Birth. January 13, 1814, Palermo. His baptismal name was Pietro Geremia. Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 27, 1822.

Education. Entered the Order of St. Benedict Cassinese; took the name Michelangelo; solemn religious profession, January 15, 1835, monastery of S. Martino, Palermo.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 24, 1836. Lector of philosophy, 1840; dean, 1841; professor of dogmatic theology, 1843; master of novices; prior of the monastery of Messina, 1846; prior in Militello until 1850. Abbot of Monte Cassino, by papal decree, March 25, 1850; general procurator, 1858.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Patti, Sicily, March 23, 1860. Consecrated, April 15, 1860, Rome, by Cardinal Girolamo D'Andrea. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Palermo, October 27, 1871.

Birth. September 2, 1811, Corral de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, archdiocese of Toledo, Spain. Son of Nicasio Monescillo and María Viso, modest farmers. Protégé from infancy of the dean of the cathedral of Toledo, D. Lorenzo Hernández de Alba.

Education. Seminary of Toledo, Toledo (doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). As a journalist, collaborated in El Católico and El Pensamiento Español, and founded in 1842 the daily La Cruz. Directed the translation into Spanish of the theological dictionary of Bergier, and the symbolic of Juan Adán Möhler. Appointed vicar of the vicariate nullius of Estepa, Seville, 1847. When the vicariate was suppressed by the Concordat of 1851, was named canon of the cathedral chapter of Granada in 1852; canon of the cathedral chapter of Toledo, by permutation, September 5, 1853; schoolmaster, April 6, 1858. Royal preacher.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada, July 22, 1861. Consecrated, Sunday, October 6, 1861, Salesian Monastery of the Visitation, Madrid, by Cardinal Cirilo de Alameda y Brea, O.F.M., archbishop of Toledo, assisted by Francisco Landeira Sevilla, bishop of Cartagena, and by Clemente Munguía, bishop of Michoacán, México. Transferred to see of Jaén, March 27, 1865. Deputy to the Constitutional Cortes for Ciudad Real, 1869; senator for Vizcaya, 1871. Attended the First Vatican Council, 1869-1870. Participated in the composition of the Constitution of 1876. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Valencia, June 22, 1877. Senator for Granada, 1877 and later, senator for life.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and title of S. Agostino in the consistory of June 10 (1), 1886. Transferred to the primatial and metropolitan see of Toledo, July 11, 1892, with title of patriarch of the West Indies.

Death. August 11, 1897, Toledo. Exposed and buried in in the metropolitan cathedral of Toledo.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 201; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 203; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31, 46, 170, S286 and 579.

Birth. June 8, 1809, La Braja di Piovà (now Piovà Massaja), diocese of Asti, Piedmont. His baptismal name was Lorenzo Antonio. His last name is also listed as Massaja. Spent his adolescence under the spiritual guidance of his brother Guglielmo, parish priest of Pralormo.

Education. Collegio Reale, Asti, as a seminarian (1824-1826). Joined the Order of the Friars Minor Capuchins, September 6, 1826, Madonna di Campagna, near Turin; took the name Guglielmo.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 16, 1832, Vercelli. Spritual director of the hospital Mauriziano, Turin, 1834-1836; had the opportunity of learning basic notions of medicine and surgery and of being the confessor and advisor of future saint Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo. Professor of philosophy and theology at the convent of Moncalieri-Testona, 1836-1846; at the same time, he was spiritual director of Prince Vittorio Emanuele, later king of Italy, and of patriot Silvio Pellico. Definitor of his order. Because of his desire to join the Capuchin missions, he declined episcopal nomination in Piedmont several times.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Casio and appointed first apostolic vicar of Gallas in Africa (currently, Harar, Ethiopia), May 12, 1846. Consecrated, May 24, 1846, church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, by Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni, assisted by Giovanni Brunelli, titular archbishop of Tessalonica, and by Jean Filix Luquet, titular bishop of Esbo. Left Italy on June 4, 1846; arrived in Ethiopia in November 1856 after extraordinary suffering and vicissitudes: eight crossings of the Mediterranean and twelve of the Red Sea; four assaults to the impenetrable Abyssinian fortress of the Red Sea; four exiles and imprisonment; and eighteen times in danger of death. Because of bad health, resigned the pastoral government of the vicariate, 1880. Promoted to the titular see of Stauropolis, August 2, 1881.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and title of Ss. Vitale, Gervasio e Protasio, November 13, 1884.

Death. August 6, 1889, at 4:30 a.m., in the village of Amirante, S. Giorgio a Cremano, Naples. Transferred by train from Naples, the remains arrived in Rome on August 9, 1889 and taken to Campo Verano cemetery until his will was read to find out his disposition concerning the burial. The funeral took place on August 10 at 10:30 a.m., in the church of S. Andrea delle Fratte, Rome, the mass was celebrated by Ignazio Perrsico, O.F.M. Cap., titular archbishop of Damiata, secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide for the affairs of the Oriental rite; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valetta, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; there were eleven cardinals in attendance. On June 11, 1890, the remains were transferred to the church of the Capuchin Friars in Rufinella, Frascati, and buried there.

Beatification. The process for his beatification was started in 1914. On October 18, 1993, the bishop of Frascati named two censors for the examination of the writings of the Servant of God; the study was finished in 1994. Also, a historical commission prepared a report. On March 10, 2004, the diocesan phase of his beatification process was concluded at the convent of San Francesco d'Assisi, Frascati. Present for the ceremony were Paolo Sardi, titular archbishop of Sutri, apostolic nuncio with special charges, representing Cardinal Angelo Sodano, secretary of State, titular of the suburbicarian see of Frascati; Giuseppe Matarrese, bishop of Frascati; Friar Florio Tessari, postulator general of the Capuchins; the mayor of Asti; the entire tribunal; and numerous friends.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 186; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXIX, n. 181 (August 7, 1889), p. 3; XXIX, n. 183 (August 9, 1889), p. 1; and XXIX, n. 184 (August 10, 1889) pp. 1 and 3; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, p. 138; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31, 53 and 528.

Birth. August 20, 1817, Thanstetten, near Kremsmünster, diocese of Linz, Austria. His baptismal name was Joseph.

Education. Entered the Order of St. Benedict; changed his name to Cölestin; religious profession, August 25, 1842. Studied theology in Linz, 1839-1843. Received the minor orders, August 26, 1842; subdiaconate, July 11, 1843; diaconate, July 15, 1843.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 22, 1843. Pastoral work, parish of Neuhofen, 1843-1846; professor of classical grammar, 1846-1854; professor of religious doctrine in the gymnasium of Kremsmünster, 1854-1875; prefect, 1855-1867; director, 1867-1875. Prior of the monastery of Kremsmünster, 1875; elected abbot, April 19, 1876.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Vienna, August 4, 1881. Consecrated, August 28, 1881, abbey of Kremsmünster, by Serafino Vannutelli, titular archbishop of Nicea, nuncio in Austria-Hungary.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and title of S. Eusebio, June 10, 1886.

Death. December 14, 1889 at 1:25 p.m., archiepiscopal palace, Vienna. Transferred from the palace to the metropolitan cathedral of Sankt Stefan, Vienna, December 18, 1889 at noon; the funeral mass, celebrated by Luigi Galimberti, titular archbishop of Nicea, nuncio in Austria-Hungary, took place in that cathedral on December 19, 1889; the remains were buried in the same metropolitan cathedral.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 187; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXIX, n. 200 (December 15, 1889), p. 3; XXIX, n. 202 (December 17, 1889), p. 1; XXIX, n. 203 (December 18, 1889), p. 1; XXIX, n. 204 (December 19, 1889), p. 1;Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31, 48 and 590.

Birth. January 28, 1831 (1), Villoria, diocese of Oviedo, Spain. Of a family of farmers. Son of Manuel González González and Teresa Diaz Tuñón. One of his brothers, José Ramón, was also a Dominican friar and another one, Atanasio, a diocesan priest. His first name is also listed as Ceferino.

Education. Entered the Order of Preachers, November 28, 1844, Ocaña, Toledo; solemn profession 1845; went to Manila to complete his studies, 1848; lector of philosophy, 1853.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 1854, Manila. Professor of philosophy and theology, University of Manila, 1854-1866; returned to Spain. Rector of Colegio of Ocaña, 1868-1871. Member of the Royal Academy of Political and Moral Sciences, 1873. Leading systematic philosopher of Spain in the second half of the 19th century and a driving force of the restoration of Thomism in Christian philosophy at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Presented by the king of Spain for the see of Astorga but resigned before being elected.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Málaga, June 16, 1874. Resigned pastoral government of Málaga, June 21, 1875 Transferred to the see of Córdoba, July 5, 1875. Consecrated, October 24, 1875, Dominican school, Ocaña, by Manuel García Gil, O.P., archbishop of Zaragoza, assisted by Fernando Blanco y Lorenzo, O.P., preconized archbishop of Valladolid, and by José María Benito Serra y Juliá, O.S.B., titular bishop of Daulia. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Seville, March 15, 1883.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, March 17, 1887. Transferred to the primatial and metropolian see of Toledo with the title of patriarch of the West Indies, March 27, 1885. Transferred to metropolitan see of Seville, January 15, 1886. Resigned pastoral government of archdiocese, November 28, 1889 (2). He also was vicar general of the Spanish Army, and major chaplain of the Royal Chapel. He was decorated with the Order Isabel al Católica; was named chancellor of Castile, and appointed royal advisor, and member of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language; of History; and of the Roman Academy of S. Tommaso d'Aquino.

Death. November 29, 1894, Madrid, Dominican Convent of "La Pasión", of a maxillary cancer. Exposed in the cathedral of Madrid and buried in the Dominican church of Ocaña, archdiocese of Toledo.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 196; Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio Español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 42 Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31, 50, 309, and 558.

Birth. February 15, 1810, Subiaco.

Education. (No information found).

Sacred orders. Ordained (no information found). Secretary of the S.C. Consistorial and of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 30, 1882.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, November 13, 1884. Abbot commendatario of Subiaco.

Death. September 15, 1886, at 2:30 a.m., Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marco, Rome, and buried, temporarily, in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome; transferred the cemetery of Subiaco and buried in in his family's tomb, December 12, 1887.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 183; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31 and 55.

Birth. January 16, 1817, Forlí.

Education. (No information found).

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, September 26, 1879. Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, March 30, 1882.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and deaconry of S. Cesareo in Palatio, November 13, 1884. Pro-prefect of the SS.CC. of Bishops and Regulars and of the Discipline of Regulars, August 12, 1886; later, prefect.

Death. October 31, 1888 (1), at 8:30 a.m., in his apartment at Palazzo Altemps, Rome, after an illness of twelve days. Exposed in the church of S. Agostino, Rome; and buried, on November 3, 1888, in the chapel of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide in Campo Verano cemetery. The funeral took place on November 4, 1888 at 11 a.m. in the church of S. Agostino; the requiem mass was celebrated by Luigi Sepiacci, titular bishop of Callinico, secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Carlo Sacconi, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; eighteen cardinals were in attendance.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, pp. 185-186; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XXVIII, n. 256 (November 1, 1888), p. 3; and XXVIII, n. 258 (November 4, 1888), p. 3; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31 and 54.

(1) Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, pp. 31 and 54 says that other sources, which he does not cite, indicate he died on November 1, 1888; "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, p. 186, says that he died on October 31, 1888; L'Osservatore Romano, XXVIII, n. 256 (November 1, 1888), p. 3, says that the cardinal died stamani alle 8 1/2 (this morning at 8:30).

Birth. April 29, 1832, Bassano Taverina, diocese of Orte.

Education. Studied in Orte and Viterbo; then at Collegio Romano, Rome (theology); and at Sapienza University, Rome (canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, 1859. Lawyer at the tribunal of the Sacred Roman Rota. Sommiste at the S.C. of Bishops. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, January 29, 1877. Secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, July 30, 1878 to 1884 (1).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 10, 1884; received red hat and deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, November 13, 1884. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, July 31, 1885. Prefect of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, November 12, 1888. Opted for deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, June 1, 1891. Opted for order of cardinal priests and title of S. Callisto, June 22, 1896. Grand penitentiary, October 1, 1896. Opted for the order of bishops and suburbicarian see of Albano.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of the suburbicarian see of Albano, November 30, 1896. Consecrated, December 13, 1896, Rome, by Cardinal Luigi Oreglia di San Stefano.

Death. August 10, 1899, Rome. Exposed in the basilica of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, Rome, and buried in the chapel of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide in Campo Verano cemetery.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 203-204; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 31, 43, 47, 54 and 55.

(1) Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, p. 31, no. 76, says that he was named prefect of that congregation; the information is somewhat odd because at the time only cardinals occupied the prefecture of Roman congregations. The author cites Secretaria Brevium 5743 f. 401 as the source of the information.

Birth. September 2, 1839, in Gdañsk (Danzig), Poland. Son of Józef Grzegorz Pawlicki, a salesman, and Wilhelmina Denek.