The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century

The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Papal elections of the XII Century (1100-1198)

Election of September 1100
(Antipope Theodoric)
Antipope Clement III died on September 8, 1100. His followers in Rome met secretly at night in St. Peter's basilica and elected and enthroned Cardinal Teodorico, bishop of Albano (or of Santa Rufina). He kept his given name as antipope. No information has been found about the participants in his election. Having abandoned Rome, Teodorico was seized three and a half months later and brought before Pope Paschal II. He was condemned and sent to the monastery of La Cava, Salerno, where he died in 1102 according to the epitaph in the crypt of the monastery.

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Election of January 1101
(Antipope Albert or Adalbert)
Antipope Theodoric was arrested and imprisoned in January 1101. The followers of Antipope Clement III, encouraged by King Henry IV of Germany, gathered in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli in Rome and elected Cardinal Alberto (Atellanus ?), bishop of Santa Rufina (or of Sabina). No information has been found about the participants in his election. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages. The Popes of the Gregorian Renaissance, St. Leo IX. to Honorius II., 1049-1130, vol. VIII, 1099-1130, p. 14, says, "Again there was another mock election in St. Peter's. But no sooner did word of what was there being done spread abroad than the whole city was in an uproar, and the crowd rushed to the basilica. In great alarm the assembly hastily broke up; but while Albert, the newly elected antipope, who is called bishop of Sabina, contrived to make his escape to the basilica of St. Marcellus, many of his party were seized and very roughly handled. A sum of money quickly bought Albert from his patron. He was stripped of the pallium he had just assumed, put on a horse behind its rider, and taken before the Pope at the Lateran. After a short incarceration in a tower, he too was sent to a monastery, and ended his days as a monk in St. Lawrence's at Aversa."

Election of November 18, 1105
(Antipope Sylvester IV)
Members of the Roman aristocracy, with the support of future Emperor Henry V, set up another antipope to replace Paschal II, electing Maginulfo, archpriest of S. Angelo in Pescheria, while the pope was outside of Rome. He took the name Sylvester IV, was consecrated in the church of S. Maria Rotonda (the Pantheon) and enthroned in the Lateran on November 18, 1105. When Paschal returned to Rome the next day, the antipope left for Tivoli and finally settled in Osimo, province of Ancona, under the protection of Count Guarniero di Ancona. On April 11, 111, Pope Paschal and Emperor Henry reached an agreement about the investiture of bishops. Then the emperor, who had used him to exercise pressure on the pope, made Antipope Sylvester abandon his claim and submit to Pope Paschal. He was allowed to live the rest of life in Ancona with his patron Duke Guarniero.

Election of January 21 - 24, 1118
(Gelasius II)
Pope Paschal II died on January 21, 1118. Cardinal Giovanni Caetani (or Gaetani), O.S.B.Cas., from Gaeta, of a noble family from Campania, created cardinal deacon by Pope Gregory VII ca. 1082, (his deaconry is not known, perhaps S. Maria in Cosmedin?), was elected on January 24, 1118. The new pope took the name Gelasius II. This is the first papal election for which Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 929-931, listed the cardinals who participated. They were fifty-one: five cardinal bishops, twenty-eight cardinal priests and eighteen cardinal deacons. Six were creations of Urban II and forty-five of Paschal II. It is indicated that two cardinals were absent but their names were not mentioned.

-Lamberto de Fagnano (Scannabecchi?), Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Divizzo (or Divitius, or Denys, or Dionysius), bishop of Frascati.
-Cinzio (or Cincius, or Cencius), bishop of Sabina.
-Pietro, seniore, bishop of Porto, Vicar of His Holiness for Rome.
-Vitale (Oldo Medi), bishop of Albano.
-Amico, seniore, O.S.B., title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Bonifazio (or Bonifacio), title of S. Marco, (created by Honorius II ?).
-Benedetto, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli. ?
-Giovanni, title of S. Cecilia.
-Gregorio, title of Ss. Prisca. ?
-Teobaldo Boccapecora, title of S. Anastasia.
-Teobaldo, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo (Pammachus).
-Diuizzo (or Divizzo), title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (Equiti). ?
-Anastasio, iuniore, title of S. Clemente.
-Corrado, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Desiderio (or Didier), title of S. Prassede.
-Adeodato (or Deusdedit), title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso.
-Gregorio Ceccano Albergato, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Ugo Visconti, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Sasso (or Saxo) de' Segni, title of. S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Sigizzone (or Sigizzo), iuniore, title of S. Sisto.
-Pietro Pisano de la Gerardesco de' Donastici, title of S. Susanna. ?
-Giovanni Cremense, title of S. Crisogono.
-Guido, O.S.B., title of S. Balbina.
-Raino (or Renio, or Rainero), title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Pietro Vuilhelmus, title of S. Sabina. ?
-Amico (or Arnicus), title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo.
-Giovanni, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Eusebio.
-Ugo Lectifredo, title of S. Vitale.
-Bosone, title of Ss. IV Coronati.
-Crisostomo, title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme.
-Giovanni, title of S. Calisto. ?
-(Name not known), title of S. Marcello.
-Giovanni de' Caetani, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin (?), archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, and chancellor. (Elected Pope Gelasius II)
-Teobaldo, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Cosma (or Conte, or Comte), deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro
-Gregorio Papareschi, Can. Reg. Lat., his deaconry is not known, perhaps of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Gregorio Caetani (or Gaetani), deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio. ?
-Pietro Pierleoni, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Pietro, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Adriano al Foro.
-Romano, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Gregorio, O.S.B., deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Oderisio, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Sangro, deacon of S. Agata.
-Roscemanno (or Rosimano) Sanseverino, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Marsi, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Errico, O.S.B., deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Aldo Ferentino, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco. ?
-Crisogono Malcondini (or Costantino), deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Stefano, deacon of S. Lucia in Silice, (created by Honorius II?)
-Crescenzio Anagni, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica (or S. Maria Nuova?).
-Romoaldo Guarna, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Amico, iuniore, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto.

Election of March 8, 1118
(Antipope Gregory VIII)
As a reprisal for Pope Gelasius II's escape to Gaeta and his refusal to immediately meet with him to discuss the affairs of the Church in Germany, Emperor Henry V named the deposed and excommunicated archbishop of Braga, Portugal, Maurice Bourdin, as antipope. He took the name Gregory VIII. The emperor and the antipope were excommunicated by Gelasius on April 7, 1118, at Capua. In April 1121, Gregory was in Sutri, where he had sought refuge. The papal troops of Callistus II blockaded the city for eight days until it surrendered and Antipope Gregory was turned over to them. He was taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium. After having been moved to several monasteries, he died in La Cava, Salerno, in 1137.

Election of January 29 - February 2, 1119
(Callistus II)
Pope Gelasius II died on January 29, 1119. Archbishop Guy de Bourgogne of Vienne, France, not a cardinal, was elected in Cluny, France, on February 2, 1119. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 940, two cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons took part in his election. Five of the electors were creations of Paschal II and one of Urban II. The rest of the cardinals were in Rome. The new pope, who took the name Callistus II, was crowned in Vienne on February 9, 1119 and entered Rome on June 3, 1120.

-Giovanni Cremense, title of S. Crisogono.
-Guido Galli, O.S.B., title of S. Balbina.
-Gregorio Papareschi, Can. Reg. Lat., his deaconry is not known, perhaps S. Angelo in Pescheria, archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church.
-Pietro Pierleoni, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Crisogono Malcondini (or Costantino), deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Roscemanno (or Rosimano) Sanseverino, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Marsi, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.

Election of December 13 - 15, 1124
(Honorius II)
Pope Callistus II died on December 13, 1124. Cardinal Lamberto Scannabecchi, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, was elected his successor on December 15, 1124, and took the name Honorius II. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 956-957, fifty-two cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, twenty-eight cardinal priests, and eighteen cardinal deacons.

-Lamberto de Fagnano (Scannabecchi?), Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. (Elected Pope Honorius II)
-Crescenzio de' Crescenzi, iuniore, Roman, bishop of Sabina.
-Pietro, seniore, Roman, bishop of Porto, vicar of His Holiness for Rome.
-Vitale (Oldo Medi), bishop of Albano.
-Guillaume, bishop of Palestrina.
-Gilles (or Gilon) of Paris, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Frascati.
-Bonifazio (or Bonifacio), title of S. Marco, (created by Honorius II ?).
-Benedetto, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli. ?
-Gianroberto Capizucchi, title of S. Clemente (or S. Cecilia).
-Teobaldo Boccapecora, title of S. Anastasia.
-Teobaldo, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo (Pammachus).
-Diuizzo (or Divizzo), title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (Equiti). ?
-Anastasio, iuniore, title of S. Clemente.
-Corrado, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Desiderio (or Didier), title of S. Prassede.
-Adeodato (or Deusdedit), title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso.
-Gregorio Ceccano Albergato, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Sasso (or Saxo) de' Segni, title of. S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Sigizzone (or Sigizzo), iuniore, title of S. Sisto.
-Pietro Pisano de la Gerardesco de' Donastici, title of S. Susanna. ?
-Giovanni Cremense, title of S. Crisogono.
-Guido, O.S.B., title of S. Balbina.
-Pietro Vuilhelmus, title of S. Sabina. ?
-Amico (or Arnicus), title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo.
-Giovanni, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Eusebio.
-Ugo Lectifredo, title of S. Vitale.
-Bosone, title of Ss. IV Coronati.
-Pierre de Fontaine, title of S. Callisto. ?
-Pietro, title of S. Marcello.
-Gerardo, title of Ss. Aquila e Prisca. ?
-Oderisio, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Sangro, title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme.
-Crescenzio Anagni, title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Gregorio, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Cosma (or Conte, or Comte), deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro.
-Gregorio Papareschi, Can. Reg. Lat., his deaconry is not known, perhaps S. Angelo in Pescheria, archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church.
-Gregorio Caetani (or Gaetani), deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Romano, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Gregorio, O.S.B., deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Roscemanno (or Rosimano) Sanseverino, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Marsi, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Errico, O.S.B., deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Stefano, deacon of S. Lucia in Silice, (created by Honorius II?)
-Ugo Visconti, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Stefano, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. ?
-Gionata (or Ionathan), iuniore, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Aymeric, Can. Reg. of Lateran, deacon of S. Maria Nuova, chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.
-Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Angelo, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica.
-Matteo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Giovanni Dauferio, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-(Name not known, perhaps Oderisio, O.S.B.Cas., of the Counts of Sangro?), deacon of S. Agata.
-(Name not known, perhaps Gregorio?), deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto.

Election of February 14, 1130
(Innocent II)
Pope Honorius II died on February 14, 1130. Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi, seniore, Can. Reg. Lat., deaconry not known (perhaps S. Angelo in Pescheria), archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, was elected his successor on that same day and took the name Innocent II. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 972-973, sixteen cardinals were present in his election: four cardinal bishops, six cardinals priests and six cardinal deacons plus 4 other cardinals, who abandoned Antipope Anacletus II, elected on that same day, to follow Innocent.

-Mathieu, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Albano.
-Giovanni, O.S.B.Cam., bishop of Ostia.
-Guillaume, bishop of Palestrina.
-Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Sabina.
-Giovanni Cremense, title of S. Crisogono.
-Pietro Cariaceno, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Pierre, title of S. Anastasia.
-Joselmo (or Goselino, or Joselino, or Anselmo), title of S. Cecilia.
-Anselmo, Can. Reg. of S.Pietro in Cælo aureo, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Gregorio Papareschi, seniore, Can. Reg. Lat., deaconry not known, perhaps S. Angelo in Pescheria, archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church. (Elected Pope Innocent II)
-Romano, deacon of S. Maria in Portico, archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church.
-Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Aymeric, Can. Reg. of Lateran, deacon of S. Maria Nuova, chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.
-Guido del Castello (or de Castellis), deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Matteo (or Alberto Teodoli ?), deacon of S. Teodoro.

Cardinals who abandoned the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II and joined Pope Innocent II the day of his election:
-Desiderio, title of S. Prassede.
-Comes, title of S. Sabina (or Conte da Milano?).
-Ugo Lectifredo (or Godoffredo Lictifredo), title of S. Vitale.
-Alberto Teodoli, deacon of S. Teodoro (created by Innocent II?).

Note. Lucius Lector, L'election papale, ouverage orné de gravures et de plans, suivi d'un Tableau chronologique des papes et des conclaves. Paris, P. Lethielleux, [1896]., p. 339, n. 1, indicates that the election of Innocent II shows that, in spite of the bull of Nicholas II, the practice allowing the cardinal priests and deacons to take part in the electoral process had been introduced. Innocent II had the majority of the cardinal bishops but the majority of the deacons and priests supported Antipope Anacletus II, Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, title of S. Maria in Trastevere. For eight years, the antipope maintained that he had been elected "by the people and the clergy", as if Nicholas II's decree had not existed. Louis Duchesne, The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes A.D. 754 - 1073, p. 269, remarked about this situation: "When peace was concluded at Worms, 1122, the question of the papal elections was not even considered, and from that time neither emperors nor kings were involved in them. This ultimate triumph of liberty was, however, quite a different thing from the particular success of Nicholas II's decree. This latter seems shortly to have been abandoned, not in its general tenor, but with regard to its characteristic feature, i.e. the predominant rôle played by the cardinal bishops. In its general drift and by what it had in common with the tendencies of the reform party, its aim was to free the papal elections: 1st, from all interference on the part of the Roman feudal aristocracy; and 2nd, from undue and harmful interference on the part of the kings of Germany. As far as these two points were concerned, its object was attained, and even surpassed as far as the German kings were concerned, for they did not even succeed in retaining the position marked out for them by Nicholas II."

Election of February 14, 1130
(Antipope Anacletus II)
Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, title of S. Maria in Trastevere, was elected Antipope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 1008, two cardinal bishops, seventeen cardinal priests, and eight cardinal deacons took part in the election.

-Pietro, seniore, bishop of Porto.
-Gilles (or Gilon) of Paris, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Frascati.
-Bonifazio (or Bonifacio), title of S. Marco.
-Desiderio (or Didier), title of S. Prassede, title of S. Prassede.
-Sasso (or Saxo), of the Counts of Segni, title of. S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Pietro Gherardeschi (Pisano), of the Counts of Donoratico, title of S. Susanna.
-Amico (or Arnicus), title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo (died ca. 1122?).
-Pietro Pierleoni, title of S. Maria in Trastevere. (Elected Antipope Anacletus II)
-Crescenzio, title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Gregorio Conti, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Comes, title of S. Sabina (or Conte da Milano?).
-Gregorio, title of S. Balbina.
-Matteo, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
-Sigizzo Bianchelli, iuniore, title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Alberico Tomacelli, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Ugo Lectifredo (or Godoffredo Lictifredo), title of S. Vitale.
-Errico, title of S. Prisca.
-Étienne de Bar, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Gionata (or Ionathan), iuniore, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Gregorio, O.S.B., deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Angelo, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica.
-Giovanni Dauferio, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Stefano, deacon of S. Lucia in Silice (or Orfea).
-Rustico de' Rustici, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Pierre, deacon of S. Adriano.

Election of March 1138
(Antipope Victor IV)
Antipope Anacletus II died on January 25, 1138. Cardinal Gregorio Conti, title of Ss. XII Apostoli, was elected Antipope Victor IV in mid-March 1138. He resigned on March 29 thanks to the intervention of St. Bernard de Clairvaux, and made his submission to Innocent II, who reinstated him to his cardinalitial dignity and title on May 29, 1138 together with the other Cardinals who had followed him. At the II Lateran Council, April 1139, the pope reversed his decision and deposed Gregorio and the other cardinals. For this, he was strongly criticized by St. Bernard. Gregorio died ca. 1140.

Election of September 25 - 26, 1143
(Celestine II)
Pope Innocent II died on September 24, 1143. Cardinal Guido del Castello (or de Castellis), title of S. Marco, was elected his successor two days later and took the name Celestine II. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1011-1012, thirty cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, twelve cardinal priests and twelve cardinal deacons. They were creations of Callistus II (1), Honorius II (2) and Innocent II (27).

-Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., Roman, bishop of Sabina.
-Theodwin, Can. Reg., bishop of Porto and Silva Candida (Santa Rufina).
-Albéric, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia.
-Étienne, O.Cist., bishop of Palestrina.
-Imar, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Pietro Papareschi, bishop of Albano.
-Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Guido del Castello, title of S. Marco. (Elected Pope Celestine II)
-Guido Bellagi, title of S. Crisogono.
-Gregorio, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Raniero, title of Ss. Prisca ed Aquila.
-Goizo, title of S. Cecilia.
-Pietro, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Tommaso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria de Crescenzago, title of S. Vitale.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Ubaldo, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., title of S. Prassede.
-Pietro, title of S. Susanna. ?
-Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco, protodeacon.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Guido da Vico, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Ubaldo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Guido di Castelfidardo, deaconry not known.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Guido Moricotti, deaconry not known.
-Niccoló, deaconry not known.
-Gilberto, deaconry not known, perhaps of S. Adriano.

Election of March 9, 1144
(Lucius II)
Pope Celestine II died on March 8, 1144, after a brief pontificate of five months and ten days. Cardinal Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno in the Monastery of Lucca, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, was elected on the following day and took the name Lucius II. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1020-1021, forty two cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, twenty-one cardinal priests, and fifteen cardinal deacons. They were creations of Callistus II, Honorius II, Innocent II, and Celestine II, who in spite of his short pontificate created twelve cardinals.

-Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Sabina.
-Theodwin, Can. Reg., bishop of Porto and Silva Candida (Santa Rufina).
-Albéric, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia.
-Étienne, O.Cist., bishop of Palestrina.
-Imar, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Pietro Papareschi, bishop of Albano.
-Gerardo Caccianemici dell'Orso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme. (Elected Pope Lucius II)
-Gilberto, title of S. Marco.
-Guido da Vico, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Niccoló, title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme.
-Guido Bellagi, title of S. Crisogono.
-Gregorio, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Raniero, title of Ss. Prisca ed Aquila.
-Goizo, title of S. Cecilia.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Pietro, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Tommaso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria de Crescenzago, title of S. Vitale.
-Ubaldo, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., title of S. Prassede.
-Pietro, title of S. Susanna. ?
-Roberto Pullen, title of S. Eusebio.
-Adinolfo, O.S.B., title not known.
-Raniero, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Manfredo, title of S. Sabina. ?
-Ugo Misini, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Alberto, title of S. Anastasia.
-Giulio, title of S. Marcello.
-Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco, protodeacon.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Ubaldo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Guido di Castelfidardo, deaconry not known.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Gregorio Papareschi, iuniore, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Astaldo degli Astalli, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Giovanni, Can. Reg.di S. Frediano di Lucca, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Gregorio, deaconry not known.
-Giovanni Paparoni, deacon of S. Adriano.

Election of February 15, 1145
(Eugenius III)
Pope Lucius II died on February 15, 1145. On that same day, Bernardo Pagnelli, O.Cist., abbot of Tre Fontane, who was not a cardinal, was elected his successor and took the name Eugenius III. The election took place in the Roman church of S. Cesareo in Palatio. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1028-1029, forty-three cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, twenty-one cardinal priests, and sixteen cardinal deacons. They were creations of Callistus II, Honorius II, Innocent II, Celestine II, and Lucius II.

-Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Sabina.
-Theodwin, Can. Reg., bishop of Porto and Silva Candida (Santa Rufina).
-Albéric, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia.
-Imar, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Pietro Papareschi, bishop of Albano.
-Guarino Foscari, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, bishop of Palestrina.
-Gregorio, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Guido Bellagi, title of S. Crisogono.
-Raniero, title of Ss. Prisca ed Aquila.
-Goizo, title of S. Cecilia.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Tommaso, Can. Reg. of S. Maria de Crescenzago, title of S. Vitale.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., title of S. Prassede.
-Ubaldo, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Pietro, title of S. Susanna. ?
-Gilberto, title of S. Marco.
-Guido Moricotti, title of S.Lorenzo in Damaso.
-Niccoló, title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme.
-Roberto Pullen, title of S. Eusebio.
-Adinolfo, O.S.B., title not known.
-Manfredo, title of S. Sabina. ?
-Ugo Misini, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Alberto (or Ariberto,or Amberto), title of S. Anastasia.
-Giulio, title of S. Marcello.
-Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Guido Clemente Cibo, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Villano Gaetani, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco, protodeacon.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Guido da Vico, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli,, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Guido di Castelfidardo, deaconry not known.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Gregorio, deaconry not known.
-Giovanni Paparoni, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Gregorio Papareschi, iuniore, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Astaldo degli Astalli, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Giovanni, Can. Reg.di S. Frediano di Lucca, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Berardo, deaconry not known.
-Bernardo, deaconry not knwon.
-Pietro, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.

Election of July 8, 1153
(Anastasius IV)
Pope Eugenius III died on July 8, 1153. Cardinal Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Sabina, was elected his successor on that same day and took the name Anastasius IV. He was enthroned four days later. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1052-1053, thirty-nine cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, twenty cardinal priests, and thirteen cardinal deacons. They were creations of Honorius II, Innocent II, Celestine II, Lucius II and Eugenius III.

-Corrado, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Sabina, papal vicar for Rome. (Elected Pope Anastasius IV)
-Theodwin, Can. Reg., bishop of Porto and Silva Candida (Santa Rufina).
-Imar, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Guarino Foscari, C.R.S.A., bishop of Palestrina.
-Hughes, O.Cist., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Nicholas Breakspear, Can. Reg. of Saint-Ruf in Avignon, bishop of Albano.
-Gregorio, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Guido Bellagi, title of S. Crisogono.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., title of S. Prassede.
-Manfredo, title of S. Sabina.
-Alberto, title of S. Anastasia.
-Giulio, title of S. Marcello.
-Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Guido Clemente Cibo, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Bernard, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Clemente.
-Giordano Orsini, title of S. Susanna.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli, title of S. Cecilia.
-Astaldo degli Astalli, title of S. Prisca.
-Rolando Bandinelli, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Marco.
-Gerardo, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Giovanni Paparoni, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso.
-Giovanni Conti, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Cenzio, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Errico Moricotti, O.Cist., title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo.
-Giovanni Mercone, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro, protodeacon.
-Giovanni Paparoni, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Gregorio Papareschi, iuniore, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Giovanni, Can. Reg.of S. Frediano of Lucca, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Guido, deacon of S. Maria in Portico. ?
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Gerardo Caccianemici, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Giovanni, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Ildebrando Grassi, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Gerardo, deaconry not known. ?
-Ottone, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Bernard, O.Cist., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.

Election of December 3 - 4, 1154
(Adrian IV)
Pope Anastasius IV died on December 3, 1154. Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear, Can. Reg. of Saint-Ruf in Avignon, bishop of Albano, was elected his successor the following day and took the name Adrian IV. He is the only English pope in the history of the Church. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1057-1058, thirty three cardinals took part in the election: six cardinal bishops, nineteen cardinal priests, and eight cardinal deacons. They were creations of Innocent II, Celestine II, Lucius, II, Eugenius III, and Anastasius IV.

-Imar, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Frascati.
-Guarino Foscari, C.R.S.A., bishop of Palestrina.
-Hughes, O.Cist., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Nicholas Breakspear, Can. Reg. of Saint-Ruf in Avignon, bishop of Albano. (Elected Pope Adrian IV)
-Gregorio de Suburra, bishop of Sabina.
-Cenzio, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Gregorio, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Guido Bellagi, title of S. Crisogono.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., title of S. Prassede.
-Manfredo, title of S. Sabina.
-Alberto, title of S. Anastasia.
-Giulio, title of S. Marcello.
-Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Guido Clemente Cybo (or Cibo), title of S. Pudenziana.
-Bernard, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Clemente.
-Giordano Orsini, title of S. Susanna.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli, title of S. Cecilia.
-Astaldo degli Astalli, title of S. Prisca.
-Rolando Bandinelli, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Marco, chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.
-Gerardo, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Giovanni Paparoni, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso.
-Giovanni Conti, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Errico Moricotti, O.Cist., title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo.
-Giovanni Mercone, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro, protodeacon.
-Giovanni Paparoni, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Guido, deacon of S. Maria in Portico. ?
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Giovanni, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Gerardo Caccianemici, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Ildebrando Grassi, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Gerardo, deaconry not known.
-Ottone, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.

Election of September 3 - 7, 1159
(Alexander III)
Pope Adrian IV died on September 1, 1159. Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Marco, chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, was elected his successor on September 7, 1159. He took the name Alexander III. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1073-1074, twenty-five cardinals took part in the election: five cardinal bishops, eleven cardinal priests, and nine cardinal deacons. They were creations of Innocent II, Celestine II, Lucius II, Eugenius III, Anastasius IV, and Adrian IV.

-Gregorio de Suburra, bishop of Sabina, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Giulio, bishop of Palestrina.
-Bernard, Can. Reg. Lat., bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Gualterio , bishop of Albano.
-Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Astaldo degli Astalli, title of S. Prisca.
-Rolando Bandinelli, Can. Reg. Lat., title of S. Marco, chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. (Elected Pope Alexander III)
-Giovanni Conti, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Errico Moricotti, O.Cist., title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo.
-Ildebrando Grassi, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Giovanni Pizzuti, Can. Reg. of St-Victor of Paris, title of S. Anastasia.
-Bonadies de Bonadie, title of S. Crisogono.
-Alberto di Morra, O.S.B., title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Guglielmo Matengo, O.Cist., title of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
-Odone Fattiboni, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro, protodeacon.
-Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Ottone , deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Boso Breakspear, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Cinzio Papareschi , deacon of S. Adriano.
-Pietro di Miso, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Giovanni Conti, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.

The following cardinal did not participate in the election:
-Giovanni, deaconry unknown.

Election of September 7, 1159
(Antipope Victor IV)
Cardinal Ottaviano de' Monticelli, title of S. Cecilia, was elected Antipope Victor IV the same day of the election of Pope Alexander III. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 1105, eight cardinals took part in the election: one cardinal bishop, three cardinal priests, and four cardinal deacons. They were creations of Innocent II, Eugenius III, and Adrian IV. Victor IV was excommunicated twice by Alexander III, in 1162 and 1163. He died in Lucca on April 20, 1164 without having reconciled with the legitimate pope.

-Imar, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Frascati.
-Ottaviano de' Monticelli, title of S. Cecilia. (Elected Antipope Victor IV)
-Giovanni Mercone, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Guido di Crema, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Raymond des Arènes, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Simone, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica.
-Gregorio, deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto.
-Guglielmo, deaconry not known.

Election of April 22, 1164
(Antipope Paschal III)
Antipope Victor IV died in Lucca on April 20, 1164. Raynald, archbishop of Cologne, Imperial Chancellor and vicar for Italy of Emperor Frederick I, on his own accord, had Cardinal Guido di Crema, title of S. Maria in Trastevere, elected successor of Victor IV on April 22, 1164. He took the name Paschal III and was consecrated in Lucca by Henri, bishop of Liège. According to Chacón-Oldoini, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium, I, col. 1106, the schismatic cardinals Imar, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Frascati, and János de Struma, O.S.B., title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, also participated in the election. Paschal III died of cancer on September 20, 1168. He never reconciled with the legitimate pope.

Election of September 1168
(Antipope Callistus III)
Antipope Paschal III died on September 20, 1168. Schismatic Cardinal János de Struma, O.S.B., bishop of Albano, was elected in Rome at the end of September by the imperialist party to succeed him as Callistus III. No information has been found about the participants in his election. After the peace of Venice between Pope Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I in July 1177, the latter abandoned the antipope. Callistus III made his submission to Alexander III and abjured his schism on August 29, 1178. The pope kindly kept him by his side for a while and then appointed him governor of Benevento, where he died before 1184.

The decree Licet de vitanda, promulgated by Pope Alexander III in the Lateran III Ecumenical Council, March 19, 1179, stated that "to prevent schisms in future, only the cardinals should have the right to elect the pope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election. If any candidate, after securing only one-third of the votes, should arrogate to himself the papal dignity, both he and his partisans should be excluded from the ecclesiastical order and excommunicated." The most important regulation of this constitution is the inclusion of all cardinals--bishops, priests and deacons--as the exclusive electors of the pope. This decision ended the antagonism among the three orders created by Nicholas II's decree In Nomine Domini of April 13 (or 12), 1059 which granted the electoral right to only the cardinal bishops and limited the role of the rest of the clergy to acclaiming the election.

Election of September 29, 1179
(Antipope Innocent III)
Schismatic Cardinal Lando, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria, was set up as Antipope Innocent III on September 29, 1179. This is the account of the event by Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages. The Popes at the Hight of their Temporal Influence, Innocent II. to Blessed Benedict XI., 1130-1305, vol. X, 1159-1198, p. 137: "a few of the unruly barons of the Campagna had the effrontery to attempt to set up a certain Lando of Sezza as Innocent III. His chief supporter was a brother of Antipope Octavian. Out of hatred of Alexander, this baron gave Lando a strong castle he had at Palombara, and from which the antipope ravaged the neighbourhood. Cardinal Hugo, however, in a few months contrived to get possession of the fortress by bribing its defenders, and the miserable Lando, with his chief adherents, was shut up for life in the monastery of La Cava (January 1180)." No information has been found about other participants in his election.

Election of August 31 - September 1, 1181
(Lucius III)
Pope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181. Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., was elected his successor, as Lucius III, two days later, on September 1, 1181. This was the first election held under the rules of Alexander III's constitution, Licet de vitanda. During this time, there were forty living cardinals, according to the best correlation of data available now. Nine cardinals were absent entirely from the election. Two others seem not to have participated. Their names are marked "absent?". The other twenty-nine were the electors of Lucius III. (Notes provided by Dr. Francis A. Burkle-Young, author of Passing the Keys.)

-Ubaldo Allucingoli, O.Cist., bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. (Elected Pope Lucius III)
-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Salzburg.
-Teodino degli Atti de Norcia, O.S.B.. bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Pietro da Pavia, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., bishop of Albano.
-Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina.
-Giovanni Conti, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Giovanni Pizzuti, Can. Reg. of Saint-Victor of Paris, title of S. Anastasia.
-Boso Breakspear, O.S.B., title of S. Pudenziana.
-Alberto di Morra, O.S.B., title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Cinzio Papareschi, title of S. Cecilia.
-Giovanni Conti, title of S. Marco.
-Pietro de Bono, Can. Reg of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Susanna.
-Ugo Pierleoni, title of S. Clemente.
-Laborante, title of S. Maria in Trstevere.
-Thibaud, O.S.B.Clun., title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Uberto Crivelli, title not known.
-Vibiano Tommasi, detto il Maestro, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Ardoino, Can. Reg. of S. Frediano di Lucca, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme (?).
-Mathieu d'Anjou, title of S. Marcello.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Ugo Ricasoli, deacon of S. Eustachio.
-Raniero, minore, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Matteo, Can. Reg. of S. Frediano of Lucca, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Giovanni, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Bernardo, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano.
-Rainier le Grand, deacon of S. Adriano.

The following cardinals did not participate in the election:
-Pietro di Miso, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, (absent).
-Eguillin, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, (absent?).
-Gandolfo, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, (absent).
-Pietro, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, (absent?).
-Ardoino, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata, (absent).
-Herbert of Bosham, deaconry not known, (absent).
-Rogerio, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Eusebio, (absent).
-Guillaume de Champagne, title of S. Sabina, archbishop of Reims, France, (absent).
-Roberto, title of S. Pudenziana, (absent).
-Ildeberto, title of Ss. XII Apostoli, (absent).
-Rolando Paparoni, deacon of S. Maria in Portico, (absent).

Election of November 25, 1185
(Urban III)
Pope Lucius III died on November 25, 1185. Cardinal Uberto Crivelli was unanimously elected his successor, as Urban III, later on the same day, after Cardinal Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., bishop of Albano, had declined the election to the papacy. Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I, cols., 1123-1124, notes that six cardinal-bishops, eleven cardinal-priests, and ten cardinal deacons were present at the election -- a total of twenty-seven cardinals. Eight other cardinals were absent, thus all thirty-five living cardinals are accounted for in this brief vacancy.

-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Mainz, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Thibaud, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Teodino degli Atti de Norcia, O.S.B., bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Pietro da Pavia, O.S.B., bishop of Frascati.
-Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., bishop of Albano.
-Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina.
-Alberto di Morra, O.S.B., title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina
-Giovanni Conti, title of S. Marco.
-Pietro de Bono, Can .Reg of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Susanna.
-Laborante, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Uberto Crivelli, title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, archbishop of Milan. (Elected Pope Urban III)
-Vibiano Tommasi, detto il Maestro, title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Guillaume de Champagne, title of S. Sabina, archbishop of Reims, France.
-Albino, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Crescenziano, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Padolfo Masca, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Melior, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Adelardo Cattaneo, title of S. Marcello.
-Roland, O.S.B., deacon of S. Maria in Portico, bishop of Dol, France.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Andrea Bobone, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Ottaviano, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Soffredo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Pietro Diana, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano.
-Ridolfo Nigelli, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.

The following cardinals did not participate in the election:
-Gandolfo, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Pietro, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (?).
-Herbert of Bosham, deaconry not known.
-Roberto, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Rolando Paparoni, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Raniero, title not known.
-Simeone Paltinieri, title not known.
-Giovanni, title of S. Marco (?).

Election of October 21, 1187
(Gregory VIII)
Pope Urban III died on October 20, 1187. On the following day, Cardinal Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., declined the election to the papacy in favor of Cardinal Alberto di Morra, who was elected as Gregory VIII. Of the thirty-four living cardinals during this short sede vacante, Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1129-1130, reports that five cardinal-bishops, nine cardinal-priests, and nine cardinal deacons -- twenty-three cardinals in all -- participated in the election of Gregory VIII. In addition, eleven cardinals were absent from the election.

-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Mainz, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Thibaud, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., bishop of Albano.
-Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina.
-Alberto di Morra, O.S.B., title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina. (Elected Pope Gregory VIII)
-Giovanni Conti, title of S. Marco.
-Pietro de Bono, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Reno, title of S. Susanna.
-Laborante, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Guillaume de Champagne, title of S. Sabina, archbishop of Reims, France.
-Andrea Bobone, title of S. Anastasia.
-Albino, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Crescenziano, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Padolfo Masca, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Melior, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Adelardo Cattaneo, title of S. Marcello.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiani.
-Pietro da Pavia, O.S.B., deaconry not known.
-Ottaviano, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Soffredo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Roland, O.S.B., deacon of S. Maria in Portico, bishop of Dol, France.
-Pietro Diana, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Ridolfo Nigelli, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.

The following cardinals did not participate in the election:
-Gandolfo, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Pietro, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Roberto, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Rolando Paparoni, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Raniero, title not known.
-Simeone Paltinieri, title not known.
-Giovanni, title of S. Marco.
-Henri de Sully, O.Cist., title not known.
-Roberto, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Ugo Geremei, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Boson, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.

Election of December 17 - 19, 1187
(Clement III)
Pope Gregory VIII died on December 17, 1187. In his short reign of fifty-seven days, he created no new cardinals. Cardinal Thibaud, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia e Velletri, was elected pope but declined in favor of Cardinal Paolo Scolari, who took the name Clement III, on December 19, 1187, after a vacancy of two days; he could not attend the voting because of illness on the day of his election. During this period, the number of living cardinals was thirty-two. Of them, Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1133-1134, records that five cardinal-bishops, eight cardinal-priests, and nine cardinal-deacons -- a total of twenty-two cardinals -- participated in the election. This was the same electorate that had chosen Gregory VIII, with the exception of Gregory himself and Cardinal Pietro de Bono, who had died on December 11, 1187 (Chacón lists him among the cardinals participating in the election).

-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Mainz, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Thibaud, O.S.B.Clun., bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist., bishop of Albano.
-Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina. (Elected Pope Clement III)
-Giovanni Conti, title of S. Marco.
-Laborante, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Guillaume de Champagne, title of S. Sabina, archbishop of Reims, France.
-Andrea Bobone, title of S. Anastasia.
-Albino, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Crescenziano, title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.
-Padolfo Masca, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Melior, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Adelardo Cattaneo, title of S. Marcello.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiani.
-Pietro da Pavia, O.S.B., deaconry not known.
-Ottaviano, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Soffredo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Roland, O.S.B., deacon of S. Maria in Portico, bishop of Dol, France.
-Pietro Diana, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere.
-Ridolfo Nigelli, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.

Election of March 25 (?) - 30, 1191
(Celestine III)
Pope Clement III died in late March, probably March 25, 1191. His successor, Cardinal Giacinto Bobone, was elected Celestine III on March 30, 1191, after a sede vacante of about five days. Of the forty living cardinals, Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I, cols. 1151-1152, lists five cardinal-bishops, twelve cardinal-priests, and thirteen cardinal-deacons as participants in the election. Eleven cardinals were absent. (Notes provided by Dr. Francis A. Burkle-Young, author of Passing the Keys.)

-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Mainz, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Giovanni Conti, bishop of Palestrina.
-Albino, Can. Reg. of S. Maria di Crescenziano, bishop of Albano.
-Ottaviano, bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Pietro Gallozia, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Guillaume de Champagne, title of S. Sabina, archbishop of Reims, France.
-Padolfo Masca, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Melior, title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.
-Adelardo Cattaneo, cardinalis sancte Romane ecclesie, bishop of Verona.
-Pietro Diana, title of S. Cecilia.
-Giordano di Ceccano, O.Cist., title of S. Pudenziana.
-Pietro, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
-Giovanni Felice, title of S. Susanna.
-Giovanni, title of S. Clemente, bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella.
-Ruffino, title of S. Prassede, bishop of Rimini.
-Guy Paré, O.Cist., title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Romano, title of S. Anastasia.
-Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. (Elected Pope Celestine III)
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Soffredo, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Giovanni Malabranca, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Gregorio de San Apostolo, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.
-Bernardo, Can. Reg. of S. Frediano di Lucca, deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
-Gregorio Crescenzi, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro.
-Egidio Pierleoni, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano.
-Gregorio Carelli, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Lotario de' conti di Segni, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco.
-Giovanni Barrata, deaconry not known.
-Niccolò, deaconry not known.

The following cardinals did not participate in the election:
-Gandolfo, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Simeone Paltinieri, title not known.
-Henri de Sully, O.Cist., title not known.
-Pietro Orsini, title of S. Clemente.
-Rinaldo, O.S.B., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Cintio Cenci, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Ugo Bobone, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Giovanni, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Gregorio, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Niccolò, deacon of S. Lucia in Silice (alias in Orphea).
-Guido de Papa, deaconry not known.

Election of January 8, 1198
(Innocent III)
Pope Celestine III died on January 8, 1198. Cardinal Lotario de' Conti di Segni was chosen his successor, as Innocent III, on the same day, after Cardinal Giovanni, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, had declined the election to the papacy. Twenty-eight cardinals were present for the election. Three known and established cardinals were absent. Chacón, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium, II, cols. 2-3, lists four cardinal-bishops, thirteen cardinal-priests, and eleven cardinal-deacons as participants in the election, including Lotario de' Conti di Segni, who was a cardinal-deacon -- for a total of twenty-eight. Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, 3, lists twenty-eight electors also. (Notes provided by Dr. Francis A. Burkle-Young, author of Passing the Keys.)

-Konrad von Wittelsbach, bishop of Sabina and archbishop of Mainz, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
-Ottaviano, bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
-Pietro Gallozia, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
-Pietro Diana, title of S. Cecilia.
-Pandolfo Masca, title of Ss. XII Apostoli.
-Adelardo Cattaneo, cardinalis sancte Romane ecclesie, bishop of Verona.
-Giovanni, bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella, title of S. Clemente.
-Cinzio Cenci, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Guy Paré, O.Cist., title of S. Maria in Trastevere.
-Ugo Bobone, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Bernardo, Can. Reg. of S. Frediano di Lucca, title of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
-Soffredo, title of S. Prassede.
-Giovanni, O.S.B.Cas., title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio.
-Guillaume de Champagne, archbishop of Reims, title of S. Sabina.
-Giordano di Ceccano, O.Cist., title of S. Pudenziana.
-Giovanni di San Paolo, O.S.B., title of S. Prisca.
-Roffredo dell'Isola, O.S.B., title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.
-Graziano, deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
-Gerardo, deacon of S. Adriano.
-Gregorio, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria.
-Gregorio Carelli, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
-Lotario de' Conti di Segni, deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco. (Elected Pope Innocent III)
-Pietro Capuano, maior, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.
-Bobone, deacon of S. Teodoro.
-Cencio, deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea.
-Gregorio Crescenzi, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro.
-Niccolò Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin.
-Gregorio de San Apostolo, deacon of S. Maria in Portico.

The following cardinals did not participate in the election:
-Simeone Paltinieri, title is not known.
-Henri de Sully, O.Cist., title is not known.
-Guido de Papa, title of S. Maria in Trastevere.