Birth. January 30 (1), 1838, Rome, from an ancient patrician family, dating back to 1494. Received the sacrament of confirmation, April 13, 1846. He belonged to the Roman nobility and was marquis of Rioffreddo.

Education. Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 22, 1860, Rome. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome. Privy chamberlain de numero participantium of Pope Pius IX, November 12, 1866. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, March 19, 1867. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, August 22, 1871. Protonotary apostolic supernumerary, March 2, 1878. Domestic prelate and abbreviatore de parco maggiore, March 22, 1878. Deacon of the pontifical chapel, August 6, 1886.

Episcopate. Elected titular Latin patriarch of Constantinople, with residence in the Roman Curia, November 29, 1895. Consecrated, December 8, 1895, chapel of the choir of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, assisted by Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella, titular archbishop of Tinna, auditor of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber, and by Felix Maria de Neckere, titular archbishop of Melitene, economous and secretary of the Fabric of the patriarchal basilica of St. Peter.

Birth. August 12, 1841, Rome. Received the sacrament of confirmation, September 1, 1848.

Education. Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorate in theology, September 10, 1863; in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, August 24, 1866).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 10 (1), 1865. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Prelate referendary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, June 23, 1878. Auditor of the cardinal vicar of Rome, April 3, 1884. Counselor of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, November 23, 1884.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Amathus, December 2, 1884. Consecrated, December 21, 1884, church of S. Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi, assisted by Pierre Dufal, C.S.C., titular archbishop of Delcon, and by Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu, bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. Secret almoner of His Holiness, September 20 (2), 1887. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, November 15, 1887. Promoted to the titular see of Nicomedia, November 25, 1887. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, July 17 (3), 1889. Vice-gerent of His Holiness for Rome, November 12, 1895 until June 19, 1899. Transferred to the titular patriarchal see of Antioch, November 29, 1895.

Birth. August 3 (1), 1840, Radicondoli, diocese of Volterra, of a Pisan family. Son of Count Ferdinando Sanminiatelli Zabarella and Leopolda Pescatori di Peccioli.

Education. Archiepiscopal Collegio-Seminary of Pisa, Pisa (belle lettres); Almo Collegio Capranica, Rome, 1857; Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in philosophy, 1860; and theology, 1864); La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1866); Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1861-1868.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 6, 1863 (2), Pisa, by Cardinal Cosimo Corsi, archbishop of Pisa. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, 1867. Privy chamberlain participantium, 1868. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome. Privy almoner of His Holiness, July 15, 1874.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tiana and named grand almoner of His Holiness, July 31, 1874. Consecrated, August 14, 1874, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius IX. President of the Vatican Judicial Commission, August 23, 1887. Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber. November 29, 1887. Transferred to the titular Latin patriarchate of Constantinople, June 22, 1899.

Birth. October 11, 1845, Naples. Rceived the sacrament of confirmation in 1855.

Education. Jesuit School, Naples; incardinated in the archdiocese of Naples, January 18, 1863; archiepiscopal lyceum of Naples, Naples.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1869, Naples. Professor of mathematics, physics, and philosophy in several Neapolitan institutions, 1875-83. Professor of theology, Seminary of Naples, 1877-83. Worked tirelessly helping the victims of the great earthquake of Ischia.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Roso and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Ischia, August 9, 1883. Consecrated, August 12, 1883, church of Ssmo. Redentore a Villa Caserta, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, assisted by Camillo Santori, titular archbishop of Seleucia, uditore Santissimo, and by Placido Maria Schiaffino, O.S.B.Oliv., titular bishop of Nissa, president of the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles. Succeeded to the see of Ischia, February 1, 1885. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Reggio Calabria, March 16, 1888. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Bova, 1889-1895; and of the diocese of Oppido, 1898-99.

Birth. July 23, 1846, Catania, Sicily. Son of Giovanni Francica Nava, baron of Bondife, and Caterina Guttadauro, of the princes of Reburdone. He was baptized on the following September 28, at home, by his maternal uncle, Fr. Giovanni Guttadauro, future bishop of Caltanisetta. As a child, he was called Peppino. Received the sacrament of confirmation from his uncle Bishop Guttadauro, March 1859.

Education. Seminary of Catania, Catania (1852-1859); Seminary of Caltanissetta, Caltanissetta, 1859-1869 (licentiate in theology); he went to Rome to conrinue his studies, 1869-1877; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in theology and philosophy); Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" (doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law); Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome (diplomacy), 1870-1880. He received the four minor orders, the subdiaconate and the diaconate from Bishop Guttadauro of Catalnisetta, his uncle

Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1869, by Bishop Guttadauro of Caltanisetta. Professor of dogmatic theology at the Seminary of Caltanissetta; later, in 1879, its rector for three years. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, 1876. Ablegato in 1877 to bring the red biretta to Cardinal Louis-Marie-Joseph-Eusèbe Caverot, archbishop of Lyon. Pro-vicar general of Caltanisetta, 1877; later vicar general; and honorary canon of its cathedral chapter. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, March 4, 1879. He was a supporter of Neo-Thomism, distinguished himself for his interest in the social problems of the time, and for the formation of the clergy and the catechetical instruction of the youth.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Alabanda and appointed auxiliary of Caltanisetta, August 9, 1883. Consecrated, October 21, 1883, cathedral of S. Michele Arcangelo, Caltanisetta, by Giovanni Battista Guttadauro di Reburdone, bishop of Caltanissetta, assisted by Giovanni Blandini, bishop of Noto, and Gaetano Blandini, titular bishop of Sergiopoli, coadjutor of Agrigento. Promoted to the titular see of Eraclea, May 24, 1889. Nuncio in Belgium, June 6 (1), 1889. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Catania, March 18, 1895. Nuncio in Spain, August 6 (2), 1896.

Birth. May 7, 1835, Polignano a Mare, diocese of Monopoli. His baptismal name was Pasquale Raffaele. Received the sacrament of confirmation in 1842.

Education. Entered the Order of St. Augustine, March 10, 1856; professed, March 11, 1857. Convent of S. Agostino, Rome (philosophy and theology); convent of S. Monica, Rome (Greek scriptures and Hebrew, for eight years; doctorates in theology and Hebrew).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 18, 1858. Further studies, Rome, 1858-1866. Professor of Hebrew, Pontifical Urban Athenaeum of Propaganda Fide, Rome, November 1, 1866. Participated in the First Vatican Council (1869-1870), as theologian and interpreter of Oriental languages. Consultor of the Oriental Rites section of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide. Scriptor of Arabic at the Vatican Library, 1876. Ordinary censor of Oriental books and professor of Oriental languages, Roman Seminary, 1878. Pontifical interpreter, S.C. of Propaganda Fide. President of the pontifical college of interpreters of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, 1882. Dean of the philosophy and Oriental languages faculties of the Roman Seminary. Interpreter at the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and revisor of Oriental books, September 17, 1887. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, 1889. General assistant and general procurator of his order. Prefect of the Vatican Archive, May 19, 1891.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Larissa, June 1, 1891. Consecrated, June 7, 1891, Rome, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro. Secretary for Oriental affairs of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, July 19, 1891. President of the provincial synod of Lviv of the Ruthenians, September 4, 1891. Pro-secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, September 19, 1892; secretary, June 19 (1), 1893.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 19, 1899; received red hat and title of S. Callisto, June 22, 1899. Contributed extraordinarily to ecclesiastical scholarship with numerous publications in theology, biblical studies, and Oriental languages, especially Coptic and Arabic.

Death. February 6, 1902, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Agostino and buried in the chapel of his order, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. On April 28, 1938, his remains were transferred to the church of S. Maria del Popolo, Rome.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 206; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 681; Giacomini, Agostino. "Card. Agostino Ciasca." La Pontificia Università Lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università Lateranense, 1963, p. 137-138; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 40, 47 and 334.

Birth. May 28 (1), 1839, Einville, diocese of Nancy, France.

Education. Minor Seminary of Pont-à-Mousson, Nancy; Seminary of Nancy, Nancy. Doctorate in letters, Nancy (thesis: L'histoire de l'ancien régime dans la province de Lorraine et Barrois, 1878).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 30, 1863. In the diocese of Nancy, professor of history and literature of its Minor Seminary of Pont-à-Mousson, 1860-1879; chaplain of the Dominican nuns, 1879-1890; honorary canon of its cathedral chapter, 1883; pastor of the parish of Saint-Martin, Pont-à-Mousson, 1890.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Angers, January 19, 1893. Consecrated, March 20, 1893, cathedral of Angers, by Cardinal Guillaume Meignan, archbishop of Tours, assisted by Félix Midon, bishop of Osaka, and by Jules Cléret, bishop of Laval. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Toulouse, June 25, 1896.

Birth. September 22, 1843, Bologna. Received the sacrament of confirmation, November 25, 1850.

Education. Seminary of Bologna, Bologna; Pio Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in theology and utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, August 16, 1870). Received subdiaconate, December 17, 1864; diaconate, December 23, 1865.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 31, 1866, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1866-1870. In archdiocese of Bologna, professor in its seminary, November 1872 to June 1874; archpriest of Ss. Gervasio e Protasio parish in Pieve di Budrio, until 1891.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Guastalla, December 14, 1891. Consecrated, December 20, 1891, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi. Promoted to the archiepiscopal see of Ferrara, November 30, 1896.

Birth. November 29, 1850, Turin. Received the sacrament of confirmation, August 13, 1857.

Education. Seminary of Turin, Turin (doctorate in theology, May 18, 1876).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 25, 1873, Turin. Further studies, Turin, 1873-1876. In archdiocese of Turin, professor of its seminary; prosynodal examiner; canon of the cathedral chapter.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ivrea, June 7, 1886. Consecrated, October 28, 1886, Turin, by Cardinal Gaetano Alimonda. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, September 18, 1897.

Birth. June 30, 1838, Mota, parish of St. Kriz, Ljutomer (Luttemberg), diocese of Lavant (formerly Seckau), Carinthia (now Maribor, Slovenia). He was the youngest of all the children in his family, which was from Slovenia. His last name, Misel or Mislej, was later Latinized as Missia. His elder brother was a priest. Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 21, 1850.

Education. Seminary of Lavant, Lavant; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology, 1864). Received the insignias of the clerical character, November 15, 1857; minor orders, April 11, 1858.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 30, 1863, Rome. In the diocese of Seckau, professor and prefect, Minor Seminary of Graz for two years; secretary of the bishop; episcopal chancellor, 1876; prosynodal examiner; and canon of its cathedral chapter, 1879. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Laibach (Lubljana), November 10, 1884. Consecrated, December 7, 1884, Graz. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Gorizia (Görz) and Gradisca d'Isonzo, March 24, 1898.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 19, 1899; received red hat and title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, December 14, 1899.

Death. March 23, 1902, of a heart attack, in Gorizia. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Gorizia. (1)

Birth. February 3, 1820, Città Lavinia (now Lanuvio), diocese of Albano.

Education. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law (no further educational information found).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 1844. Lawyer at the Sacred Roman Rota. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Under secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, February 24, 1863; pro-secretary, June 20, 1893; secretary, December 24 (1), 1896. Protonotary apostolic participantium, May 12, 1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 19, 1899; received red hat and deaconry of S. Eustachio, June 22, 1899.

Death. January 17, 1900, Rome. Exposed in his deaconry and buried in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie., 1900, p. 679; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 40-41 and 54.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 41; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 679, says that he was named on December 5, 1897.

Birth. December 24, 1844, Ravenna. Son of Count Ignazio della Volpe and Ortensia Mazzolani.

Education. Seminary of Bertinoro, Bertinoro, Ravenna; Pio Seminary, Rome, 1862-1867; Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1868-1874.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1867. Privy chamberlain participant of His Holiness, 1874 to 1878. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, May 17, 1878. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1878. Secretary of the S.C. of Indulgences and Relics, 1882. Member of the extraordinary mission to the coronation of Czar Alexander III of Russia. Master of chamber of His Holiness, August 17 (1), 1886. Prefect of the Pontifical Household, December 31, 1891 (2). Commander of the Order of Saint-Anne of Russia. Grand cross of the Order of Franz Joseph of Austria.

Birth. February 15, 1854, San Andrés de Llevaneras, diocese of Barcelona, Spain. Son of José Vives and Catalina Tutó

Education. Collegio Scholarium Piarum, Mataro, Spain; Capuchin Monastery, Antigua, Guatemala; University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California, United States; Capuchin Monastery. Fontenay-le-Comte, Toulouse, France; Capuchin Monastery, Ibarra. Ecuador. Joined the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, July 11, 1869; professed, July 12, 1870; took final vows, July 14, 1872.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 26, 1877, Toulouse, by Julien-Florian-Félix Desprez, archbishop of Toulouse. Rector of the Seraphic College, Perpignan, France, 1877-1880. Rector of the Seraphic College, lgualadia, Catalonia, Spain, 1880-1887. Secretary to the procurator general of his order, Rome, 1887. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, May 11, 1887; of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, December 16, 1889; of the Council, April 11, 1894; of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, August 13, 1895. Definitor general of his order, 1896. Member of the papal commission to study the validity of the Anglican orders, 1895-1896. Attended the I Plenary Council of Latin America, Rome, May 28 to July 9, 1899; honorary president.