(53) 1. SENTMENAT Y CASTELLÁ, Antonio de (1734-1806)
Birth. April 21, 1734, Barcelona, Spain. Of a Catalonian noble family. Son of Juan Manuel de Oms y de Santa Paula and Mariana Sentmenat. Baptized on the same day of his birth. His last name is also listed as Sentmanat Cartellá.
Education. University of Cervera, Cervera (doctorate in canon law); in 1757, while studying civil law at the university, he defended in public a thesis on the law of war and military law, redacted in Latin by his professor José Antonio de Gomar y de Navés; interrupted his law studies because Pope Clement XIV dispensed him from having a doctorate in civil law to be able to serve as auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota.
Early life. Named canon of the cathedral chapter of Barcelona when he was seventeen years old, with dispensation.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 23, 1758. Professor of canon law at the University of Cervera. Archdeacon of the cathedral chapter of Barcelona. Archdeacon of Nendoz, archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. Synodal judge of the diocese of Barcelona. Named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota on April 3, 1774; took the oath on the following May 12. Domestic prelate of His Holiness.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Avila, February 17, 1783. Consecrated, February 24, 1783, church of S. Maria di Montserrato, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Saverio Zelada, assisted by Orazio Mattei, titular archbishop of Colosse, and by Giuseppe Contesini, titular archbishop of Atenia. Resigned government of the diocese, June 22, 1784; took possession of the see by procurator and never visited it because he was promoted to the patriarchate of the West Indies on June 25, 1784; as patriarch, he was also grand almoner, chaplain of the king of Spain and vicar general of the royal armies. Grand chancellor and counselor of State. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne. Vicar general of the Spanish Army and Navy.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; never received the red hat and the title. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII (1).
Death. April 14, 1806, Aranjuez. Exposed and buried in Aranjuez.
Bibliography. Goñi Gaztambide, José. "Sentmanat y Cartella, Antonio." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), Suppl., 674-676; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 115; Notizie per l'anno MDCCCVI. Rome : Nella Stamperia Cracas, 1806, p. 40, no. 28.
Link. His portrait and biographical data, in English.
(1) Goñi Gaztambide, José. "Sentmanat y Cartella, Antonio." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España, Suppl. 676, says that he was deprived of the title of cardinal and the red hat for not having gone to Rome or even to Venice for the 1799-1800 conclave. Notizie per l'anno MDCCCVI, p. 40, no. 28, lists him among the cardinals who died during the pontificate of Pope Pius VII without mentioning that he had been deprived of his cardinalitial dignity.
(54) 2. LORENZANA Y BUTRÓN, Francisco Antonio de (1722-1804)
Birth. September 22, 1722, León, Spain. Baptized on that same day. His brother Tomás was bishop of Gerona.
Education. Jesuit School, León (primary studies); Benedictine monastery, Espinareda, El Bierzo (humanities and philosophy); University of Valladolid, Valladolid (theology); University of Avila, Avila (utroque iure, both canon and civil law); Colegio San Salvador and Colegio de Oviedo, University of Salamanca, Salmanca (finished his studies in theology and canon and civil law). He became a member of the Marian Congregation (or Sodality of Our Lady).
Priesthood. Ordained, 1751. Canon lector of the cathedral chapter of Sigüenza, 1751; he was librarian, chaplain of Ánimas and member of several commissions. In Toledo, canon of its cathedral chapter, 1754, and vicar general for several years; abbot of Saint Vincent; dean of its cathedral chapter.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Plascencia, June 5, 1765. Consecrated, August 11, 1765, church of Santo Tomás, of the Dominican friars, Madrid, by Manuel Quintana y Bonifaz, titular archbishop of Farsalo and coadministrator of Toledo and inquisitor general, assisted by Juan Manuel Argüelles, titular bishop of Botri, auxiliary of Toledo, and by Felipe Pérez Santa María, titular bishop of Costanza di Arabia, auxiliary of Toledo; he never took possession of the see of Plascencia. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of México, April 14, 1766. Transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo, January 27, 1772.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; received the red hat and the title of Ss. XII Apostoli, July 24, 1797. Generously helped the exiled French clergy during the revolution, receiving hundreds of them in Toledo. General inquisitor of Spain, July 29, 1794 to 1797. Personal representative of King Carlos IV of Spain before Pope Pius VI, 1797, assisting him during the French invasion of Rome. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII; his financial assistance was decisive in its celebration, covering, among other things, the travel expenses of several impoverished cardinals. Resigned government of the archdiocese, December 15, 1800, to remain with the pope in Rome as one of his closest advisors.
Death. April 17, 1804, Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place, and buried in the church of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome. In 1956, the cathedral chapter of México had his remains transferred to the metropolitan cathedral of that city.
Bibliography. Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en España, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 94; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 36, 42, 288, 340 and 410; Sierra, L. "Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio de." Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975. 4 vols., and supplement, 1987, II, 1346-1348.
Links. Biography, in English; and his portrait by Vincenzo Milione, convent of S. Maria di Montserrato, Rome.
(55) 3. BUSCA, Ignazio (1731-1803)
Birth. August 31, 1731, Milan.
Education. La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, April 26, 1759). Received the subdiaconate, August 13, 1775.
Early life. Relator of the Sacred Consulta. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Governor of Rieti and of Fabiano.
Priesthood. Ordained, August 20, 1775.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Emesa, September 11, 1775. Consecrated, September 17, 1775, Frascati, by Cardinal Henry Benedict Mary Stuart, duke of York. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, September 17, 1775. Nuncio in Flanders, September 18, 1775. Governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, March 1, 1785 until February 14, 1789.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Pace, August 3, 1789. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, April 11, 1791. Opted for the title of S.Maria degli Angeli, December 18, 1795. Secretary of State, August 1796 to March 15, 1797; his hostile policy against France produced the first French invasion, which ended with the Treaty of Tolentino, March 15, 1797. During the second French invasion of Rome, his property was sacked and his library taken to France. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Prefect of the S.C. of Good Government, December 2, 1800.
Death. August 12, 1803, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Agostino, Rome, where the funeral took place, and buried in the church of S. Maria degli Angeli, in a provisional tomb. Transferred to his definitive sepulchre in that same church, August 20, 1804.
Bibliography. Del Re, Niccolò. Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 120.
(56) 4. COSTA D'ARIGNANO, Vittorio Maria Baldassare Gaetano (1737-1796)
Birth. March 10, 1737, Turin.
Education. Royal University of Turin, Turin (doctorate in utroque iure, both civil and canon law, May 12, 1757).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 1, 1760. Rector of the Royal University of Turin. Almoner of the King of Sardinia. Vicar general of the aulae regiae of Turin.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Vercelli, September 11, 1769. Consecrated, September 21, 1769, Rome, by Cardinal Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, September 28, 1778.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; never received the red hat and the title.
Death. May 16, 1796, Turin. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Turin.
(57) 5. LAVAL-MONTMORENCY, Louis-Joseph de (1724-1808)
Birth. July 17 (or December 11), 1724, Castle of Baillet, diocese of Angoulême, France.
Education. Faculty of Paris, Paris (licentiate in canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Vicar general of Sens.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Orléans, January 14, 1754. Consecrated (no information found). Resigned government of the diocese, February 28, 1758. Transferred to the see of Condom, March 13, 1758. Resigned government of the diocese, November 2, 1760. Transferred to the see of Metz, April 6, 1761. Grand almoner of France and comander of the Order of Saint-Esprit from 1786. Abbot comendatario of Mont Saint Michel from 1788.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; never received the red hat and the title. Grand almoner of the French kingdom. During the French Revolution went into exile in Germany. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Did not resign the government of the diocese as requested to facilitate the implementation of the 1801 Concordat between France and the Holy See.
Death. June 17, 1808, in exile, Altone, Germany. Exposed and buried (no information found).
Link. His coat of arms. second from the bottom.
(58) 6. AUERSPERG, Joseph Franz Anton von (1734-1795)
Birth. January 31, 1734, Vienna, Austria. He was the first of eight children of Prince Joseph Henry von Auersperg, duke of Münsterberg and Frankenstein, and his second wife, Maria Antonia Franziska Trautson, countess of Falkenstein. The father held the office of royal privy counselor and stable colonel master.
Education. He studied philosophy in Vienna and theology in Rome.
Early life. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Passau in 1752; and of Salzburg in 1753.
Priesthood. (No information found). Provost of Ardagger, Lower Austria, in 1757.
Episcopate. Nominated bishop of Lavant, January 31, 1765, by Archbishop Siegmund Christoph von Schrattenbach of Salzburg. Confirmed by the pope as bishop of Lavant, May 8, 1763. Consecrated, May 22, 1763, by Archbishop Schrattenbach of Salzburg. Vicar general for Upper and Lower Carinthia, 1763-1773. As early as January 4, 1764, he tried to resign his diocese but Archbishop Schrattenbach did not allow him. When an earthquake damaged the church of St. Andrä Lavanttal, he repaired it with his own assets. Rooted in the Enlightenment, Bishop Auersperg promoted education and curbed popular Baroque traditions, without taking into account the feelings of the people; in 1770 he even prohibited the Passion Play and the wearing of crosses. After the death of Archbishop Schrattenbach in 1771, he unsuccessfully tried to be elected archbishop of Salzburg but Hieronymus Joseph Franz de Paula von Colloredo, bishop of Gurk, was the preferred candidate. The new archbishop nominated Bishop Auersperg as bishop of Gurk on October 18, 1772; he was confirmed by the pope on January 31, 1773. In Gurk, Bishop Colloredo had prepared the ground, so Bishop Auersperg was able to carry on his duties in accordance with the principles of the Enlightenment. Emperor Joseph II of Austria, who had great esteem for Bishop Auersperg and wanted him transferred to the diocese of Gurk, encouraged him to implant Iosephinism as a model of church reform, and his instructions to the clergy served the authority of the emperor over the church later. In the field of liturgical renewal, Bishop Auersperg had very modern ideas; he wanted the entire liturgy celebrated in the national language and for Sundays and public holidays celebrations, he ordered the Bible to be read; the bishop also watched over the life of the priests; he also maintained good relations with the cathedral chapter. He was nominated prince-bishop of Passau by its cathedral chapter on May 19, 1784; and elected by the pope on June 25, 1784; he occupied the post until his death; the canons hoped, when they elected the new bishop, that because of the prelate's support of Iosephinism, he was going to be able to dissuade Emperor Joseph II from taking away two-thirds of the diocese to form the two dioceses of Linz and St. Pölten, but Bishop Auersperg was unsuccessful (1).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; never received the red hat and the title. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1791.
Death. August 21, 1795, Passau. Exposed in the cathedral of Passau and buried in its grotto.
Bibliography. Leidl, August."Auersperg, Joseph Franz Anton Reichsgraf von." Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, 1648 bis 1803 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1990, p. 19-21.
Link. Brief biographical data, in German, and portrait.
(1) According to the article by J. Lins, Diocese of Passau, in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911, "The Bishop of Passau and the majority of his cathedral chapter finally yielded in order to save the secular property of the diocese. By an agreement of 4 July, 1784, the confiscation of all the properties and rights belonging to the Diocese of Passau in Austria was annulled, and the tithes and revenues were restored to it. In return Passau gave up its diocesan rights and authority in Austria, including the provostship of Ardagger, and bound itself to pay 400,000 gulden ($900,000) -- afterwards reduced by the emperor to one-half -- toward the equipment of the new diocese. There was nothing left for Pope Pius VI to do but to give his consent, even though unwillingly, to the emperor's despotic act. The papal sanction of the agreement between Vienna and Passau was issued on 8 November, 1784, and on 28 January, 1785, appeared the Bull of Erection, 'Romanus Pontifex'".
(59) 7. BORGIA, Stefano (1731-1804)
Birth. December 3, 1731, Velletri. Nephew of Alessandro Borgia, archbishop of Fermo, who educated him. Distantly related to the Spanish Borja family.
Education. Academy of Cortona, Cortona; Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1756.
Priesthood. Ordained, 1756. Governor of Benevento, 1758-1764. Protonotary apostolic. Secretary of the S.C. of Indulgences and Sacred Relics. Secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, 1770.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; received the red hat and the title of S. Clemente, August 3, 1789. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 27, 1792. During the French invasion of Rome, 1797-1798, the pope placed him in charge of the city; after the proclamation of the Republic in 1798, he was arrested and quickly freed. Joined Pope Pius VI in his exile and imprisonment in Valence, France. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Rector of Collegio Romano, Rome. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, May 25, 1798 to September 27, 1800; prefect, August 16, 1802 until his death. Prefect of the S.C. of the Index, 1801-1802. He was a noted theologian, antiquarian, and historian. He established a museum in Velletri where he collected coins and manuscripts. After his death, the collection was divided and the museum eventually closed.
Death. November 23, 1804, at night, Lyon, while accompaning Pope Pius VII in his journey to Paris to crown Napoleon. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Lyon. Transferred to Velletri, February 13, 2002; a solemn mass was concelebrated in the cathedral by Bishop Andrea Maria Erba of Velletri-Segni and the secretary of the archbishop of Lyon. Buried in that cathedral, March 9, 2002.
Bibliography. Baraldi, Giuseppe ; Borgia, Stefano. Notizia biografica sul cardinale Stefano Borgia di Velletri. Modena : Eredi Soliani, 1830. Note: The author's name is taken from the dedication; Borgia, Stefano. Breve istoria del dominio temporale della Sede Apostolica nelle Due Sicilie. Roma : [s.n.], 1788; Borgia, Stefano. Breve istoria dell'antica città di Tadino nell'Umbria : ed esatta relazione delle ultime ricerche fatte sulle sue ruine. In Roma : Nella stamperia di Pallade a spese di Niccolò, e Marco Pagliarini, 1751; Borgia, Stefano. De cruce Vaticana ex dono Iustini Augusti in parasceve maioris hebdomadae publicae venerationi exhiberi solita commentarius : cui accedit ritus salutationis crucis in ecclesia Antiochena Syrorum servatus, nunc primum syriace & latine editus adnotationibusque inlustratus. Romae : Ex typographia eiusdem Sacrae Congregationis, 1779; Borgia, Stefano. De cruce veliterna commentarius. Romae : Typis eiusdem Sac. Congregationis, 1780; Borgia, Stefano. De Fabricio Borgia Ferentini episcopo oratio funebris Stephani Borgiae nepotis ad cives Veliternos. Velitris : Ex typographia Caesaris de Sartoriis bibliopolae, & calchographi, episcopalis, & publici, 1755; Borgia, Stefano. Letters from the Cardinal Borgia and the Cardinal of York, 1799-1800. London : [s.n.], 1800. Note: Addressed to, & ed. by, Sir J.C. Hippisley./ With facsimiles, one of a letter from Pope Pius VII; Borgia, Stefano. Memorie istoriche della pontificia città di Benevento dal secolo VIII. al secolo XVIII. : divise in tre parti. In Roma : Dalle stampe del Salomoni, 1763-1769. Contents: v. 1. Dal secolo VIII. ai principj del secolo XI. -- v. 2. Dal secolo XI. al secolo XVIII; Borgia, Stefano. Stefano Borgia : epistolario privato. Velletri : Veliternagrafica, 1998-2000. (Quaderni della Biblioteca Comunale ; 6), Note: v. 1. 1758-1783 -- v. 2. 1784-1796 -- v. 3. 1797-1804. Other title: Epistolario privato. Responsibility: Maria Rigel Langella ; presentazione di Renato Mammucari; Cancellieri, Francesco. Elogio della chiara memoria dell' Emo e Rmo signor cardinale Stefano Borgia, scritto in una lettera dal signor abate Francesco Cancellieri. Parma : Co' tipi Bodoniani, 1805; Cardinali, Luigi. Elogio detto all memoria di Stefano Borgia, cardinale prete del titolo di S. Clemente. [Rome? : s.n.], 1806; Millin, Aubin Louis. Notice sur la vie du cardinal Borgia. [n.p. : s.n., 1807?]; Paulinus, a S. Bartholomaeo. Vitae synopsis Stephani Borgiae S.R.E. Cardinalis Amplissimi : S. Congr. de Propaganda fide Praefecti. Romae : apud Antonium Fulgonium, 1805; Le quattro voci del mondo : arte, culture e saperi nella collezione di Stefano Borgia 1731-1804. A cura di Marco Nocca. Napoli : Electa Napoli, 2001. Note: "Giornate internazionali di studi, Velletri, Palazzo comunale, Sala Tersicore, 13-14 maggio 2000."
Links. Biography, in English; his portrait and another biography; and another portrait.
(60) 8. ANTICI, Tommaso (1731-1812)
Birth. May 10, 1731, Recanati. Of an aristocratic family, he was the son of Giuseppe Rinaldo, Marquis of Recanati and Antonia Cipriani.
Education. Studied law and theology, Rome. (No further educational information found). Received the insignias of the clerical character.
Early life. Secretary of Cardinal Ferdinando Maria de Rossi. Legate in several cities. Considered a very able diplomat, between 1763 and 1798 he represented Parma and Piacenza (1763-1767); the principality of Cologne (1762-1789); the principality of Pfalz (1769-1777); the kingdom of Poland (1768-1795); the diocese of Luettich (1767-1784/1788); the kingdom of Prussia (1776-1778); the duchy of Pfalz Zweibruecken (1777-1798); and the principality of Bavaria (1776-1798). Abbot commendatario of the Cistercian abbey Paradies, near Meseritz, diocese of Posen, 1784.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 30, 1789; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, August 3, 1789. Received the subdiaconate, January 31, 1790; diaconate, February 2, 1790. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 17, 1793. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, September 25, 1795 - March 7, 1798. Resigned cardinalate on March 7, 1798 due to age, chronic illness and the desire for a quiet old age, according to the official version (1); the resignation was accepted by the Pope on September 7, 1798.
Death. January 4, 1812, Recanati. Buried in the cathedral of Recanati.
Bibliography.Re, Nicola del. "I cardinali prefetti della sacra congregazione del concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), p. 131.
Links. Biography, in German; his engraving by Carlo Antonini, Museo di Roma, Rome.
(1) Some sources indicate that the real reason for the resignation was to escape the annoyances of the Roman Republic. After the victory of the Austrians, he wanted to be reinstated as a cardinal and tried to be received in the conclave of 1799-1800 in Venice. In a letter to the Sacred College of Cardinals, he explained that he had resigned forced by the revolutionary forces and asked to be restored to his cardinalitial rank. The College confirmed the decision of the deceased pope. He wrote to the new Pope Pius VII on September 3, 1800 asking to have his resignation voided. He was not successful and retired to Recanati, dedicating himself to charitable and pious works. The inscription in his grave in the cathedral S. Flaviano in Recanati praises his virtues and his generosity but does not mention his cardinalate.
(61) 9. CAMPANELLI, Filippo (1739-1795)
Birth. May 1, 1739, Mantelica.
Education. Collegio Campana, Osimo.
Early life. Coadjutor of Niccolò de Vecchi, consistorial lawyer. Promotor of the Faith, July 1778. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, December 1780. Consultor of the S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition (Holy Office), December 1780. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, December 1780. Protonotary apostolic, January 1781. Auditor of His Holiness, April 1782. Examiner of bishops, July 1782. Abbot commendatario) of S. Cristoforo di Fossombrone, December 1782. Prior commendatario of S. Paolo e S. Domenico di Lovicato, S. Severino, December 1784.
Sacred orders. (No information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of March 30, 1789; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria della Scala, August 3, 1789. Datary of His Holiness, April 3, 1789 until his death. Granted dispensation to be a cardinal deacon without having received the minor orders, March 26, 1790. Transferred to the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, November 29, 1790. Transferred to the deaconry of S. Cesareo in Palatio, September 26, 1791. Commissioned to resolve the controversy between the Holy See and the king of the Two Sicilies, July 16, 1792.
Death. February 18, 1795, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Marcello, where the funeral took place; and buried in his deaconry.
Bibliography. Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 36, 50 and 52.
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