(65) 1. DUGNANI, Antonio (1748-1818)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, September 12, 1794. Legate in Romandiola, 1794-1797. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 1, 1795. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, December 23, 1801. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, October 31, 1804 until May 16, 1805. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, August 3, 1807. In 1808 was deported by the French to Milan and later, in 1809, to Paris. He was able not to attend the wedding of Napoleon Bonaparte and Maria-Louise of Austria and not be sanctioned for it. He alleged an indisposition (real or fictitious) and was excused. Thus, he is among the "red cardinals". Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, March 8, 1816. Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, May 16, 1817.

Death. October 19, 1818 (1), Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome (2).

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 372-373; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 37, 44 and 357; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 37, 38 and 44.

(1) This is according to his epitaph transcribed in note 2, below; Boutry, Souverain et Pontife, p. 372; and Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VI, 37; and VII, 38, say that he died on October 17, 1818.
(2) This is the text of his epitaph provided by Mr. Mark West, London, England:

(66) 2. VINCENTI MARERI, Ippolito Antonio (1738-1811)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, June 1, 1795. Legate in Bologna, June 1, 1795. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina, August 3, 1807. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, temporarily, in the absence of Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili, March 26, 1808. Prefect of the Economy of Collegio Romano. Presided over the marriage of Napoleon and Maria-Louise of Austria, Paris, 1810.

Death. March 21, 1811, Paris. Exposed in the church of Saint-Thomas d'Aquino, Paris, where the funeral took place, and buried in the church of Sainte-Geneviève (Pantheon), Paris.

Link. His tomb in the Panthéon, Paris, France, Plot: Cell 3.

(67) 3. MAURY, Jean-Siffrein (1746-1817)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, September 12, 1794. Transferred to the see of Montefiascone and Corneto, with personal title of archbishop, February 21, 1794. During the last years of the pontificate of Pope Pius VII he acted as agent of the count of Provence, regent of France and later claimant to the French throne with the name of Louis XVIII. When the French invaded Italy in February 1798, he left the Papal States clandestinely and went to Sienna and later to St. Petersburg. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII; he was the only French cardinal present. King Louis XVIII named him, after his exile in Mittau, his ambassador before Pope Pius VII, but, expelled from Rome in 1801 by Napoléon Bonaparte because his open hostility against the negotiation of the concordat, he retired to his see of Montefiascone. On August 22, 1804, he wrote a letter of congratulations to future Emperor Napoléon which marked his abandonment of the monarchic camp and his movement toward the empire. He met Napoléon in Genoa in April 1805 and established himself in Paris in June 1806; he became the cardinal of France from October 1, 1806 and a senator. Reentered the Académie Française on October 22, 1806 (he had been replaced by Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély in 1803); excluded again by royal ordinance of King Louis XVIII dated March 21, 1816. He was named first chaplain of King Jérôme of Westphalia and, on February 17, 1809, knight of the Légion d'honneur. Napoleon named him archbishop of Paris by imperial decree of October 14, 1810, without the papal bulls; Cardinal Joseph Fesch, Napoléon's uncle, had turned down the offer; he accepted and took possession of the see on November 1, 1810; a brief from Pope Pius VII, dated on November 5, 1810 in Savone, prohibited him from governing the archdiocese; a second brief of December 18, 1810, declared null all his administrative acts; the cardinal refused to take action and personally collaborated in the arrest, on January 1, 1811, of his vicar general, Paul-Thirhse-David d'Astros, with charges that he himself presented. Cardinal Maury actively participated in the National Council of the Gallican Church in 1811; and in 1812 in the negotiations with the pope for the signature of the Concordat of Fontainebleau. He received the grand cross of the Order de la Réunion on April 3, 1813. On april 4, 1814, he associated himself to the resolution of the chapter of the cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris in favor of the removal of Emperor Napoléon; the same chapter took away the cardinal's power on April 9, 1814. In spite of a Mémoire of justification, dated May 12, 1814, he had to resign as archbishop of Paris on the following day, May 13; he left the city on May 18 to avoid the vengeance of King Louis XVIII, who had ascended to the throne. He returned to Rome and was summoned to explain his conduct; Pope Pius VII refused to receive him in audience, prohibited him from attending the cardinalitial congregations and other functions of the Sacred College of Cardinals and removed him from his diocese, where the administration had been entrusted to Bonaventura Gassola, bishop of Cervia, as apostolic vicar. After the departure of the pope for Genoa during the One , March 22, 1815, he was imprisoned in the Castle of Sant'Angelo by the Giunta provisionale for having considered to go back to France; a commission of ten cardinals (1) was formed to examine his conduct; he was sent to the Lazzarist novitiate of S. Silvestro del Quirinale; when Cardinal Secretary of State Ercole Consalvi returned in July 1815, he suspended any judicial action, obtained the pardon of the pope and restored his cardinalitial dignity. He resigned the government of the see on March 24, 1816. King Louis XVIII of France never forgave him. The cardinal spent the last years of his life very isolated.

Death. May 10, 1817, Rome, of scurvy; he was found dead in his bed with the rosary in his hands. King Louis XVIII prohibited the burial of his body in his titular church, SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, the national church of France in Rome. Pope Pius VII ordered that the cardinal should be buried before the high altar of the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, next to Cardinals Cesare Baronio and Domenico Tarugi.

Bibliography. Les archevêques de Paris (1622-2002). Paris : Letouzey & Ané, 2002, pp. 74-75; Boutry, Philippe Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 423-426; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 411-412; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 38, 49 and 295; Poujoulat, Jean Joseph François. Le cardinal Maury, sa vie et ses oeuvres. Paris : J. Vermont, 1855.

Links. Biography, in English; portrait and biography, in French; and his engraving by Medardus Thönert and ... Delaplace.

(1) They were Cardinals Alessandro Mattei, Giulio Maria della Somaglia, Michele di Pietro, Ferdinando Maria Saluzzo, Bartolomeo Pacca, Cesare Brancadoro, Lorenzo Litta, Giulio Gabrielli, Pierfrancesco Galleffi and Carlo Oppizzoni; the secretary was Michele Belli.

(68) 4. BUSSI DE PRETIS, Giovanni Battista (1721-1800)

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Iesi, February 21, 1794. Consecrated, April 27, 1794, Frascati, by Cardinal Henry Benedict Mary Stuart, duke of York. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII.

Death. June 27, 1800, Iesi. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Iesi.

(69) 5. PIGNATELLI, iuniore, Francesco Maria (1744-1815)

Birth. February 19, 1744, Rosarno, Calabria. Of one of the premier families of the Neapolitan aristocracy. Son of Fabrizio III Pignatelli, 8th prince of Noia, and Costanza de' Medici. Related to Pope Innocence XII. The family gave the Church Pope Innocent XII; and Cardinals Francesco Pignatelli, seniore, Theat., (1703); Domenico Pignatelli di Belmonte, Theat. (1802); and Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli, Theat. (1839).

Education. Received his initial education from Dominican and Capuchin preceptors; went to Rome in 1758 and completed his formation at the Somaschian Collegio Clementino.

Early life. Entered the Roman prelature as protonotary apostolic and later, November 28, 1765, referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Vice-legate in Ferrara, Januaty 19, 1767 until June 30, 1772. Relator of the Sacred Consulta, January 1772. Master of the Papal Chamber, February 14, 1785; occupied the post until his promotion to the cardinalate.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, September 12, 1794. Legate in Ferrara, June 1, 1795; when the French trops occupied Ferrara withouht a fight, he was incarcerated for a brief time as prisoner of war; freed, he went to Rome and then to Naples; reclaimed by Napoléon Bonaparte as prisoner under parole after Milan; Pope Pius VI asked him to surrender; the signature of the Treaty of Tolentino exempted him. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII; after the conclave, he returned to Rome, which was occupied by Neapolitan troops. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, April 2, 1800. Named protector of the Order of St. Augustine before August 2, 1800. Prefect of the S.C. of the Discipline of Regulars before October 10, 1801. Arrested in Rome by the French on December 10, 1809 and exiled to France after the detention of Pope Pius VII; he was one of the thirteen "black cardinals' who refused to attend the wedding of Napoléon and Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria on April 12, 1810; by order of the emperor, he was relegated to Rethel with Cardinal Alessandro Mattei; he was recalled after the signature of the Concordat of Fontainebleau by the pope on January 25, 1813. Returned to the side of the pope following the denunciation of the concordat on March 24, 1813; he remained in Paris when other cardinals were exiled on January 27, 1814, due to his ill health; an order of the provisional government freed him on April 2, 1814. Returned to Rome and died the following year.

Death. August 14, 1815, in his palace of S. Lorenzo ai Monti, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, where the funeral took place in the presence of Pope Pius VII; and buried in his title, S. Maria in Trastevere.

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 450-451; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 38 and 46; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, p. 43; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 255, 256 and 844.

(70) 6. ROVERELLA, Aurelio (1748-1812)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, September 12, 1794. Pro-datary of His Holiness, February 27, 1795. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 27, 1796 until July 24, 1797. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII. Confirmed as pro-datary by Pope Pius VII, March 29, 1800; occupied the post until his death. In 1808, he was expelled from Rome by the French and retired to Ferrara.

Episcopate. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, March 27, 1809. Consecrated (no information found). Toward the end of 1809, he received the order of going to Paris like all the other cardinals; there, he acquiesced to the orders and decision of Emperor Napoléon I against the pope, his prisoner.

Death. September 6, 1812, Bourbon-les-bains, France. Buried in the church of Sainte-Genoviève, Paris (the Panthéon).

Bibliography. Berton, Charles. Dictionnaire des cardinaux, contenant des notions générales sur le cardinalat, la nomenclature complète ..., des cardinaux de tous les temps et de tous les pays ... les détails biographiques essentiels sur tous les cardinaux ... de longues études sur les cardinaux célèbre ... Paris : J.-P. Migne, 1857 ; Facsimile edition. Farnborough ; Gregg, 1969, col. 1481-1482.

(71) 7. RINUCCINI, Giovanni (1743-1801)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro, September 12, 1794. Received the subdiaconate, December 14, 1794; diaconate, December 21, 1794. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, celebrated in Venice, which elected Pope Pius VII. Prefect of the Economy of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith.

Death. December 28, 1801, Rome. Exposed and buried, provisionally, in the church of S. Marcello, Rome. Transferred, privately, to the church of S. Giovanni dei Fiorenti, Rome, and buried in his family's tomb.

(72) 8. LANCELLOTTI, Filippo (1733-1794)