Birth. May 31, 1825, parish of S. Stefano, Treviso. Son of Antonio Agostini and Maria de Gobbis. Received the sacrament of confirmation, March 23, 1837.

Education. Scuole di S. Nicolò, Treviso (elementary and middle curriculum); Seminary of Treviso, Treviso (theology); University of Padua, Padua (doctorates in philosophy and law). Joined the citizens militia during the war with Austria, 1848-1849; left the clerical state. Rejoined the clerical state, 1850. Received the subdiaconate, December 21, 1850.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 26, 1851, chapel of Trinità, Venice, by Cardinal Giacomo Monico, patriarch of Venice. In the diocese of Treviso, coadjutor of the parish of S. Stefano; faculty member and spiritual director of its seminary. He was a member of the Society of Jesus for two years, 1857-1859. In the diocese of Treviso again, judge of the ecclesiastical tribunal; director of the tertians; assistant and animator of the Conference of St. Vincent de Paul; archpriest of the cathedral chapter; chancellor and pro-vicar general, 1863.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Chioggia, October 27, 1871. Consecrated, December 17, 1871, church of B.V. della Salute, Venice (no further information found). Promoted to the patriarchal see of Venice, retaining the administration of the see of Chioggia ad beneplacitum Sanctis Sedis, June 22, 1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 27, 1882; received red hat and title of S. Eusebio, March 30, 1882. Opted for title of S. Maria della Pace in the consistory of June 7, 1886.

Death. December 31, 1891, Venice. Exposed in the patriarchal cathedral of Venice and buried in the chapel of the canons, S. Michele Cemetery, Venice.

Bibliography. Niero, Antonio. I patriarchi di Venezia. Da Lorenzo Giustiniani ai nostri giorni. Venice : Studium Cattolico Veneziano, 1961. (Collana Storica, 3), pp. 194-198; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 29, 48, 50, 219 and 585.

Birth. October 31, 1825, Saint-Esprit, Huire, formerly diocese of Aire, now Bayonne, France. Of a middle class family. Son of Léon Philippe Lavigerie and Louise Laure Latrihle. He was the eldest of four children, three boys and a girl. He was baptized on November 5, 1825; his middle name Martial was given to him in honor of his grandfather.

Education. Early education at Colléège de Saint-Lé, Bayonne; Junior Seminary of Larressore; St. Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, Paris; Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris; École des Carmes, Paris; Sorbonne University, Paris (doctorates in letters, 1850; and in theology, 1853; he also received a doctorate in utroque iuris, both civil and canon law, by apostolic brief of December 6, 1861).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 2, 1849, Paris, by Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour, archbishop of Paris.. For almost seven years, professor in the Theological Faculty of Paris; chaplain of Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1853; associate professor of church history, Sorbonne University, 1854; titular of the chair, 1857. Director of L'Oeuvre des Écoles d'Orient, 1856-1861. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1861-1863. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, September 20, 1861.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Nancy et Toul, March 16, 1863. Consecrated, March 22, 1863, church of S. Luigi de' Francesi, Rome, by Cardinal Clément Villecourt, former bishop of La Rochelle, assisted by Gustav Adolf von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, titular archbishop of Edessa, secret almoner of His Holiness, and by Francesco Martinelli, titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 21, 1863. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Algier, March 27, 1867. Founder of the Society of Missionaries of Africa (also known as White Fathers or Pères Blancs) in 1868 and, three years later, in 1869, the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Notre Dame d'Afrique (or White Sisters). Apostolic administrator of Oran, November 9, 1875. Apostolic administrator of the vicariate of Tunis, June 28, 1881. On November 10, 1884, Pope Leo XIII established the archdiocese of Carthage, until then a titular see, and he became also archbishop of the new circumscription. Apostolic administrator of the vicariate of Sahara, March 13, 1891.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 27, 1882; received red hat and title of S. Agnese fuori le mura in the consistory of July 3, 1882.

Death. November 26, 1892, at 1 a.m., in Algiers. Funerals took place in Algiers, Tunis and Carthage. The body was taken to Tunis and deposited in the vault prepared for him in the crypt of the metropolitan cathedral of Carthage on the hill of Byrsa on December 8, 1892. In 1964, when the cathedral became the property of the government, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the crypt of the chapel of the Society of Missionaries of Africa's general curia.

Bibliography. Baunard, Mgr. Le Cardinal Lavigerie. 2 v. Paris : Librairie Ch. Poussielgue, 1896; Beane, John G. Cardinal Lavigerie, primate of Africa. Baltimore, Md. : St. Joseph's Seminary for the Colored Missions, 1898. (St. Joseph's missionary library ; 5). Responsibility: adapted from the French by J.G. Beane; Boulanger, A. ; Martin,M. J. Musée Lavigerie de Saint Louis de Carthage. 2 v. Paris : Ernest Leroux, 1913-1915. Note: Description de l'Afrique du Nord. Musées et collections archéologiques de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie. Responsibility: Supplément 1 par M.A. Boulanger et supplément 2 par M.J. Martin; Burridge, William. Destiny Africa : Cardinal Lavigerie and the making of the White Fathers. London : G. Chapman, 1966; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 375-376; Clark, Richard Frederick. Cardinal Lavigerie and the African slave trade. New York : Negro Universities Press, 1969, 1889; Conombo, Joseph Issoufou. Une autre conquete de l'Afrique par l'amour et la charite : peres blancs et soeurs blanches du cardinal Charles Lavigerie missionnaire d'Afrique. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso : Editions Firmament, 2003; Cristiani, Léon. Le cardinal Lavigerie; un grand bienfaiteur de l'Afrique, 1825-1892. Paris : Éditions France-Empire, 1961; Cuoq, Joseph. Lavigerie, les Pères blancs et les musulmans maghrebins. Rome : Société des missionnaires d'frique, 1986; Cussac, Jules. Un géant de l'apostolat, le cardinal Lavigerie. Paris : Librairie Missionnaire, 1940-1949? Responsibility: Lettre-préface de Son Excellence Mgr. Birraux; Ceillier, Jean-Claude. Histoire des missionnaires d'Afrique (Pères blancs) : de la fondation par Mgr Lavigerie à la mort du fondateur (1868-1892). Paris : Karthala, 2008. (Mémoire d'églises); Grussenmeyer, A. C. Vingt-cinq années d'épiscopat en France et en Afrique; documents biographiques sur son éminence le cardinal Lavigerie, archevêque de Carthage et d'Alger, primat dAfrique, à l'occasion de son jubilé episcopal. 2 v. Alger : A. Jourdan, 1888; Jammes, Francis. Lavigerie. Paris : E. Flammarion, 1927; Klein, Félix. Le cardinal Lavigerie et ses oeuvres d'Afrique. Edition: Nouvelle ed., completement refoundue. Tours: A. Mame et fils, 1897; Lesourd, Paul. Les pères blancs du Cardinal Lavigerie. Paris : B. Grasset, 1935. (Collection "Les grands ordres monastiques et instituts religieux", XIX); Montclos, Xavier de. Lavigerie, le Saint-Siège et l'Église, de l'vénement de Pie IX ` l'avènement de Léon XIII, 1846-1878. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1965; Nothomb, Dominique. Charles Lavigerie, un maître spirituel. Versailles : Editions Saint-Paul, 1997; O'Donnell, Joseph Dean. Lavigerie in Tunisia : the interplay of imperialist and missionary. Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1979; Pottier, René. Le Cardinal Lavigerie, apôtre et civilisateur. Paris : Publications techniques et artistiques, 1947; Renault, François. Cardinal Lavigerie : churchman, prophet, and missionary. Translated by John O'Donohue. London ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. ; Athlone Press, 1994. Uniform title: Cardinal Lavigerie, 1825-1892; Renault, François. Lavigerie, l'esclavage africain, et l'Europe, 1868-1892. Paris : E. de Boccard, 1971. Contents: 1: Afrique centrale -- 2: Campagne antiesclavagiste; Shorter, Aylward. The cross and flag in Africa : the "White Fathers" during the colonial scramble (1892-1914). Maryknoll, N.Y. : Orbis Books, 2006; Tiquet, Jean Elie Pierre. Une expérience de petite colonisation indigène en Algérie. Les colons Arabes-Chrétiens du Cardinal Lavigerie. Maison-Carrée : Impr. des Pères blancs, 1936.

Birth. February 22, 1816, Manresa, diocese of Vich, Spain. He is also listed as Joaquim Lluch i Garriga.

Education. Entered the Order of the Carmelites Discalced, Monastery of "El Carmen", Barcelona, November 2, 1830 (philosophy); had to go to Italy because of the expulsion of the religious orders in Spain in 1835; Carmelite convent of Luca (theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, 1838. Master of Novices and professor of theology, Carmelite convent of Lucca. Returned to Barcelona in 1847; professor of moral theology at the Seminary of Barcelona; pastoral work in the Carmelite church of Our Lady of Mercy; rector of the parish of San Miguel; prosynodal examiner of the diocese of Barcelona; regent of studies; commissary and visitor of his order; apostolic missionary.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of the Canary Islands, September 22, 1858. Consecrated, Sunday, December 12, 1858, church of Belén, Barcelona, by Florentino Llorente Montón, bishop of Gerona, assisted by Antonio Palau Termes, bishop of Barcelona, and by Juan Castanyer Rivas, bishop of Vich. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, October 30, 1860. Transferred to the see of Salamanca, March 13, 1868. Transferred to the see of Barcelona, January 16, 1874. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, June 22, 1877.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 27, 1882. Died before receiving the red hat and the title.

Death. September 23 (1), 1882, Umbrete, Sevilla. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Sevilla.

Bibliography. Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en españa, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 201; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 30, 141, 177, 309 and 491; Velasco, R. "Lluch y Garriga, Joaquín." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975, IV, 1374-1375.

Birth. February 14, 1816, Dublin, Ireland.

Education. Father Doyle's school on the Quays; Maynooth College, Dublin.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1839. In the archdiocese of Dublin, curate in Clontarf; curate at the pro-cathedral; elected bishop of Grahamstown, South Africa, 1854, he declined. Pastor of St. Nicholas Without, 1856; pastor of Kingstown, 1865; canon of the cathedral chapter and vicar general.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Gadara and appointed auxiliary of Dublin, June 26, 1877. Consecrated, July 25, 1877, Dublin, by Cardinal Paul Cullen, archbishop of Dublin. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Dublin, April 4, 1879.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 27, 1882; received red hat and title of S. Sabina, March 30, 1882.

Birth. April 25, 1825, Genzano, diocese of Albano.

Education. Seminary of "S. Apollinare", Rome; La Sapienza University, Rome. He obtained a doctorate in theology in 1846. He also studied utroque iure, both canon and civil law. Pontical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome (diplomacy).

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Member of the preparatory commission for the Syllabus. Auditor of the S.C. of the Council. Assessor of the S.C. of the Apostolic Visit, 1867-1875; its secretary, June 22, 1875. From 1867 to 1869, he worked in the preparatory commission of the First Vatican Council as consultor of the Commission on Ecclesiastical discipline. From 1869 to 1870, he was assistant to the under secretary of the council. Sent in a mission to Ireland in 1873. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, October 3, 1875. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, March 15, 1877. He participated in the negotiations with Germany during the time of the Kulturkampf.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 27, 1882; received red hat and deaconry of S. Eustachio, March 30, 1882.

Death. March 3, 1886, Rome. Exposed in his deaconry, where the funeral took place; and buried, temporarily, in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les potificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche = Gratianus series. Série Instruments de recherche; Variation: Collection Gratianus.; Série Instruments de recherche), p. 484-485.

©1998-2010 Salvador Miranda.