AMIGO VALLEJO, O.F.M., Carlos (1934-

Birth. August 23, 1934, Medina de Rioseco, archdiocese of Valladolid, Spain.

Education. Medical Faculty of Valladolid, Valladolid (medicine); soon after, left and joined Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans). Studied philosophy in Rome; Central University of Madrid, Madrid (psychology). Received the diaconate from Cardinal Fernando Quiroga Palacios, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 17, 1960, by Miguel Nóvoa Fuente, titular bishop of Chitri, auxiliary of Santiago de Compostela. Further studies, Rome. In Madrid, pastoral work; further studies; professor of philosophy of science and anthropology in different educational centers. Provincial of the Franciscan province of Santiago, 1970.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Tanger, Morocco, December 17, 1973. Consecrated, April 28, 1974, Madrid, by Cardinal Marcelo González Martín, archbishop of Toledo. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. In several occasions acted as mediator to solve conflicts between the countries of Magreb (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Tunisia) and Spain. Transferred to metropolitan see of Seville, May 22, 1982. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; by papal appointment. President of the Episcopal Commission for the V Centennial of the Evangelization of America. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; as an invited guest. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Member of the Academies of Buenas Letras, Medicina and Bellas Artes of Seville. Decorated with the Orden al Mérito de los Padres de la Patria Dominicana, the highest decoration granted by the Dominican Republic, February 1995. Granted a doctorate honoris causa by the Technological University of Cibao, Dominican Republic, February 1995. Granted the silver medal of the Republic of Panamá, September 2000.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria in Montserrato degli Spagnoli, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Spanish.

ANTONELLI, Ennio (1936-

Birth. November 18, 1936, Todi, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Todi, Todi; Pontifical Regional Seminary of Assisi, Assisi; Pontifical Roman Major Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (licentiate in theology); State University of Perugia, Perugia (doctorate in letters and philosophy).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 2, 1960, by Ilario Alcini, titular archbishop of Nicea, visitor of the Italian seminaries; incardinated in the diocese of Todi. Professor, vice-rector and rector of the Seminary of Perugia. Professor of theology in the Regional Seminary of Assisi; professor of art history in the Superior Institutes of Assisi and Deruta; ecclesiastical assistant of the Catholic "Laureati" and pastor.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gubbio, May 25, 1982. Consecrated, August 29, 1982, Todi, by Decio Lucio Grandoni, bishop of Orvieto and of Todi. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Perugia-Città della Pieve, October 6, 1988. Secretary general of the Italian Episcopal Conference, May 25, 1995. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 26, 1995. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Florence, March 21, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Andrea delle Fratte October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biographical data, in Italian.

BARBARIN, Philippe Xavier Christian Ignace Marie (1950-

Birth. October 17, 1950, Rabat, Morocco.

Education. Secondary lyceum "Marcellin Berthelot", Saint-Maur, Val-de-Marne; "Francs-Bourgeois" College, Paris, (bachelor); Major Seminary, Paris (philosophy); military service; "Institut de Philosophies Comparées" (philosophy); Sorbonne University, Paris (doctorate in philosophy); "Institut Catholique de Paris", in Seminary "des Carmes", Paris (licentiate in theology). Besides his native French, he speaks correctly Italian, English, Spanish, German and Malagasy.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1977, by Robert-Marie-Joseph François de Provenchères, bishop of Créteil, for the diocese of Créteil, France. From 1977 to 1985, vicar in two parishes: Notre-Dame d'Alfortville and Notre-Dame de Vincennes; 1985 to 1990, member of the pastoral group of the parish of di Saint François de Sales d'Adambille en Saint-Maur and chaplain of the lyceum and school of Saint-Maur; diocesan delegate for ecumenism; and in addition, vicar in Saint-Hilaire de la Varenne; 1991 to 1994 pastor of Saint Léger Parish, Boissy Saint Léger; 1994 to 1998, in Madagascar as priest "Fidei donum" was a professor of theology at the Major Seminary of Vohitsoa, archdiocese of Fianarantsoa; pastor, Bry-sur-Marne, Créteil.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Moulins, France, October 1, 1998. Consecrated, November 22, 1998, Moulins, by Philibert Randriambololona, archbishop of Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lyon, July 16, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

BERTONE, S.D.B., Tarcisio (1934-

Birth. December 2, 1934, Romano Canavese, diocese of Ivrea, Italy. He was the fifth of eight children.

Education. Entered the Society of St Francis of Sales of St. John Bosco (Salesians). Oratorio di Valdocco, Turin (middle studies); Salesian novitiate of Monte Oliveto, Pinerolo; religious profession, December 3, 1950. Salesian Theological Faculty, Turin (licentiate in theology with a dissertation on tolerance and religious freedom); Pontifical Salesian Athenaeum, Rome (licentiate in theology; doctorate in canon law; dissertation: Il governo della Chiesa nel pensiero di Benedetto XIV - Papa Lambertini (1740-1758). Besides his native Italian, he also speaks English and Portuguese.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 1, 1960, Ivrea, by Albino Mensa, bishop of Ivrea. Further studies in Turin and Rome. Professor of Special Moral Theology, Pontifical Salesian Athenaeum (became Pontifical Salesian University in 1973), Rome, 1967; professor of canon law, 1976-1991. In the community of Pontifical Salesian University of Rome, director of theologians, 1974-1976; dean of the Faculty of Canon Law, 1979-1985; vice-rector, 1987-1989. Guest professor of Public Ecclesiastical Law at the Institute Utriusque Iuris of the Pontifical Lateran University, 1978. Pastoral work in several Roma parishes and in the promotion of the laity in the Centers of Theological and Apostolic Formation, especially with intervention on subjects of social morality and the relation between faith and politics. Collaborated in the final phase of the revision of the Code of Canon Law and promoted its reception in the local churches. Directed the work group that translated the Code into Italian for the Italian Episcopal Conference and visited a hundred of Italian and foreign dioceses to present the "grand discipline of the Church". Since the 1980s, consultor in several dicasteries of the Roman Curia, especially in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in matters theologico-juridical. Rettore Magnifico of the Pontifical Salesian University, Rome, June 1, 1989.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Vercelli, June 4, 1991. Consecrated, August 1, 1991, Vercelli, by Albino Mensa, archbishop emeritus of Vercelli. Resigned pastoral government of the archdiocese, June 13, 1995. Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, June 13, 1995. Charged by Pope John Paul II with the care of the publication of the third part of the "secret" of Fatima. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Genoa, December 10, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria Ausiliatrice in via Tuscolana, deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title, October 21, 2003. Special papal envoy to the funeral of Suor Lucia de Jesus dos Santos, the last survivor of the three shepherds to whom the Blessed Virgin of Fatima appeared for the first time on May 13, 1917. The funeral mass was celebrated on Tuesday, February 15, 2005, at 4:00 p.m., in the cathedral of Coimbra, Portugal. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Biography, in Italian.

BOZANIĆ, Josip (1949-

Birth. March 20, 1949, Rijeka, Yugoslavia (now Croatia). Of a family of farmers. Son of Ivan Bozanić and Dinka Valković. His brother Antun is a priest. A member of his family, Bartul Bozanić, was bishop of Krk from 1839 to 1854.

Education. Minor Seminary of Pazin (with classical grammar school); Theological Faculties of Rijeka and Zagreb (master's degree in theology); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1979-1985 (dogmatic theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (master's degree in canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1975, Krk, by Karmelo Zazinović, bishop of Krk. Secretary to the bishop of Krk, 1975-1976. Parish vicar, 1976-1978. Further studies in Rome, 1979-1985. Chancellor of the diocesan curia in Krk, 1986-1987. Vicar general, 1987-1989. Professor of canon law and dogmatic theology in the Seminary of Rijeka, 1988-1997.

Episcopate. Elected coadjutor bishop of Krk, Veglia, May 10, 1989. Consecrated, June 25, 1989, Krk, by Cardinal Franjo Kuharić, archbishop of Zagreb. Succeeded to see of Krk, November 14, 1989. Administrator of the archdiocese of Rijeka-Senj, June 5 - November 22, 1996. Promoted to metropolitan see of Zagreb, Croatia, July 5, 1997. President of the Croatian Conference of Bishops. Vice President of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Girolamo dei Croati, October 21, 2003. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebrations that took place in Zadar, Croatia, on January 15, 2005, for the 17th centennial of the martyrdom of Saint Anastasia, patroness of the archdiocese of Zadar. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Croatian; photograph and biography, in English.

COTTIER, O.P., Georges Marie Martin (1922-

Birth. April 25, 1922, Céligny, diocese of Lausanne (1), Switzerland.

Education. Entered the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), 1945. University of Fribourg, Fribourg; also, studied in Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 2, 1951, Rome. Professor of contemporary philosophy at the University of Genève. Professor of philosophy at the Faculty of Letters, University of Fribourg. Director of the Dominican Center of Genève. In the 1980s, he collaborated on numerous occasions with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Opposed to the theology of liberation, he had an active role in the preparation of the second document issued by the Vatican against such theological movement. Published in April 1986, the document expresses reservations concerning its conformity with the Church's tradition. Member of the International Theological Commission; secretary general from March 1989 until October 2003. Theologian of the Pontifical Household, December 1989 until October 2003. Moved to Rome in 1990. Preached the spiritual exercises of Lent for the pope and the Roman Curia, March 1990. Honorary member of the Pontifical Academy of Science, October 28, 1992. Publisher of the journal Nova et Vetera.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tullia, October 7, 2003. Consecrated on October 20, 2003, Rome, by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, O.P., archbishop of Vienna.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Ss. Domenico e Sisto, October 21, 2003. When he was promoted to the cardinalate, the cardinal was already 80 years old, therefore, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. Pro-theologian of the Pontifical Household, October 21, 2003; reappointed, April 21, 2005.

(1) On October 17, 1924, the diocese of Lausanne was united to that of Fribourg which had also the title of Genève since January 30, 1821.

ERDÖ, Péter (1952-

Birth. June 25, 1952, Budapest, Hungary.

Education. Seminary of Esztergom, Esztergom; Central Seminary of Budapest, Budapest; Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorates in theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 18, 1975, cathedral basilica, Budapest, by László Lékai, titular bishop of Giro di Tarasio, apostolic administrator, ad nutum Sanctæ Sedis, of Esztergom; incardinated in the archdiocese of Esztergom. Vicar in the parish of Dorog. Further studies, Rome, 1977-1980. Professor of theology and canon law, Seminary of Esztergom, 1980-1988. Guest professor, Faculty of Canon Law, Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1986. Ordinary professor, Faculty of Theology, Catholic University Péter Pázmány, Budapest, 1988; dean of the same faculty, 1997. Rector of the Catholic University Péter Pázmány, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; as an expert.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Puppi and appointed auxiliary of Székesfehérvár, November 5, 1999. Consecrated, January 6, 2000, Vatican, by Pope John Paul II. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Esztergom-Budapest, December 7, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Balbina, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Péter Pázmámany Catholic University; winner of the prize Galileo Galilei, Italian Rotary Club, Pisa, October 3, 1999.

HAMAO, Stephen Fumio (1930-

Birth. March 9, 1930, Tokyo, Japan.

Education. Tokyo State University, Tokyo; Major Interdiocesan Seminary, Tokyo; Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (philosophy and theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1957, Rome, by Pope Pius XII. Returned to Tokyo and was secretary to the cardinal archbishop; vice-chancellor of the archdiocese; notary and vice-official of the ecclesiastical tribunal; pastor of the cathedral; secretary of the Episcopal Commission for Liturgy; member of the presbyteral council; and member of the preparatory commission of the archdiocesan synod.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Oreto and appointed auxiliary of Tokyo, February 5, 1970. Consecrated, April 29, 1970, Tokyo, by Bruno Wustenberg, titular archbishop of Tiro, pro-nuncio in Japan. Transferred to see of Yokohama, October 30, 1979. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. President of the Episcopal Conference of Japan. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Promoted to archbishop and named president of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People, June 15, 1998; resigned the pastoral government of the diocese of Yokohama, June 15, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Giovanni Bosco in via Tuscolana, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Links. His visit to refugees, Miami, Florida, United States, December 2000, in Spanish; brief biographical data, in English; Les Japonais en Asie, interview, in French, EDA, The Japan Mission Journal, Dossiers et documents N05/96, May 16, 1996; and some of his documents, in English, Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People.

HERRANZ CASADO, Julián (1930-

Link. Photograph and interview, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Code of Canon Law, Vatican Radio, January 25, 2003, in Spanish.

JOOS, Gustaaf (1923-2004)

Birth. July 5, 1923, Sint-Niklaas, diocese of Gent, Belgium. He had three brothers who were priests, one of whom was a missionary in Japan.

Education. Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1949). He became a friend of Karol Wojtyla, future Pope John Paul II while both resided at the Belgian College in Rome between 1946 and 1948 (1).

Priesthood. April 28, 1946, Gent. Vicar in Beveren-Waas, December 13, 1949. Professor in Aalst (Centre d' Information pour Brancardier Ecclesiastiques), September 5, 1951. Professor at the Major Seminary of Gent, July 3, 1959. Notary at the ecclesiastical tribunal of the diocese of Gent, August 8, 1959. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Gent, September 29, 1961; ordinary canon, September 22, 1967. Pastor in Landskouter, August 11, 1970 until his death. Judicial vice-vicar of the diocese of Gent, 1970; judicial vicar, November 5, 1984. Judge of the Interdiocesan Court of the Belgian Church, Amberes, February 1, 1994 until his death.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Ieper, October 7, 2003. Consecrated, October 11, 2003, Gent, by Arthur Luysterman, bishop of Gent, Belgium.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Pier Damiani ai Monti di San Paolo, October 21, 2003. When he was promoted to the cardinalate, the cardinal was already 80 years old, therefore, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave.

Death. November 2, 2004, in the morning, after celebrating mass in the rural parish of Landskouter (Oosterzele). Buried in the local cemetery.

(1) At that time, young Father Joos was studying canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University, while Father Wojtyla was writing his doctoral thesis under the direction of Dominican Father Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange.

LOZANO BARRAGÁN, Javier (1933-

Birth. January 26, 1933, Toluca, México.

Education. Seminario of Zamora, Zamora; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in philosophy and doctorate in theology). Besides his native Spanish, he also speaks English and Italian.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 30, 1955, chapel of Collegio Pio-Latinoamericano, Rome, by Carlo Confalonieri, titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto, secretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities. In the diocese of Zamora, professor and prefect of studies of its seminary; charged with the permanent formation of the diocesan clergy. President of the Mexican Theological Society. Director of the Institute of Pastoral Theology of the Episcopal Conference of Latin America (CELAM), Medellín, Colombia. Member of the team of theological reflexion of CELAM. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; as an expert.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tinisia di Numidia and appointed auxiliary of México, June 5, 1979. Consecrated, August 15, 1979, basilica of Guadalupe, México, by Cardinal Ernesto Corripio Ahumada, archbishop of México. Transferred to see of Zacatecas, October 28, 1984. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral of the Health Care Workers, October 31, 1996. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese and was given the title of archbishop ad personam, January 7, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Special papal envoy to the X World Day of the Sick, February 11, 2002, Vailankanni, India.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Michele Arcangelo, October 21, 2003. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the XII World Day of the Sick, Lourdes, France, February 11, 2004. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the XIII World Day of the Sick that took place in Yaoundé, Cameroun, on February 9 to 11, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Reappointed as president of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral of the Health Care Workers, April 21, 2005.

Link. Photograph and address to the XXI World Congress of the World Federation of the Catholic Medical Associations, September 1-4, 2002, Seoul, Korea.

MARCHISANO, Francesco (1929-

Birth. June 25, 1929, Racconigi, archdiocese of Turin, Italy.

Education. Seminaries of Turin: ginnasio, Giaveno (1940-1945); philosophy, Chieri (1945-1948); theology, Turin (1948-1949) and Rivoli Torinese (1949-1952); Pontifical Lombard Seminary, Rome (1952-1956); Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome (licentiate in Sacred Scripture, 1954); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology; thesis: L'interpretazione di "kekaritomene" Lc. 1,28 fino alla met` del secolo XII, 1957).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1952, Turin, by Cardinal Maurilio Fossati, archbishop of Turin. Sent to Rome temporarily to pursue studies in order to become a professor at the Seminary of Rivoli, 1956. The Roman temporarility became permanent when Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo called him to the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities of Studies appointing him aiutante di studio for the sections of "Seminaries" in 1956. He was charged first with the European countries and later with the Latin American ones; later with the nations of German and English language, the ones behind the Iron Curtain and the ecclesiastical colleges of Rome. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, May 4, 1961. Named head of the Office of Seminaries, May 7, 1968 . Undersecretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities, June 3, 1969 until October 6, 1988. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, February 29, 1971. In 1971 he visited numerous nations fomenting the formation of the candidates to the priesthood and Catholic instruction. Taught catechism to deaf and mute children in Rome for thirty years.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Populonia and appointed secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Preservation of the Artistic and Cultural Patrimony of the Church, October 6, 1988. Consecrated, January 6, 1989, Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II. President of the Foundation John XXIII, October 20, 1988. President of the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archeology, September 4, 1991. Appointed president of the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Patrimony of the Church, May 3, 1993; the commission had been established on March 25, 1993. Promoted to archbishop, July 9, 1994. President of the Artistic-Cultural Commission of the Grand Jubilee of the Year 2000, March 17, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998; by papal appointment. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; by papal appointment. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001; by papal appointment. Named archpriest of the Patriarchal Vatican Basilica, vicar general for the State of Vatican City, and president of the Fabric of St. Peter's basilica, April 24, 2002. President of the Permanent Commission for the Care of the Historical and Artistic Monuments of the Holy See, March 8, 2003. Resigned the presidency of the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Patrimony of the Church, October 13, 2003.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Lucia del Gonfalone, October 21, 2003. Resigned the presidency of the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archeology, August 28, 2004. President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See, February 5, 2005. Relieved from the posts of vicar general of the State of Vatican City and of president of the Fabric of St. Peter's, February 5, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Reappointed as president of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See, April 21, 2005.

Links. Photograph and biography, in Italian; photograph and biography, in Lithuanian.

MARTINO, Renato Raffaele (1932-

Birth. November 23, 1932, Salerno, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (civil and canon law); Pontifical Institute at the Lateran University, Rome (doctorate in canon law); Studio of the Sacred Roman Rota (postgraduate studies); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome (diplomacy). Besides his native Italian, he speaks English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 27, 1957, Salerno, by Demetrio Moscato, archbishop of Salerno. Entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See, July 1, 1962. Attaché in the nunciature in Nicaragua. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, title later changed to chaplain of His Holiness, July 8, 1963. Secretary in the nunciature in the Philippines Secretary, and later auditor, in the nunciature in Lebanon. In the secretariat of State, auditor of nunciature, second class, 1970-1975. Counselor in the nunciature in Brazil from 1975 until 1980.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Segerme and appointed pro-nuncio in Thailand and apostolic delegate in Laos, Malaysia and Singapore, September 14, 1980. Consecrated, December 14, 1980, basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, by Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, secretary of State. Permanent observer of the Holy See before the United Nations Organization in New York. President of the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax, October 1, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Francesco di Paola ai Monti, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Reappointed as president of the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax, April 21, 2005.

NAGY, S.C.I., Stanislaw Kazimierz (1921-

Birth. September 30, 1921, Bieruniu Starym, Wadowice, archdiocese of Kraków, Poland.

Education. Entered the Congregation of Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Dehonians), in Zgromadzenia, 1937. Jagiellonian University, Kraków (obtained the magisterium, 1948); Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin (doctorate, 1952; specialized in moral theology and ecumenism).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 8, 1945, Kraków, by Bishop Stanislaw Rospond, titular bishop of Dardano, auxiliary of Kraków. At the Catholic University of Lublin (1): professor; habilitacja, 1968; professor extraordinary, 1979; professor ordinary, 1985. Rector of the Minor Seminary of the Sacred Heart, Kraków, 1947-1950. Rector of the Major Seminary of the Sacred Heart, Tarnow, 1952-1958. Since 1958, director of conferences, Catholic University of Lublin. In 1970, named director of the newly created section of comparative theology and ecumenism. Director of the branch of fundamental ecclesiology, 1972-1991. Director of the department of theology, Catholic University of Lublin, 1972-1974. Professor at the Pontifical Theological Faculty of Wroclaw, 1973. Redactor of the section on ecumenism of the Encyklopedii Katolickiej and member of the editorial board of Roczników Teologicznych. Member of the Catholic-Lutheran Mixed Commission appointed by the Secretariat for Christian Union and the Lutheran Federation. Several times, president of the section of fundamental theology of the Commission of Studies of the Polish episcopate. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8,1985; as an assistant to the special secretary. Member of the International Theological Commission, 1986-1996. Attended the Special Assembly for Europe of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; as an auditor. On September 28, 2003, received the medal of the Pontifical Theological Faculty of Wroclaw.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Hólar, October 7, 2003. Consecrated, October 13, 2003, Wawel cathedral basilica, Kraków, by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, archbishop of Kraków, assisted by Cardinal Marian Jaworski, archbishop of Lviv of the Latins, Ukraine, and by Józef Kowalczyk, titular archbishop of Eraclea, nuncio in Poland.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria della Scala, October 21, 2003. When he was promoted to the cardinalate, the cardinal was already 80 years old, therefore, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave.

Link. Photograph, news on his episcopal consecration, and his biography, in Polish.

(1) The future Pope John Paul II taught moral theology in that university at that time.

NICORA, Attilio (1937-

Birth. March 16, 1937, Varese, archdiocese of Milan, Italy.

Education. Theological Seminary of Venegono, Milan; Pontifical Lombard Seminary, Rome; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan (licentiate in law); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in canon law); Theological Faculty, Milan (licentiate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 27, 1964, Milan, by Giovanni Colombo, archbishop of Milan. Professor of canon law, Theological Seminary of Venegono; counselor of the secular institute Milites Christi; rector of the Theological Seminary of Venegono from October 1970.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Fornos minore and appointed auxiliary of Milan, April 16, 1977. Consecrated, May 28, 1977, Milan, by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, archbishop of Milan. Oversaw the 1984 revision of the concordat between Italy and the Holy See. Exonerated from the function of auxiliary bishop of Milan and placed at the disposition of the presidency of the Italian Episcopal Conference, February 11, 1987. President of the committee for the problems of the organisms and ecclesiastical goods, 1987. President of the episcopal commission for charity services and Italian Caritas, 1990. Trasnferred to the diocese of Verona, June 30, 1992. Delegate of the presidency of the Italian Episcopal Conference for juridical affairs, September 18, 1997. Exonerated from the pastoral government of the diocese, September 18, 1997. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; member of the commission for the message. President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and promoted to the rank of archbishop, September 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Filippo Neri in Eurosia, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Reappointed president of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, April 21, 2005.

Link. His photograph and address to the Annual Meeting of Catholic Jurists, Brescia, Italy, January 2002.

O'BRIEN, Keith Michael Patrick (1938-

Birth. March 17, 1938, Ballycastle, diocese of Down and Connor, Ireland. He was a child when his parents migrated to Scotland.

Education. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (bachelor of science, 1959; diploma in education, 1966); Seminary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 3, 1965, Edinburgh, by Cardinal Gordon Joseph Gray, archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. In the archdiocese of Edinburgh, vicar cooperator in Holy Cross, Edinburgh, 1965-1966; St. Bride, Cowdenbeath, 1966-1971; St. Patrick, Kilsyth, 1972-1975; St. Mary, Bathgate, 1975-1978. Spiritual director, St. Andrew's College, Drygrange, 1978-1980. Rector, St. Mary's College, Blairs, 1980-1985.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, May 30, 1985. Consecrated, August 5, 1985, Edinburgh, by Cardinal Gordon Joseph Gray, archbishop emeritus of St. Andrews and Edinburgh. President of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland. Grand cross and conventual chaplain of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1985. Knight commander with star of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Argyll and the Isles, 1996. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Gioacchino e Anna al Tuscolano, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English.

OKOGIE, Anthony Olubunmi (1936-

Birth. June 16, 1936, Lagos, Nigeria.

Education. Minor Seminary of Ibadan, Ibadan; Major Seminary of Ibadan, Ibadan (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome, 1963 (licentiate in theology, 1966).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 11, 1966, Lagos, by Archbishop John Kwao Amuzu Aggey of Lagos. Incardinated in the archdiocese of Lagos; coadjutor of the cathedral parish; vicar economous of St. Patrick's parish, Idumagbo; diocesan director of Catholic schools and of the Work of Vocations; in charge of the radio programs of National Radio-Television; professor of religion, King's College; member of the episcopal senate; member of the pastoral commission.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Mascula and appointed auxiliary of of Oyo, June 5, 1971. Consecrated, August 29, 1971, Oshogbo, by Owen McCoy, bishop of Oyo. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lagos, April 13, 1973. Attended the Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Beata Vergine Maria del Monte Carmelo a Mostacciano, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

OUELLET, P.S.S., Marc (1944-

Birth. June 8, 1944, Lamotte, diocese of Amos, Canada. His father was a school director and had eight children.

Education. Collège de Berthier, 1958-1959; Ècole Normale of Amos, 1959-1964 (two years of philosophy); University of Laval, Laval (bachelor in education, 1964); Major Seminary of Montréal, Montréal, 1964-1968 (licentiate in theology, 1968); Pontifical University San Tommaso d'Aquino, Rome (licentiate in philosophy, 1974); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, (doctorate in dogmatic theology, 1983). He speaks French, English, German, Italian and Spanish.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1968, Amos, by Gaston Hains, titular bishop of Belesana, coadjutor with right of succession of Amos. Vicar in the parish of Saint-Sauveur de Val-d'Or, 1968-1970. Entered the Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice, 1972. For ten years, professor and rector of several major seminaries in Colombia. Rector and professor, Major Seminary of Montréal, 1989-1994; and Major Seminary of Edmonton, 1994-1997. Professor, John Paul II Institute of Studies on Marriage and the Family, 1997-2001.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Agropoli and appointed secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity, March 3, 2001. Consecrated, March 19, 2001, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Cardinal Angelo Sodasno, secretary of State, and by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. Member of the editorial board of the North American edition of the theological journal Rivista Internazionale Communio. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Québec, November 15, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2202. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 724-725.

Links. Photograph, news and biographical data, in English; and photograph and biographical data, in English.

PANAFIEU, Bernard Louis Auguste Paul (1931-

Birth. January 26, 1931, Châtellerault, diocese of Poitiers, France. Son of André Panafieu, director of a bank, and Madeleine Doussière.

Education. Grand Seminary of Albi, Albi; Seminary of Issy-les-Moulineaux.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 22, 1956, for the archdiocese of Albi. Vicar of Saint-Sauveur-de-Mazamet and chaplain of the lyceum La Pérouse, Albi, 1962; chaplain of the university parish and responsible of the chaplaincy of public education; chaplain of students in Toulouse, 1967-1970; curé-doyen of Brassac, 1971-1974; secretary general of the presbyteral council of 1973-1974.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tibili and appointed auxiliary of Annecy, April 18, 1974. Consecrated, June 9, 1974, Albi, by Claude Marie Josep Dupuy, archbishop of Albi. Promoted to metropolitan see of Aix, November 30, 1978. Named coadjutor with right of succession of Marseille, August 24, 1994. Succeeded to archbishopric of Marseille, see immediatamente soggeta to the Holy See, April 22, 1995. Metropolitan archbishop when Marseille was elevated to that rank, December 16, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biographical data, in French.

PELL, George (1941-

Birth. April 8, 1941, Ballarat, Australia.

Education. "St. Patrick College", Ballarat; Major Interdiocesan Seminary of Melbourne, Melbourne; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of "Propaganda Fide", Rome (licentiate in theology, 1967); Oxford University, Oxford, England (doctorate in philosophy, 1971); Monash University, Clyaton, Australia (master in education, 1982). In earlier years, he was a keen sports coach in soccer, Aussie Rules and rowing. He is vice-patron of the Richmond Football Club and a long-term supporter and member of the Club since he signed to play with them in 1959.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 16, 1966, Rome, by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian, prefect of the S.C. for Propagation of the Faith. Further studies, Oxford, 1967-1970. Assistant pastor in the parishes of Swan Hill, 1971-1972; and Ballarat East, 1973-1983; administrator of the parish of Bungaree, 1984; and parish priest of Mentone, 1984-1996. Episcopal vicar for Education, diocese of Ballarat, 1973-1984; a founding member of the Catholic Education Commission of Victoria, 1973-1984; director of the Aquinas Campus of the Institute of Catholic Education, 1974-84; principal of the Institute (now merged into Australian Catholic University), 1981-1984; editor of Light, the magazine of the diocese of Ballarat, 1979-1984; member of the Academic Board of State College of Victoria and at different times a member of the Councils of the State College of Victoria - Ballarat, the Ballarat College of Advanced Education and Signadou College, Canberra. Rector of Corpus Christi College, the Provincial Seminary for Victoria and Tasmania, 1985-1987.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Scala and appointed auxiliary of Melbourne, March 30, 1987. Consecrated, May 21, 1987, Melbourne, by Frank Little, archbishop of Melbourne. Chairman of Caritas Australia, 1988-1997. Chairman of the committee charged with setting up the new Australian Catholic University, 1989; served as the University's Foundation Pro-Chancellor, 1991-1995. President of the University's board of owners, 1996. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; by papal appointment. Appointed by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, apostolic visitor to the National Seminaries of New Zealand, 1994; Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, 1995; the Pacific, 1996; and Irian Jaya and Sulawesi, 1998. Promoted to metropolitan see of Melbourne, July 16, 1996. Delegate, appointed by the prime minister, to the Constitutional Convention, February 1998. Decorated with the Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Saint Lazarus and co-deputy National Chaplain of the order, 1998. Grand Prior of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, Australian Lieutenancy - Southern, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; by papal appointment. Fellow of the Australian College of Education. Transferred to metropolitan see of Sydney, March 26, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Cleared by the independent inquiry set up to investigate an accusation of sexual abuse against him, October 2002. President of the Committee "Vox Clara", to supervise the liturgical translations into English.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria Domenica Mazzarello, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Bibliography. Livingstone, Tess. George Pell. Sydney : Duffy & Snellgrove, 2002.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English.

PHAM MINH MÂN, Jean-Baptiste (1934-

Birth. 1934, Ca Mau, diocese of Cantho (now Cân Tho, Cu Lao Gien), Viêt Nam. His first name in Vietnamese is Gioan Baotixita.

Education. Minor Seminary of Cantho, Cantho; Saint Joseph's Mayor Seminary, Saigon (now Hôchiminh Ville) (philosophy and theology); obtained a master of Education degree in the United States, 1971. Besides his native Vietnamese, he also speaks French and English.

Prieshtood. Ordained, May 25, 1965, Cantho, by Jacques Nhuyen Ngoc Quang, bishop of Cantho. Incardinated in the diocese of Cantho. Professor in the Minor Seminary of Cantho; further studies in the United States, 1968-1971; returned to his country and was again named professor at the Minor Seminary of Cantho until the Communist invasion in 1975. Rector of the Major Seminary of Cân Tho for the three dioceses of Cân Tho, Vinh Long and Long Xuyen, 1989 to 1993.

Episcopate. Elected coadjutor bishop of My Tho, March 22, 1993. Consecrated, August 11, 1993, Cân Tho, by Emmanuel Lê Phong Thuân, bishop of Cân Tho. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Thàn-Phô Hô Chi Minh (Hôchiminh Ville), March 1, 1998. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Giustino, October 21, 2003. The government of Viêt Nam expressed its displeasure because the Vatican did not seek its permission to elevate the archbishop to the cardinalate and indicated that it was not going to recognize the promotion; four days later, it reversed itself and welcomed the appointment. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biographical data, in Vietnamese; photograph and interview, in English, "Clarion Herald", New Orleans, Louisiana, July 22, 1999.

QUEZADA TORUÑO, Rodolfo (1932-

Birth. March 8, 1932, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala. Son of René Quezada Alejos and Clemencia Toruño Lizarralde. He is the oldest of three children.

Education. Seminario of San José, San Salvador, El Salvador (philosophy); University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (licentiate in theology, 1959); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1962). He speaks Spanish, Latin, French, Italian and German.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 21, 1956, Guatemala, by Mariano Rossell y Arellano, archbishop of Guatemala. Coadjutor in the parish of the Sagrario of the metropolitan cathedral. Vice-chancellor of the archdiocese. Defender of the Matrimonial Bond in the Archdiocesan Tribunal. Assessor of Juventud Estudiantil Católica (JEC). Assessor of Acción Católica Universitaria (ACUR). University pastor. Pastor of San Miguel de Capuchinas. Rector of the Shrine of Guadalupe. Chaplain of His Holiness, August 18, 1968. Rector of the Conciliar Seminary of Santiago, Guatemala. Rector of the Mayor National Seminary of the Asunción, Guatemala. He was professor of canon law at Salesian Theological Institute, Guatemala; professional ethics at the School of Social Service, University of San Carlos de Guatemala; canon law at the Faculty of Law, Rafael Landívar University, Guatemala. Academic numerary of the Academy of Geography and History of Guatemala, 1967; member correspondiente of the Academy of History of Spain, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Venezuela and Uruguay.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Gadiaufala and appointed auxiliary of Zacapa, April 5, 1972. Consecrated, May 13, 1972, Guatemala, by Girolamo Prigione, titular archbishop of Lauriaco, nuncio in Guatemala. Named coadjutor of Zacapa, with right of succession, September 11, 1975. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Succeeded to the see of Zacapa, February 16, 1980. Prelate of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas, June 24, 1986. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October to 30, 1987. President of the Episcopal Conference of Guatemala, 1988-1992. He played a key role in bringing to an end the civil war that raged in his country for 36 years. Together with Bishop Juan Gerardi, the future cardinal was a member of the National Reconciliation Commission; its president, 1987-1993. Official conciliator between the government and the guerrillas of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unit, (1990-1994); the peace process culminated in 1996. President of the Assembly of the Civil Society, 1994. President of the Foundation Casa de la Reconciliación, 1998- . Bishop Gerardi was murdered in April 1998. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Guatemala, June 19, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Saturnino, October 21, 2003. President of the II American Missionary Congress, Guatemala City, November 25-30, 2003. Elected president of the Episcopal Conference of Guatemala, January 31, 2004. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and currículum vitae, in Spanish.

RIGALI, Justin Francis (1935-

Birth. April 19, 1935, Los Angeles, United States. He is the youngest of the seven children of Henry A. Rigali and Frances Irene White. One of his sisters is a nun and a brother is a Jesuit priest. Baptized in the parish of the Holy Cross, Los Angeles.

Education. Studied philosophy and theology at the archdiocesan seminaries of Los Angeles: Los Angeles College, Los Angeles; Our Lady Queen of Angels Seminary, San Fernando; St. John's College and St. John's Seminary, Camarillo; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1961-1964 (doctorate in canon law, June 1964); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome, 1964-1955 (obtained a diploma, 1966). Besides his native English, speaks correctly French, Italian and Spanish.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 25, 1961, Los Angeles, by Cardinal James Francis McIntyre. Associate pastor, Ascension parish, Los Angeles; associate pastor, Saint Raymond parish, Downey. Further studies, Rome, 1961-1964. Assistant priest at the patriarchal Vatican basilica during the first two sessions of the II Vatican Council, 1962 and 1963. Associate pastor, St. Madeleine's parish, Pomona, archdiocese of Los Angeles, summer of 1964. Further studies, Rome, 1962-1964. Started service at the English language section of the Vatican secretariat of State, November 25, 1964. Chaplain of His Holiness, July 11, 1967. Secretary of nunciature in Madagascar and apostolic delegation for the Islands of the Indian Ocean, La Reunion and Mauritius, September 1966 to February 1970. Returned to Rome, February 11, 1970, and was appointed director of the English-language Section of the Secretariat of State. He also became the English-language translator for Pope Paul VI, whom he accompanied on his trip to Iran, Dhaka (then East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), the Philippines, Australia, Samoa, American Samoa, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). He accompanied Pope John Paul II on several of his international trips, including the ones to the United States in 1979 and 1987. Chaplain to the cloistered Carmelite nuns of the Monastery of Saint Joseph in Rome for several years. Faculty member, Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, 1972-1973. Counselor of nunciature, July 1, 1979. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, April 19, 1980. Member of the Order of the Knights of Malta, October 25, 1984.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Bolsena and appointed president of Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, June 8, 1985. Consecrated, September 14, 1985, cathedral of Albano, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, titular archbishop of Tagora, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Achille Silvestrini, titular archbishop of Novaliciana, secretary of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church. Member of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, October 13, 1986. Secretary of Congregation for Bishops, December 21, 1989. Secretary of College of Cardinals, January 2, 1990. Pastoral work in several Roman parishes and seminaries. Transferred to metropolitan see of St. Louis, United States, January 25, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Philadelphia, July 15, 2003.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Prisca, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Arms and biography, in English.

SCHEID, S.C.I., Eusébio Oscar (1932-

Birth. December 8, 1932, Luzerna, diocese of Joaçaba, Brazil. Son of Alberto Reinaldo Scheid and Rosália Joana Scheid. He was baptized on December 16, 1932.

Education. Joined the Congregation of Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Dehonians). Seminary of the Priests of the Heart of Jesus, Corupá; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology; specialty : Christology).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 3, 1960, Rome, by Inácio João Dal Monte, bishop of Guaxupé. Professor of theology, Christ the King Seminary and Northeast Regional Seminary, Recife, 1964-1965; of Dogma and Liturgy, Theological Institute of Taubaté, 1965-1981; of Religious Culture, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, 1966-1968. Coordinator of Catechesis, Taubaté, 1970-1974. Director of the Faculty of Theology in Taubaté.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of São José dos Campos, February 11, 1981. Consacrated, May 1, 1981, São José dos Campos, by Carmine Rocco, titular archbishop of Giustinianopoli di Galazia, nuncio in Brazil. Promoted to metropolitan see of Florianópolis, January 23, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; by papal appointment. Transferred to metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, July 25, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Portuguese (click on "Diocese Hoje", on the menu on the left side; then, on "Governo Arquidiocesano"; and then on his name under his photograph).

SCOLA, Angelo (1941-

Birth. November 7, 1941, Malgrate, archdiocese of Milan, Italy. Son of Carlo Scola, (1903-1996), truck driver, and Regina Colombo, (1901-1992), housewife. The youngest of two sons; his brother Pietro died in 1983. Besides his native Italian, he also speaks French and German.

Education. Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan (doctorate in philosophy; thesis on Christian philosophy, 1967); Seminary of Saronno, Milan (theology); Seminary of Venegono, Milan (theology); University of Fribourg, Switzerland (doctorate in theology; thesis on St. Thomas Aquinas).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 18, 1970, Teramo, by Abele Conigli, bishop of Teramo-Atri, by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, archbishop of Milan. Further studies, Fribourg, Switzerland; Monaco; and Paris, France. Successively, until 1991, active collaborator of Comunione e Liberazione; director of the Institute of Studies for the Transition (ISTRA), Milan; collaborator in the establishment and member of the executive committee of the Italian edition of Rivista Internazionale Communio; pastoral work in Italy and abroad; from 1979, research assistant to the chair of Political Philosophy, and later, assistant to the chair of Fundamental Moral Theology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland; in 1982; later, professor of theological anthropology at the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family at the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; and later, professor of Contemporary Christology at the Faculty of Theology, Pontifical Lateran University, Rome. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30,1987, as an assistant to the special secretary.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Grosseto, July 20, 1991. Consecrated, September 21, 1991, Rome, by Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. Named rector magnifico of the Pontifical Lateran University and president of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family, July 1995. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese, September 14, 1995. Promoted to the patriarchate of Venice, January 5, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. XII Apostoli, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.Will be relator general of the 11th General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops that will take place on October 2 to 29, 2005, at the Vatican.

Link. Biography, in Italian.

ŠPIDLÍK, S.J., Tomáš (1919-

Birth. December 17, 1919, Boskovice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic).

Education. University of Brno, Brno, Moravia, academic year 193839 (philosophy); all universities in Czechoslovakia were closed by Germany on November 11, 1939. Entered the Society of Jesus; novitiate in Benesov near Prague, 1940; occupied by the Nazis in 1942, the novitiate was transferred to Velehrad, Moravia. Took religious vows, September 24, 1942; finished his philosophical studies in Velehrad, 1942-1945; studies interrupted at later times because of forced youth labor; after finishing his philosophical studies he was prefect of Velehrad's secondary school, 1945-1946, fulfilling the period called magister in the Society of Jesus; Czech and Russian languages. Sent to Maastricht, Holland, for his theological studies. Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome (doctorate, June 1955).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 22, 1949, Maastricht. Finished his third probation period as a Jesuit in Florence, 1950-1951. Called to Rome to work at Vatican radio in the programs broadcast to the countries behind the Iron Curtain, 1951. For thirty-eight years, spiritual director of the Pontifical Nepomuceno Seminary, the former Bohemian Seminary. Professor of patristic and Eastern spiritual theology at various universities in Rome and around the world from June 1955. In the academic year 1989-1990, he became a professor emeritus. In 1989 he was chosen "Man of the Year, 1990" by the American Bibliographical Institute of Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, and, a year later, the same institute chose him as "The most admired person of the decade". On July 26,1992, the city of Uh. Brod, Czechoslovakia, awarded him honorary citizenship. He has been invited to Russia many times. In April 1994, on the occasion of the publication of his Russian Ideas, the city of Troyes, France, awarded him the medal of the city as a commemoration of honorary citizenship. In 1993, the Society of Byzantine Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia, named him an honorary member. In the 19941995 academic year, he was named the first holder of the seat of Eastern Theology at the Pontifical Oriental Institute; the inaugural lecture, "The Person's Return to Eastern Spirituality", was held on November 14, 1994.He preached the Spiritual Exercises for the pope and the Roman Curia in March 1995, encouraging the pope to write the encyclical Ut Unum Sint on ecumenism. Received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, May 1997, as one of the greatest authorities on theology and Eastern spirituality; and in December 1997, he received another one from the theological department of the University of Olomouc, Czech Republic. In October 1998, Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, decorated him with the medal of the Order of Masaryk, one of the highest honors of the country. In May 1999, the University of Prague conferred on him a doctorate honoris causa. Consultor of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Consultor of the Congregation for the Institutes of Consecrated Life and the Societies of Apostolic Life. A prolific writer, he is an expert on the spirituality of Eastern Christianity.

Episcopate. Excused from receiving episcopal consecration because of advanced age.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Agata de' Goti, October 21, 2003. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. Addressed the cardinals at the opening of the conclave in the Sistine Chapel, April 18, 2005.

Links. Photograph and biography, in English; photograph and biography, in Italian; .

TAURAN, Jean-Louis (1943-

Birth. April 3, 1943, Bordeaux, France.

Education. Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiates in philosophy and theology; and doctorate in canon law, 1973); Catholic Institute, Toulouse; Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome. Besides his native French, he speaks Spanish, English and Italian.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 20, 1969, Bordeaux, by Marius Maziers, archbishop of Bordeaux. Parish pastor in the archdiocese of Bourdeaux. Entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1975. Secretary in the nunciature in the Dominican Republic, 1975-1978. Secretary in the nunciature in Lebanon, 1979-1983. Staff member in the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church from July 1983. Participated in special missions in Haiti, 1984; Beirut and Damascus, 1986. Member of the Holy See delegation to the meetings of the Conference on European Security and Cooperation; Conference on Disarmament, Stockholm, Sweden; Cultural Forum, Budapest, Hungary, and its successive meetings in Vienna.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Telepte and appointed secretary of the Secretariat of State for the Relations with the States, December 1, 1990. Consecrated, January 6, 1991, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Giovanni Battista Re, titular archbishop of Vescovio, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Justin Francis Rigali, titular archbishop of Bolsena, secretary of the Congregation for Bishops.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, October 21, 2003. Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, November 24, 2003. Took part, as representative of the pope, in the inauguration of the new Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem Mausoleum, Jerusalem, on March 15, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Will be special papal envoy to the central celebrations of the Extraordinary Jubilee Year of the diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay, France, that will take place on May 29, 2005 in the cathedral basilica of Notre Dame du Puy.

Link. Photograph, in liturgical vestments.

TOPPO, Telesphore Placidus (1939-

Birth. October 15, 1939, Chainpur, diocese of Gumla, India. He was the eighth child of Ambrose Toppo and Sofia Xalxo who had 10 children.

Education. St.Xaviers College, Ranchi (English honours, 1965); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (licentiate in theology); University of Ranchi, Ranci (master's in history). Besides his native tongue, Oraon, he knows he speaks: English, German, Hindi, Italian, Kurukh, Latin, Sadri, and Santhali.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 3, 1969, by Franciskus Von Streng, former bishop of Basel, Switzerland. Professor and assistant to the director of St. Joseph's High School, Torpa. Rector of the Minor Seminary of Ranchi from 1976. Founder of an apostolic school for the candidates to the priesthood from the Munda Tribe.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Dumka, June 8, 1978. Consecrated, October 7, 1978, Dudhani, by Pius Kerketta, S.J., archbishop of Ranchi. Promoted to archbishop coadjutor of Ranchi, November 8, 1984. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Ranchi, August 7, 1985. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; by papal appointment. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Sacro Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia, October 21, 2003. As an Oraon, of the Kurukh tribe, he is the first tribal cardinal of India. Elected president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India, January 12, 2004; for a period of two years. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005. Will be president-delegate of the 11th General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops that will take place on October 2 to 29, 2005, at the Vatican.

Link. Biographical data, in English.

TURKSON, Peter Kodwo Appiah (1948-

Birth. October 11, 1948, Wassaw Nsuta, diocese of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana.

Education. St. Teresa's Minor Seminary, Amisano; St. Peter's Regional Seminary, Pedu (philosophy); Seminary of St. Anthony-on-Hudson, Rensaleer, New York (bachelor in theology); Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, 1976 to 1980 (licentiate in Sacred Scripture); 1987 to 1992 (doctorate in Sacred Scripture). Besides English and his native Fante, he also speaks French, Italian, German and Hebrew fluently, and has written knowledge of Latin and Greek.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 20, 1975, by John Kodwo Amissah, archbishop of Cape Coast. Professor in St. Teresa's Minor Seminary, 1975-1976. Further studies in Rome 1976-1980. Professor in St. Teresa's Minor Seminary again; professor of Sacred Scripture and vice-rector in St. Peter's Major Seminary, Pedu; pastoral work in a parish annexed to the seminary. Further studies in Rome, 1987-1992. Promoted to the episcopate while studying in Rome.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Cape Coast, October 6, 1992. Consecrated, March 27, 1993, Cape Coast, by Dominic Kodwo Andoh, archbishop of Accra. Attended the Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Treasurer of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). Chancellor of the Catholic University College of Ghana. Member of the University Council of the University of Ghana, Legon; the National Sustainable Development Council of the Ministry of Environment; the board of directors of the Central Regional Development Committee; and the board of trustees of the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Educational Fund.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Liborio, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

ZUBEIR WAKO, Gabriel (1941-

Birth. February 27, 1941, Mboro, diocese of Wau, Sudan.

Education. St. Paul's National Major Seminary, Tore River (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome 1968-1969 (theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome 1969-1971 (licentiate in pastoral theology,1971); he speaks English, Italian and German

Priesthood. Ordained, July 21, 1963, Wau, by Edoardo Mason, M.C.C.I., titular bishop of Rusicade, apostolic vicar of Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan. Vice-pastor in Kwajok; rector of the Minor Seminary of Wau. Procurator economous of the apostolic vicariate of Wau and vicar-delegate of Ireneus Wien Dud, titular bishop of Barcuso, apostolic vicar of Wau (1).

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Wau, December 12, 1974. Consecrated, April 6, 1975, Juba, by Cardinal Agnelo Rossi, prefect of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Promoted to archbishop coadjutor of Khartoum, October 30, 1979. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Khartoum, October 10, 1981. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8,1985. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October to 30, 1987. Attended the Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Atanasio a Via Tiburtina, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005.

Link. Photograph and brief biographical data, in English.

(1) The apostolic vicariate of Wau was elevated to diocese on November 18, 1974 and Fr. Gabriel Zubeir Wako named its first bishop.

©1998-2005 Salvador Miranda.