(4) 1. BADEN-DURLACH, O.S.B., Bernhard Gustav von (1631-1677)
Birth. December 24, 1631, Karlsburg, Baden-Durlach, Germany. Of the princes of Baden. His first name was Gustav Adolf. Son of Markgrafen Friedrich V. von Baden-Durlach and his second wife Eleonore countess zu Solms-Laubach. Nephew and godson of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden, he was named after him. Raised as a Lutheran.
Education. (No educational information found).
Early life. Officer in the service of Venice and Sweden. Traveled to Italy and France and after a long stay in Rome, converted to Catholicism on August 24, 1660, in the Franciscan cloister of Hermolsheim (Unterelsass) and took the name Bernhard. Participated in the war against the Turks, 1663. Received the minor orders, 1665. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict (Benedictines), Rheinau, 1665. Coadjutor of the abbot of Fulda, 1666. Coadjutor of the abbot of Kempten, 1668. Abbot of Fulda, 1671. Coadjutor in Siegburg, 1671.
Priesthood. Ordained to the priesthood (no date found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of August 24, 1671; published in the consistory of February 22, 1672. Abbot of Kempten, 1672. Prince-abbot of Kempten, 1673. Participated in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Received the red hat and the title of S. Susanna, October 19, 1676.
Death. December 26, 1677, Hammelburg, in the territory of the abbey of Fulda. Buried in Hammelburg, Fulda.
Links. Biography, in German; engraving and biography, in German; and his genealogy, A7, C4, E3.
(5) 2. ESTRÉES, César d' (1628-1714)
Birth. February 5, 1628 (1), Paris, France. Of a noble family originally from Artois. Son of François Annibal, duke d'Estrées, marshal of France, and Marie de Béthune (B5). Brother of Jean II d'Estrées, admiral and marshal of France, viceroy of America. Nephew of Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of King Henry IV of France.
Education. (No information found).
Sacred orders. (No information found). Abbot commendatario of the monastery of Longi Pontis, Soissons. Provost commendatario of Verton, Nanterre.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Laon, August 30, 1655. Consecrated, September 1655, by (no information found). Duke and peer of France. Abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Member of the Académie Française, 1658; was dean of the Académie at the moment of his death. Participated in the Assembly of the Clergy, 1660. Protector of the Académie de Soissons. Ambassador of France before the Holy See.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of August 24, 1671; published in the consistory of May 16, 1672; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Via, August 8, 1672. Minister of Portugal before the Holy See. Opted for the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, January 28, 1675. Participated in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Resigned government of the diocese in favor of his nephew Jean, June 2, 1681. Abbot of St Claude from 1681. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 12, 1682 until January 11, 1683. Commander of the Order of Saint-Esprit, 1688. Participated in the conclave of 1689, which elected Pope Alexander VIII. Participated in the conclave of 1691, which elected Pope Innocent XII. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, September 15, 1698. Participated in the conclave of 1700, which elected Pope Clement XI. Ambassador of France in Spain, 1701-1703. Abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, 1703.
Death. December 18, 1714, in the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Exposed and buried in the church of that abbey.
Links. Engraving and biography, in French; and his engraving by Ferdinand Voet and Aubertus Cluet.
(1) This is according to the site of the Académie Françiase, linked above; Annuaire Pontifical Catholique, 1905, p. 167; and Jean, Les évêques et les archevêques de France. Depuis 1682 jusqu'a 1801, 322. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, V, 7, indicates that he was born on June 3, 1629 and lived 85 years, 6 months and 15 days.
(6) 3. NIDHARD, S.J., Johann Eberhard (1607-1681)
Birth. December 8, 1607, castle of Falkenstein, diocese of Passau, Austria (1). His last name is also listed as Nidhardus, Neidarth, Neidhardt, Nidhard, Neüthardt, and Neidthardt.
Education. Entered the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), October 6, 1631, Vienna.
Priesthood. Ordained to the priesthood (no date found). Professor of philosophy, ethics canon law, dogmatic theology and the art of debating, University of Graz. Named spiritual advisor to Archduchess Maria-Ana of Austria, future wife of King Felipe IV of Spain (1649). After the king died in 1665, she appointed him state councilor and inquisitor general of Spain in September 1666; occupied the post until 1669; he became member of the Council of Regency, of which the inquisitor general was part ex officio. He declined promotion to the cardinalate as the queen desired. Unable to improve the sad conditions in which the previous minister, the count-duke of Olivares, had left the kingdom, suspected by the Spaniards for being Austrian, and intensively disliked and opposed by Don Juan, illegitimate son of King Felipe, he stepped down and was named Spanish ambassador extraordinary to the Holy See in February 1669. Nominated bishop of Agrigento, did not occupy the post.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Edessa in Osrhoëne, November 16, 1671. Consecrated, January 24, 1672, Gesù Church, Rome, by Cardinal Federico Sforza, bishop of Tivoli, assisted by Giacomo Altovitti, titular patriarch of Antioch, and by Gilla Colonna, titular patriarch of Jerusalem.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of August 24, 1671; published in the consistory of May 16, 1672; received the red hat and the title of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, August 8, 1672. Participated in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. Opted for the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, September 25, 1679.
Death. February 1, 1681, at 11 p.m., in his residence in Collegio del Santissimo Nome di Gesù, Rome. Exposed in Gesù church, Rome, where the funeral took place on February 4, 1681, and buried in the tomb of Cardinal Juan de Lugo, S.J., that same church.
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VII, 213-214; Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1500-1699). Españoles obispos en españa, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 34), p. 208; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, pp. 8, 44, 45 and 191.
Links. His engraving by Martin Bernigeroth; his tomb in the Gesù Church, Rome, together with Cardinal Juan de Lugo's tomb.
(1) The site of the bishops of Agrigento, linked above, indicates that he was born in Muhlviertel, Austria.
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