(35) 1. GARAMPI, Giuseppe (1725-1792)

Links. Biography, in German; his engraving and biography, in English; another biography, in Italian; brief biographical data, also in Italian; and his tomb in SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Rome.

(36) 2. DORIA PAMPHILJ, Giuseppe Maria (1751-1816)

Birth. November 11, 1751, Genoa. Of the noble family of the dukes of Melfi. Third son of Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria Pamphilj Landi and Eleonora Carafa della Stadera. Brother of Cardinal Antonio Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785), and uncle of Cardinal Giorgio Doria Pamphilj (1816). Other cardinals of the Doria family were Girolamo Doria (1529); Giovanni Doria (1604); Giorgio Doria (1743); and Sinibaldo Doria (1731). Related to Pope Innocent X. Other cardinals of the Pamphilj family were Girolamo Pamphilj (1604); Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj (1644); Benedetto Pamphilj (1681).

Education. Jesuit Collegio de' Nobili, Rome; Somaschian Collegio Clementino, May 1767; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, May 1771).

Early life. He devoted himself to the ecclesiastical state at a young age. Went to Rome with his family in May 1761 and pursued his studies in that city together with his brother Antonio Giuseppe. Received the ecclesiastical tonsure on April 21, 1768 and the benefice of the Abbey of S. Fruttuoso from his brother. Honorary chamberlain of Pope Clement XIV, 1771. Entered the Roman prelature as protonotary apostolic participantium, and later as named referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace on June 27, 1771. Received the insignias of the clerical character, April 21, 1768; minor orders, July 2, 1773; subdiaconate, July 4, 1773; diaconate, July 11, 1773. Ablegato to Madrid to bring the fasce sacre to the Prince of Asturias, son of King Carlos III of Spain; he remained in the court from December 1772 until October 1773.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 18, 1773.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Seleucia, February 27, 1773. Consecrated, August 22, 1773, in the collegiate church of San Ildefonso at the royal residence at La Granja, Segovia, Spain, by Cardinal Buenaventura de Córdoba Espínola de la Cerda, titular archbishop of Neocesarea and patriarch of the West Indies, assisted by Manuel Ferrer y Figueredo, titular archbishop of Edessa in Osrhoëne, and by Joaquín Eleta, titular archbishop of Tebe. Nuncio in France, September 6, 1773; remained in the post until his promotion to the cardinalate. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, September 8, 1773.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, April 11, 1785. Legate in Urbino for a triennium, December 19, 1785; his legation was extended until March 1794. Secretary of State, March 16, 1797; he exercised the post in practice until the French occupation of Rome on February 17, 1798; in principle, he was secretary until the death of the pope on August 29, 1799. Prefect of the Sacred Consulta, of the S.C. of Loreto, and member of the S.C. of the Holy Office before April 1, 1797. Arrested by the French authorities on March 8, 1798, he was imprisoned in the convent of the Convertites; later, in Civitavecchia; and finally, he was expelled from the territory of the Roman Republic. Accompanied Pope Pius VI to Sienna on April 13, 1798, the exile decreed by Napoléon; he then went to Genoa. Participated in the Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Entered Rome with the new Pope Pius VII on July 3, 1800. Secretary of Memorandums, August 11, 1800. Named pro-secretary of State during the brief absence of Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, who went to Paris for the negotiations of the concordat from June 6 to July 31, 1801. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, November 13, 1801; occupied the post until his expulsion from Rome by the French in the Spring of 1808. Named protector of the Order of the Servants of Mary before April 3, 1802; and of the Order of St. Francis on May 4, 1802. Opted for the title of S. Cecilia, September 20, 1802. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, retaining in commendam the title of S. Cecilia, September 26, 1803. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, November 10, 1801 to May 19, 1814. After the occupation of Rome by the French troops of General Miollis on February 2, 1808 and the resignation of the Cardinal Secretary of State Filippo Casoni, he was named again pro-secretary of State in the first days of February 1808; a short time later, on March 23, 1808, he was one of the fourteen cardinals expelled from Rome by the French; he went to Parma and then to Genoa and Pegli; transferred to Paris by order of Napoléon I Bonaparte in September 1809; he attended the wedding of Napoléon and Marie-Louise of Austria in Paris on April 2, 1810; all the eleven cardinals who assisted were called "red cardinals". In 1811, he was designated by Napoléon, as sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, to be part of a group of five cardinals sent to Savone to obtain from Pope Pius VII, who was a prisoner in that city, the approval of the decisions of a national council celebrated in Paris from September 3 to 20, 1811. In 1813, Napoléon made him intermediary to negotiate the Concordat of Fontainbleau. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, retaining the title of S. Cecilia in commendam, and officially recognized as sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, September 26, 1814.

Death. February 10, 1816, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, where the funeral took place; and buried in the church of S. Cecilia, Rome.

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 371-372; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 34, 48 and 374; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 38, 39 and 40.

Link. Biography, in Italian; his episcopal lineage, in English; his portrait by Vincenzo Milione, convent of S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome; another portrait, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome; and his tombstone in the basilica of S. Cecilia, Rome.

(37) 3. RANUZZI, Vincenzo (1726-1800)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, September 28, 1787. Transferred to the see of Ancona e Umana, with personal title of archbishop, February 14, 1785. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII.

Death. October 27, 1800, Ancona. Exposed and buried in Ancona.

(38) 4. COLONNA DI STIGLIANO, Nicola (1730-1796)

Link. His genealogy, C4.

(39) 5. CHIARAMONTI, O.S.B.Cas., Gregorio Barnaba (1742-1823)

Birth. August 14, 1742, Cesena. Son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti and Countess Giovanna Coronati Ghini.

Education. Collegio dei Nobili, Ravenna. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict, Montecassino, at the monastery of Santa Maria del Monte, near Cesena, October 2, 1756, under the guidance of Dom Gregorio Caldarera; received the religious habit and took the name Gregory, October 10, 1756; pronounced his vows, August 20, 1758. From 1758 to 1766, studied theology in Cesena; monastery of S. Giustine, Padua, until 1763; and Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 21, 1765. Lector of theology, Benedictine monastery of S. Giovanni Evangelista, Parma, from 1766; monastery of Sant'Anselmo, Rome, 1772-1781. Abbot of the monastery of Santa Maria del Monte, Cesena. Abbot of the monastery of Santa Maria, Castrobono. Confessor of Pope Pius VI since 1773. Prior of the abbey of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome; the pope gave him the title of abbot in 1782.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tivoli, December 16, 1782. Consecrated, December 21, 1782, church of S. Ambrogio, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada, assisted by Giuseppe Maria Contesini, titular archbishop of Atena, and by Girolamo Volpi, titular archbishop of Neocesarea. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, December 22, 1782.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Callisto, June 27, 1785. Transferred to the see of Imola, February 14, 1785. In 1797 when the French invaded northern Italy, he asked the faithful not to uselessly resist their overwhelming force. In 1797, he advocated submission to the Cisalpine Republic indicating that there was no opposition between a democratic form of government and the constitution of the Catholic Church. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, and was elected pope.

Papacy. Elected pope, March 14, 1800, Venice; took the name Pius VII. Crowned, March 21, 1800, Venice, by Cardinal Antonio Maria Doria Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria ad Martyres. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese of Imola, March 8, 1816.

Death. August 20, 1823, Rome. Exposed and buried, on August 25, 1823, in the patriarchal Vatican basilica.

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. "Pio VII." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, III, 509-525.

Links. Biography, in English; his episcopal lineage, in English; portrait, arms and biographical information, in English; his portrait by Louis David; his bust by Anotnio Canova and sepulchral monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen, patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome.

(40) 6. GALLO, Muzio (1721-1801)

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella, February 14, 1785. Consecrated, April 17, 1785, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII.

Death. December 13, 1801, at 10 a.m., Viterbo. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Viterbo.

(41) 7. DE GREGORIO, Giovanni (1729-1791)

Birth. January 20, 1729, Messina, Sicily. Relative of Cardinal Emmanuele de Gregorio (1816).

Education. (No information found).

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Auditor of the causes of the Apostolic Chamber. Archimandrite of San Salvatore di Messina from 1757 until his death.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, April 11, 1785. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 30, 1789.

Death. July 11, 1791, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral also took place.

Link. His tomb in the church of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, Rome.

(42) 8. RIMINALDI, Giovanni Maria (1718-1789)

Birth. October 4, 1718, Ferrara. Of a patrician family.

Education. Collegio di San Carlo, Modena, 1732. Studied law in Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Entered the Roman prelature. Auditor of the cardinal camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1760; later, dean. Vicar of Cardinal Giovanni Costanzio Caracciolo in his deaconry of S. Eustachio. Primicerius of the archconfraternity and hospital of S. Rocco, Rome. President of the Pontifical University of Ferrara; later, he donated his rich library to the university.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, April 11, 1785. Opted for the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, January 29, 1789. Prefect of the S.C. of the Discipline of Regulars.

Death. While vacationing in the convent of S. Maria degli Angeli, near Assisi, he caught a bad cold which caused an apoplexy. Transferred to Perugia, he died on October 12, 1789, in the house de' Signori della Missione. Exposed and buried temporarily, in the cathedral of Perugia.

Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 301-303.

(43) 9. MASSEI, Paolo (1712-1785)

Birth. September 30, 1712, Montepulciano.

Education. (No information found).

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Dean of the Clerics of the Apostolic Chamber.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Agostino, April 11, 1785.

Death. June 9, 1785, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral also took place.

(44) 10. CARRARA, Francesco (1716-1793)

Birth. November 5, 1716, Bergamo.

Education. (No information found). Received the subdiaconate, March 23, 1776.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, April 11, 1785. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 29, 1790. Opted for the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, April 11, 1791.

Death. March 26, 1793, Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Silvestro in Capite, Rome, where the funeral also took place on April 3, 1793.

(45) 11. SPINELLI, Fernando (1728-1795)

Link. His tomb in the church of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Rome.

(46) 12. DORIA PAMPHILJ, Antonio Maria (1749-1821)

Birth. March 28, 1749, Naples. Of the noble family of the dukes of Melfi. Son of Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria Landi Pamphilj and Eleonora Carafa della Stadera. Brother of Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785) and uncle of Cardinal Giorgio Doria Pamphilj (1816). Related to Pope Innocent X. Other cardinals of the Doria family were Girolamo Doria (1529), Giovanni Doria (1604) and Sinibaldo Doria (1731); and Giorgio Doria (1743). Of the Pamphilj family were Cardinals Girolamo Pamphilj (1604); Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj (1644); and Benedetto Pamphilj (1681).

Education. Studied in Genoa with private tutors until the transfer of the family to Rome in May 1761; Jesuit Collegio de' Nobili, Rome, 1761-1767; Somaschian Collegio Clementino, Rome, May 1767-1768; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, July 15, 1769).

Early life. Entered the Roman prelature as protonotary apostolic, July 27, 1769. Named cleric of the Apostolic Chamber by Pope Clement XIV. President of the Grascia, 1778. Prefect of the Papal Chamber, 1780.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 14, 1785, with dispensation for having a brother in the Sacred College of Cardinals; received the red hat and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, April 11, 1785.

Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on May 8, 1785; the subdiaconate on May 14, 1785; and the diaconate on May 16, 1785. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, March 30, 1789. Named protector of the Order of the Celestins before February 20, 1796. He established himself in Naples in the fall of 1797 and stayed there during the French occupation of Rome; later, in the fall of 1798, he sought refuge in Messina; and then in Trieste, Venice and Padua. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. As cardinal protodeacon, crowned Pope Pius VII on March 21, 1800 in Venice. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, April 2, 1800. Returned to Rome with the pope on July 3, 1800. Named prefect of the S.C. of Waters, Fountains and Channels before March 28, 1801. He was one of the fourteen cardinals expelled from Rome by the French authorities on March 23, 1808; he retired to Naples and later to Pegli with his brother Cardinal Giuseppe Maria. Transferred to Paris, he was one of the eleven red cardinals who attended the wedding of Emperor Napoléon I Bonaparte to Archduchess Maria-Louise of Austria on April 2, 1810. In the fall of 1810, he was allowed to leave Paris because of health and established himself in Genoa. After the restoration of the papal government, he returned to Rome. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 16, 1818 until March 29, 1819. Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, October 10, 1819. Prefect of the S.C. of the Discipline of the Regulars, September 11, 1820.

Death. January 31, 1821, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, and buried in the tomb of his family in the church of S. Agnese in Agone (1), Rome.

Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 369-370; "Cardinali morti nel Pontificato di Nostro Signore." Notizie per l'anno 1823. Rome : G.F. Chracas, 1822, p. 57-58; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 35 and 51; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 46 and 50.

Link. His portrait by Vincenzo Milione, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VI, 35; and "Cardinali morti nel Pontificato di Nostro Signore." Notizie per l'anno 1823, pp. 57-58; Boutry, Souverain et Pontife, p. 370, says that he was buried in the church of S. Maria in Allicella.

(47) 13. LIVIZZANI FORNI, Carlo (1722-1802)

Birth. November 1, 1722, Modena. Son of Marquis Ippolito Livizzani and Countess Teresa Forni. Nephew of Cardinal Giuseppe Livizzani Mulazzani (1753).

Education. Collegio Nazareno, Rome.

Early life. Delivered a sermon on the Resurrection in the papal chapel before Pope Benedict XIV, April 4, 1741. Delivered a sermon on the Ascension in the papal chapel before Pope Benedict XIV, May 14, 1746. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Chamberlain of honor di abito paonazzo. Ablegato to Lisbon to deliver the red biretta to the Cardinal José Manuel da Câmara, 1747. Prelate referendary, January 11, 1753. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. Voter of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1766. President of Urbino and protonotary apostolic supernumerary, 1778.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Adriano, April 11, 1785. Prefect of the S.C. of Waters, Bridges and Channels.

Sacred orders. Received the diaconate, May 14, 1785. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, February 21, 1794.

Priesthood, Ordained, April 13, 1794. Ordered to return to Modena by the French when they occupied Rome in 1798. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Returned to Rome in 1800 and welcomed Pope Pius VII to the city.

Death. July 1, 1802, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral took place with the participation of Pope Pius VII.

Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 217-227.

(48) 14. BELLISOMI, Carlo (1736-1808)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of February 14, 1785; published in the consistory of February 21, 1794; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Pace, December 18, 1795. Transferred to the see of Cesena, with personal title of archbishop, September 22, 1795. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII; Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras presented the veto of Holy Roman Emperor Franz II against his election. In 1801 presided, at the request of Napoleon Bonaparte, an ecclesiastical committee that prepared the Organic Law of the Italian Clergy (1802), a legislation similar to the French Concordat of 1801. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, September 18, 1807.

Death. August 9, 1808, Cesena. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Cesena.

Link. His engraving by Carlo Antonini, Museo di Roma, Rome.

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.