stefano IV (V) on June 22, 816. Died January 24, 817.
(7) Elected Pope Eugenius II between February and May 824. Died in August 827.

Elected pope on June 22, 816. Died January 24, 817. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

(1) 1. Giovanni, bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 823. + 826.
(2) 2. Valentino Leoni, Roman, of the gens Leontia, cardinal deacon in 820, his deaconry is not known. (1)
(3) 3. Teodoro, called Nomenclator, cardinal priest, his title is not known. + (?).
(4) 4. Sisinio (or Zizinio), cardinal priest before 824, his title is not known. + (?) (2)

(1) Elected Pope Valentine in August 827. Died in September 827.
(2) Elected antipope in February 824 at the same time as Eugenius II, resigned a month later. He is considered Antipope by some authors but is not mentioned in the official list of Roman Pontiffs in the Annuario Pontificio.

(1) 1. Giovanni Datus, cardinal deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco (1) in 825. + (?).
(2) 2. Cesare (or Cesareo), bishop of Ostia in 826. + Before 854.
(3) 3. Gregorio, bishop of Velletri in 826. + Before 853.
(4) 4. Stefano, bishop of Porto in 826. + Before 853.
(5) 5. Costantino, bishop of Palestrina in 826. + (?).
(6) 6. Samuele, bishop of Sabina in 826. + Before 853.
(7) 7. Benedetto, bishop of Albano in 826. + Probably before 844.
(8) 8. Giusto, from Imola, title of S. Cecilia in 827. + Before 853.

(1) The deaconry of Ss. Sergio e Bacco, one of the 7 original ones, was erected by Pope St. Agatho in 678 in the VIII Region of Rome, in the Roman Forum, next to the Arch of Septimus Severus. It was suppressed by Pope Sixtus V in 1587 and later demolished during the pontificate of Paul V (1605-1621).

Elected pope in August 827. Died in September 827. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

(1) 1. Luciano, title of S. Eusebio in 827 (?). + Before 853.
(2) 2. Lucino (or Luciano), from Foligno, created cardinal deacon of the IX Region of Rome in 844. + (?). (1)
(3) Ottavio Elario (or Elarius), from Ardea, title of S. Prassede in 829. + (?).

(1) Admitted by Leo IV (847 - 855) into the order of cardinal priests. This is the first example of a cardinalitial option.

[Antipope] John was elected by the populace of Rome on January 25, 844. He was a deacon, not a cardinal, and was quickly ejected from the Lateran Palace, where his supporters had enthroned him, by Pope Sergius II. He was confined to a monastery and nothing more is known about him. No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his reign.

(1) 1. S. Leone, O.S.B. (or Can.Reg.), Roman, of the Monastery of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, title of Ss. Quatro Coronati in 844. (1)
(2) 2. Adriano (?), title of S. Marco in 844. + Before 853.
(3) 3. Fortunato Amalario (or Amalarius), cardinal priest in 844 (?), his title is not known. + (?).
(4) 4. Nicola, cardinal deacon in 846 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?).

(1) Elected Pope Leo IV in January 847. Died July 17, 855. Inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, his feast was celebrated on July 17 and is now suppressed.

Cardinal bishops (6)
(1) 1. Megisto (or Megistus, or Megetius, or Leone?), monk, prior of the Monastery of S. Gregorio ad Clivum Scauri, Rome, bishop of Ostia in 854. + Before 868.
(2) 2. Giovanni, bishop of Velletri in 853. + Before 867.
(3) 3. Rodoaldo, bishop of Porto in 853. + (?). (1)
(4) 4. Sergio, bishop of Sabina in 853. + 868 or at least before 879.
(5) 5. Petronacio, bishop of Albano in 853. + ca. 867.
(6) 6. N.N., his name is not known, bishop of of Frascati in 847. + (?).

(1) Deposed and excommunicated in 864 because of simony.

Cardinal priests (20)

Note. Following is the list given by Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 625, which also includes the cardinal bishops of Ostia and Velletri (above). All of them participated in the Council of Rome in 853.

(7) 1. Anastasio il Bibliotecario, created cardinal priest of S. Marcello in 847. + Between 877 and 879. (1)
(8) 2. Romano, title of S. Pudenziana in 853. + (?).
(9) 3. Sergio, title of S. Clemente in 853. + (?).
(10 4. Leone, title of S. Cecilia in 853. + Before 867.
(11) 5. Zaccaria, title of S. Crisogono in 853. + After 867.
(12) 6. Benedetto, seniore, title of S. Maria in Trastevere in 853. (2)
(13) 7. Leone, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso in 853. + (?).
(14) 8. Paolo, title of S. Balbina in 853. + Before 867.
(15) 9. Leone, title of S. Ciariaco alle Terme in 853. + Before 867.
(16) 10. Adriano, Roman, title of S. Marco in 853. (3)
(17) 11. Giorgio, title of S. Anastasia in 853. + (?).
(18) 12. Romano, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo in 853. + Before 872.
(19) 13. Lucino (or Luciano), title of S. Eusebio in 853. + (?). (4)
(20) 14. Gioviniano, title of S. Sabina in 853. + (?).
(21) 15. Adriano, title of Ss. Gervasio e Protasio in 853. + (?).
(22) 16. Giorgio, title of of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in 853. + Before 867.
(23) 17. Giovanni, cardinal priest in 853, his title is not known. + (?).
(24) 18. Leone, title of Ss. Quatro Coronati in 853. + Before 882.
(25) 19. Martino, title of S. Marcello in 853. + (?).
(26) 20. Giovanni, title of S. Prisca in 853. + (?).

(1) Shortly after having been created cardinal, he abandoned his title, left Rome, sought refuge under Emperor Louis II, intrigued against the pope and refused to return to Rome. He was deposed, anathematized and excommunicated in the Council of Rome on December 16, 850, in Ravenna on May 29, 853 and again in Rome on December 8, 853. At the death of Pope Leo IV, he had himself elected Antipope Anastasius III on September 21, 855. A few days later, he had to leave the place to the legitimate Pope Benedict III, who reduced him to the lay state and confined him to the Monastery of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome. Reconciled with Pope Nicholas I in 858, he became his secretary and legate. Pope Adrian II lifted his suspension as priest and named him Librarian of the Roman Church, hence his nickname Bibliotecario.
(2) Elected Pope Benedict III in July 855. He died on April 17, 858.
(3) Elected Pope Adrian II on December 14, 867. Died in November or December 872.
(4) Annuaire Pontifical Catholique, 1926, p. 152, says that undoubtedly, he is the same as cardinal no. 2 of Pope Gregory IV.

Cardinal deacons (6)

(27) 1. Giovanni, cardinal deacon, prtodeacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. + (?).
(28) 2. Giovanni, cardinal deacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. + (?).
(29) 3. S. Nicola, Roman, cardinal deacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. (1)
(30) 4. Benedetto, cardinal deacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. + (?).
(31) 5. Leoncio, cardinal deacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. + (?).
(32) 6. Bendetto, cardinal deacon in 853, his deaconry is not known. + (?).

(1) Elected Pope Nicholas I on April 24, 858. Died on September 13, 867. Inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, his feast is on November (September?) 13.

Elected pope in July 855. He died on April 17, 858. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Had himself elected Antipope Anastasius III on September 21, 855. A few days later, he had to leave the place to the legitimate Pope Benedict III, who reduced him to the lay state and confined him to the Monastery of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome. Reconciled with Pope Nicholas I in 858. He died between 877 and 879. No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his reign.

(1) 1. Leone, bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 863. + 867.
(2) 2. Formoso, from Ostia or Corsica, bishop of Porto in 864. (1)
(3) 3. Gauderico (or Gaudenzio), O.S.B.Cas., bishop of Velletri in 867. + (?). (2)
(4) 4. Leone, title of Ciriaco alle Terme in 867. + (?). (3)
(5) 5. Leone (?), title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in 867. + (?).
(6) 6. Leone, title of S. Cecilia in 867. + Before 872.
(7) 7. Paolo (?), title of S. Balbina in 867. + Before 872.
(8) 8. Romano Marin, from Gallese, Tuscany, nephew of Pope Marinus I, cardinal priest in 867, his title is not known. (4)
(9) 9. Giovanni, Roman, cardinal deacon in 867, his deaconry is not known. (5)

(1) Pope John VIII excommunicated and deposed him in 876. Exiled in France, he was recalled to Rome and reinstated as bishop of Porto by Pope Marinus I in 883. Elected Pope Formosus on October 6, 891. Died on April 4, 896. His body was exhumed and he was tried and excommunicated by Pope Stephen V (VI) in January 897, nine months after his death. Buried in a common grave and later thrown in the river Tiber. A hermit retrieved his body and reburied him. He was rehabilitated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.
(2) Resigned cardinalate in 879 and returned to the Monastery of Monte Cassino.
(3) Annuaire Pontifical Catholique, 1926, p. 153, indicates that without a doubt he is the same as Cardinal Leone, no. 15 under Pope Leo IV.
(4) Elected Pope Romanus in July or August 897. He died in November 897.
(5) Elected Pope John VIII on December 14, 872. He died on December 16, 882.

(1) 1. Donato, bishop of Ostia in 868. + 870.
(2) 2. Tedone (or Tido), bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 869. + After 872.
(3) 3. Paolo, bishop of Albano in 869. + Before 898.
(4) 4. Pietro, cardinal priest, his title is not known. + (?).
(5) 5. Leone (?), bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 872. + Before 879.
(6) 6. Benedetto, title of S. Balbina in 872. + (?).
(7) 7. Germano, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo in 872. + (?).
(8) 8. Giovanni, title of S. Cecilia in 872. + (?).
(9) 9. Giovanni, title of S. Crisogono in 872. + (?).
(10) 10. Paolo, cardinal deacon in 872 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?).
(11) 11. Leone, cardinal deacon in 872 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?).

(1) 1. Walpert (or Gualpert), from Valence, France, bishop of Porto in 876. + (?).
(2) 2. Eugenio, bishop of Ostia in 878. + Before 898 (?).
(3) 3. Gregorio, bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 879. + Before 884.
(4) 4. Leone, bishop of Sabina in 879. + Long before 928.
(5) 5. Pietro, title of S. Crisogono in 875 (?). + (?). (1)
(6) 6. Adriano, title of S. Lorenzo (in Damaso?) in 875. + (?).
(7) 7. Marino, from Gallese (or Montefiascone), cardinal deacon in 880 (?), his deaconry is not known. (2)
(8) 8. Giovanni, cardinal deacon ca. 880, his deaconry is not known. + (?).

(1) According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 665, sent as legate to Constantinople to solve the dispute with Patriarch Phosius, he joined his cause and upon his return to Rome, was anathematized.
(2) Elected Pope Marinus I in December 882. He died on May 15, 884.

(1) 1. St. Adriano Conti, Roman, of the counts of Tusculum, cardinal priest or deacon, his title or deaconry is not known. (1)
(2) 2. Basilio, title of Ss. Quatro Coronati in 882. + 882.
(3) 3. Stefano, Roman, title of Ss. Quatro Coronati in 882. (2)
(4) 4. Valentino, bishop of Porto in 883. + (?).
(5) 5. Benedetto, bishop of Silva Candida or Santa Rufina in 884. + Before 906.

(1) Elected Pope Adrian III on May 17, 884. He died in August or September 885. His cultus was confirmed on June 2, 1891. His feast, according to the Roman Martyrology, is celebrated on July 8.
(2) Elected Pope Stephen V (VI) in May or June 885. He died in July or August 891.

Elected pope on May 17, 884. He died in August or September 885. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

(1) 1. Giovanni, cardinal priest in 890 (?), his title is not known. + (?).
(2) 2. Silvestro, bishop of Porto in 891. + 898.
(3) 3. Sergio, Roman, of the Counts of Tusculum, cardinal deacon or priest, his deaconry or title is not known. (1)

(1) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898. He was later rehabilitated. Elected Pope Sergius III on January 29, 904. He died on April 14, 911.

(1) 1. Bonifacio, Roman, cardinal priest, his title is not known. (1)
(2) 2. Stefano, Roman, cardinal deacon, his deaconry is not known. (2)
(3) 3. Teodoro, Roman, cardinal deacon, his deaconry is not known. (3)
(4) 4. Giovanni, O.S.B., from Tivoli, cardinal deacon, his deaconry is not known. (4)
(5) 5. Giovanni, bishop of Velletri in 896. + 898.
(6) 6. Benedetto, cardinal priest in 896 (?), his title is not known. + (?). (5)
(7) 7. Martino (or Marino), cardinal priest in 896 (?), his title is not known. + (?). (6)
(8) 8. Giovanni, cardinal deacon in 896 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?). (7)
(9) 9. Pasquale, cardinal deacon in 896 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?). (8)
(10) 10. Giovanni, cardinal deacon in 896 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?). (9)
(11) 11. Leone, cardinal deacon in 896 (?), his deaconry is not known. + (?). (10)

(1) Elected Pope Boniface VI on April 11, 896. He died on April 26, 896.
(2) Elected Pope Stephen VI (VII) in May or June 896. He died in July or August 897.
(3) Elected Pope Theodore in December 897. He died in December 897 or January 898.
(4) Elected Pope John IX in December 897 or January 898. He died between January and May 900.
(5) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Synod of Rome in April 898.
(6) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Synod of Rome in April 898.
(7) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.
(8) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.
(9) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.
(10) Subscribed the decree of 897 against the late Pope Formosus and was excommunicated by Pope John IX in the Roman Synod of April 898.

Elected pope on April 11, 896. He died on April 26, 896. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

(1) 1. Stefano, bishop of Ostia in 898. + Before 900.
(2) 2. Pietro, bishop of Albano in 898. + (?).
(3) 3. Leone, from Priapo or Ardea, monk, cardinal priest in 898, his title is not known. (1)

(1) Elected Pope Leo V in July 903. He died in September 903.

Elected pope in July or August 897. He died in November 897. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

Elected pope in December 897. He died in December 897 or January 898. No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate.

(1) 1. Guido, bishop of Ostia in 900. + Before 946.
(2) 2. Cristoforo, Roman, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso ca. 900. (1)

(1) Elected Antipope Christopher in September 903. He was deposed and imprisoned by Pope Sergius III in January 904. Some authors say that he spent the rest of his life in a monastery and others say that he was murdered in prison. He did not create any pseudocardinals.

SUMMARY
St. Leo III (795-816) - 12 cardinals
Stephen IV (V) (816-817) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Paschal I (817-824) - 4 cardinals
Eugenius II (824-827) - 8 cardinals
Valentine (827) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Gregory IV (827-844) - 3 cardinals
[Antipope] John (844) - No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his reign
Sergius II (844-847) - 4 cardinals
St. Leo IV (847 - 855) - 32 cardinals
Benedict III (855-858) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
[Antipope] Anastasius Bibliotecarius (855) - No names of new pseudocardinals are found in his reign
St. Nicholas I, the Great (858-867) - 9 cardinals
Adrian II (867-872) - 11 cardinals
John VIII (872-882) - 8 cardinals
Marinus I (882-884) - 5 cardinals
St. Hadrian III (884-885) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Stephen V (VI) (885-891) - 3 cardinals
Formosus (891-896) - 11 cardinals
Boniface VI (896) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Stephen VI (VII) (896-897) - 3 cardinals
Romanus (897) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
Theodore II (897) - No names of new cardinals are found in his pontificate
John IX (898-900) - 2 cardinals
Total - 115 cardinals

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.