Birth. April 14, 1807, Ostricourt, archdiocese of Cambrai, France.

Education. Major Seminary of Cambrai, Cambrai.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 19, 1829. Successively, 1830-1850, parish vicar of the metropolitan cathedral of Cambrai for nearly three years; pastor in several parishes of Cambrai; parish dean in Roubaix, for four years.

Episcopate. Elected first bishop of Saint-Denis-de-La Réunion, October 3, 1850. Consecrated, January 5, 1851, church of Notre-Dâme of Roubaix, by Rene-François Régnier, archbishop of Cambrai, assisted by Louis-Joseph Delebecque, bishop of Gand, and by Jean-Baptiste Malou, bishop of Bruges. Transferred to the see of Limoges, March 19, 1857. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Toulouse et Narbonne, September 26, 1859.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 12, 1879. Received the red hat and the title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro in the consistory of September 22, 1879.

Death. January 21 (1), 1895, Toulouse. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Toulouse.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 263; La Gerarchia Cattolica e la Famiglia Pontificia per l'anno 1903, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1903, p. 196; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, pp. 28, 49, 247 and 551.

Birth. October 3, 1816, Szécsény, archdiocese of Esztergom, Hungary. Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 14, 1826.

Education. Studied philosophy in Trnava; University of Vienna (doctorate in theology). Received minor orders, December 15, 1830; subdeacon and deacon, October 12 and 13, 1839, respectively. He devoted himself to the study of botany and made a large collection of plants and of books, which later became part of the Hungarian National Museum.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 15, 1839. Further studies, Vienna, 1839-1842. Faculty member, University of Vienna, 1842-1846. Secretary of the archbishop of Esztergom, 1846-1848; vicar of the archiepiscopal chancery and honorary court chaplain, 1848; director of the primatial chancery, 1849.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Hebron and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Transylvania, March 15, 1852. Consecrated, August 15, 1852, Poson, by János Scitovszky, archbishop of Esztergom. Succeeded to the see of Transylvania, October 15, 1852. Promoted to the titular see of Carthago, September 22, 1864. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Kalocsa-Bács, May 17, 1867.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 12, 1879. Received the red hat and the title of Santa Maria degli Angeli in the consistory of September 22, 1879.

Death. July 4, 1891, Kalocsa. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Kalocsa.

Birth. September 26, 1815, Pontgouin, diocese of Chartres, France.

Education. Seminary of Chartres, Chartres; Seminary of St-Sulpice, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1839. Vicar in the cathedral parish of Chartres for early four years; then, vicar general, 1844-1849.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Poitiers, September 23, 1849. Consecrated, November 25, 1849, cathedral of Chartres, by Claude-Hippolyte Clausel de Montals, bishop of Chartres, assisted by Pierre Parisis, bishop of Langres, and by Jean-Nicaise Gros, bishop of Versailles. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, January 22, 1856. Attended the First Vatican Council (1869-1870); did not sign the petition for the definition of the dogma of papal infallibilty, but when it was approved by the conciliar fathers, he supported it and defended it.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 12, 1879. Received the red hat and the title of Santa Maria della Vittoria in the consistory of September 22, 1879. It is said that he declined to be transferred to the metropolitan sees of Tours and Lyons.

Death. May 17, 1880, Angoulême. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Poitiers.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 447.

Birth. January 16, 1829 (or 1830), Porto, Portugal.

Education. Theological Faculty of Coimbra (doctorate in theology, May 23, 1852).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 26, 1852. For several years, 1853-1862, professor of dogmatic theology and pastoral theology, Seminary of Santarém; later, vice-rector, October 13, 1855; as secretary of Cardinal Guilherme Henriques de Carvalho, attended the ceremony of definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, Rome, 1854; rector of the National Lyceum and District Commissioner of Studies; canon of the chapter of the patriarchate of Lisbon, 1859; because of ill health, left Santarém for Lisbon, July 2, 1862. Member of the Governing Board of the patriarchate, July 1864; because of the temporary absence of the patriarch, appeals court judge of relations, April 1865; archpriest of Lisbon, August 13, 1869; vicar capitular of Lisbon, 1869-1871. Nominated by the King of Portugal for the diocese of Porto, May 31, 1871, after dispelling suspicions linking him to the masonry.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Porto, June 26, 1871. Consecrated, September 10, 1871, Lisbon, by Inacio do Nascimento Moraes Cardoso, patriarch of Lisbon.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 12, 1879. Received the red hat and the title of Ss. Quattro Coronati in the consistory of February 27, 1880.

Death. January 21, 1899, Porto. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Porto.

Birth. October 23, 1818, Genoa. Received the sacrament of confirmation, April 5, 1831.

Education. University of Genoa (doctorate in theology). Ordained a subdeacon, December 17, 1842; deacon, March 11, 1843.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1843. For many years, rector of Seminary of Genoa. Domestic prelate of His Holiness.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Albenga, September 21, 1877. Consecrated, November 11, 1877, Genoa. Ceased as bishop of Albenga, May 12, 1879, when he became a cardinal.

Cardinal. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 12, 1879. Received the red hat and the title of Santa Maria in Traspontina in the consistory of September 22, 1879. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, August 9, 1883.

Death. May 30, 1891, Albaro, archdiocese of Genoa. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Genoa and later, in that of Turin. Buried in the chapel of the archbishops, cemetery of Turin.

Birth. February 21, 1801, London, England. The eldest of the six children of John Newman, a banker, and Jemina Foundrinier, a descendent of the Huguenots who migrated from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Baptized in the Church of England, April 9, 1801. He converted to Calvinism at the age of 15, August-December, 1816.

Education. Trinity College, Oxford, 1816-1822; elected a fellow at Oriel College, Oxford, April 12, 1822; ordained to the diaconate, June 13, 1824; curate of St. Clement's, Oxford, 1824-1826; ordained priest of the Church of England, May 29, 1825, Christ Church, Oxford; vice-principal at St. Mary's Hall, 1825; vicar of St. Mary's (also the university church), 1828. resigned his tutorship, 1832 and went on a trip around the Mediterranean (December, 1832-July, 1833); returned to Oxford. With the Assize sermon on "National Apostasy" by John Keble, on July 14, 1833, the Oxford Movement was born. The religious opinions and principles of the Movement toward High Church principles in opposition to liberalizing and evangelical tendencies and emphasizing the principles of primitive and patristic Chirstianity as well as the historic and catholic character of the church, were given in a series of 90 papers called the Tracts for the Times, published in Oxford from 1833 to 1841. Newman became the leader of the Tractarian Movement, as it was also known. Resigned from St. Mary's in 1843. On October 9, 1845 he converted to Catholicism and was received into the Church in Littlemore by Fr. Domenico Barberi, an Italian Passionist (1).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 30, 1847, Rome, by Cardinal Giacomo Flippo Fransoni. Returned to England in 1847 and established the Oratory of St. Philip Neri; set up the London house and began mission work in Birmingham; later moved to Edgbaston. Rector of the Catholic University of Ireland, 1851-1858. Editor of the Rambler, May-July, 1859. Issued his most famous work, Apologia pro Vita sua, in seven parts, April 21-June 2, 1864. He opposed that the Fist Vatican Council (1869-1870) would issue a document of papal infallibility He was not opposed to the concept but felt that the doctrine should be given more time to mature before it was codified. Once the doctrine was proclaimed, he strongly defended it. For many years he endured attacks and criticism from within and without the Church. Returned to Oxford as honorary fellow of Trinity College, February, 1878.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 12, 1879; received the red hat and the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro, May 15, 1879. The most famous and illustrious English convert, his life and thought are well documented through 21,000 of his personal letters that have survived as well as the 40 books that he published.

Death. August 11, 1890, Edgbaston, Birmingham, England. Exposed in the Oratory of St. Philip of Edgbaston and buried in the chapel of the village of Rednal, in the same tomb with Ambrose St. John.

Beatification. The cause for his beatification was opened in 1958. Pope John Paul II signed the document acknowledging he practiced the Christian virtues in a heroic degree and declared him Venerable, January 22, 1991.

Bibliography. Benedict XVI and Cardinal Newman. Edited by Peter Jennings. Oxford : Family Publications, 2005; Chetwood, Thomas B. Handbook of Newman. New York : Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss, 1927; Connolly, J.R. John Henry Newman. A view of Catholic faith for the new Millenium. Lanham, 2005; Dulles, Avery. Newman. London ; New York : Continuum, 2002. (Outstanding Christian thinkers); In Search of Light : life development prayer. Three essays on John Henry Newman. Rome : International Center of Newman Friends, 1985; John Henry Newman : commemorative essays on the occasion of the centenary of his cardinalate, 1879-May-1979. Edited by Maria Katharina Strolz and the collaborators of the Centre of Newman-Friends. Rome : M.K. Strolz, 1979; Ker, Ian Turnbull : Merrigan, Terrence. Newman and faith. Oxford International Newman Conference (3rd : 2001 : Keble College, University of Oxford). Louvain ; Dudley, MA : Peeters Press ; [Grand Rapids, Mich.] : W.B. Eerdmans, 2004. (Louvain theological & pastoral monographs ; 31). Contents: Antecedent presumption, faith, and logic / D.Z. Phillips -- To live and die upon a dogma: Newman and post/modern dogma / Gerard Loughlin -- Newman and the particularity of conscience / Gerard J. Hughes -- Historia veritatis: on Newman's essay "On the development of Christian doctrine" / Bruno Forte -- Newman on faith in the trinity / Terrence Merrigan -- Newman, councils and Vatican II / Ian Ker -- Dispensations of grace: Newman on the sacramental mediation of salvation / Geoffrey Wainwright -- Newman through the looking glass / Elisabeth Jay; Lease, Gary. Witness to the faith : Cardinal Newman on the teaching authority of the Church. Pittsburgh : Duquesne University Press, 1971; Martin, Brian. John Henry Newman. His life and work. London: Chatto & Windus, 1982; May, J. Lewis. Cardinal Newman. A study. London : Geoffrey Bles, 1945; Meynell, Wilfrid. Cardinal Newman : a monograph. London, Burns & Oates ; New York, Catholic Publication Society Co., 1890; Meynell, Wilfrid. Catholic life and letters of Cardinal Newman : with notes on the Oxford movement and its men. London : Burns and Oates ; New York : Catholic Publication Society, 1885; Meynell, Wilfrid. John Henry Newman, the founder of modern Anglicanism and a cardinal of the Roman church. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1890; Moody, John. John Henry Newman. New York : Sheed & Ward, 1945; Robbins, William. The Newman brothers. An essay in comparative intellectual biography. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1966; Newman, John Henry. John Henry Newman. Edited by Wilfrid Meynell. London ; Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, (Library of the soul). Note: "Abstracted in his own words from the 'Apologia pro vita sua.'"; Strolz, Maria Katharina. International community "The work" : with its Centres of Newman friends in Rome, Littlemore, Bregenz, Jerusalem. Centenary of the death of John Henry Cardinal Newman: a selection of documents. Rome : Published by M.K. Strolz, International Community "The work", 1990. Note: "Owned, edited and published by: Dr. M.K. Strolz ... "; Strolz, Maria Katharina ; Binder, Margarete. John Henry Newman, lover of truth : academic symposium and celebration of the first centenary of the death of John Henry Newman. Rome : Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 1991; Trevor, Meriol. Newman. 2 vols. Volume I: The Pillar of the Cloud. Volume II: Light in Winter. Garden City : Doubleday & Co., 1963; Ward, Maisie. Young Mr. Newman. New York : Sheed & Ward, 1948; Ward, Wilfried. The Life of John Henry Cardinal Newman. Based on his private journals and correspondence. 2 vols. London : Longmans, Green, 1912.

Birth. September 15, 1824, Würzburg, Germany.

Education. University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Collegium Germanicum, Rome; University of Münich, Münich (doctorate in theology; thesis: Die Lehre von der göttlichen Dreieinigkeit nach d. heil. Gregor von Nazianz).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 28, 1848, Rome. Further studies, Würzburg, 1848-1849. Chaplain in Zellingen. Instructor of theology, University of Münich, 1851-1852. Faculty member, University of Würzburg, 1852-1879; dean of the Faculty of Theology. Attended the First Vatican Council as a consultor, 1868-1870. Ardent supporter of the council's teachings, especially papal infallibility against the opposition of the famous historian and theologian Dr. Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger (who was eventually excommunicated). He was a prolific author of works in theology, ecclesiastical history and canon law. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, May 18, 1877. Prefect of the Pontifical Household.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 12, 1879; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere Tuliano, May 15, 1879. First prefect of the Vatican Archives, June 9, 1879. Protector of the Teutonic Institute of S. Maria dell'Anima, June 9, 1887. Opted for deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, June 1, 1888.

Death. October 3, 1890, Cistercian Abbey of Mehrerau, Bregenz. Exposed and buried in the church of that abbey.

Birth. October 29, 1833, Bonifacio, diocese of Ajaccio, Corsica, France.

Education. Classical studies, Bonifacio; joined the Order of Preachers, 1851; religious profession, 1852; Dominican house of studies, Rome (philosophy); Dominican house of studies, Perugia (theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 17, 1856, Perugia, by Gioacchino Pecci, archbishop-bishop of Perugia, future Pope Leo XIII. Professor of philosophy in Rome and in Corbara, Corsica. Concurrently, faculty member, Seminary of Viterbo, and master of novices, Dominican convent of Gradi. Master of novices, Rome, and later, 1870-1879, faculty member of Dominican Collegio S. Tommaso della Minerva; rector, 1873-1879. Consultor of the SS. CC. of the Index and of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 12, 1879; received the red hat and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, May 15, 1879. In 1879 contributed to the writing of the encyclical Aeterni patris, restoring Thomism as the basis of Christian philosophy. Director of the Leonine Commission for the the edition of the works of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1880. Protector of the Bibliographic Society, Rome, July 4, 1885. Prefect of the S.C. of Indulgences and Relics, December 16, 1886. Prefect of the S.C. of Studies, October 28, 1887. In 1890 contributed to the writing of the encyclical Rerum novarum. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Prassede, June 1, 1891. Protector of the Theological Academy, Rome, April 12, 1892. He enjoyed world wide fame as a leading scholar in Thomistic philosophy and theology.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of the suburbicarian see of Frascati, January 16, 1893; died before receiving the episcopal consecration.

Death. May 10, 1893, Rome. Exposed in the Church of S. Maria sopra Minerva and buried in the chapel of the Dominican Friars, Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome.