(28) 1. PÁZMÁNY, S.J., Péter (1570-1637)

Links. Biography, in English; his portrait and biography, in English; biography, in German; his engraving by György Szelepcsényi, Christian Museum, Esztergom; his engraving by an anonymous artist; his portrait, Pannonhalma Abbey, Hungary; another portrait, Pannohalma Abbey, Hungary; and another portrait, also at Pannohalma Abbey, Hungary.

(1) He wrote to the genereal of the Jesuits on Februry 28, 1616: Societatem amo atque observo, amaboque dum vivam (I love and respect the Society and I will love it as long as I shall live).
(2) It was a Premonstratesian priory and later, Cardinal Ferenc Forgách, archbishop of Esztergom, gave it to the Society of Jesus.
(3) Now the silver coffin of the saint is in the new chapel of St. John the Almsgiver that was built by Archbishop Imrich Eszterhazy in the 18th century.

(29) 2. SANTACROCE, Antonio (1598-1641)

Birth. 1598, Rome. Son of Marcello Santacroce, of the marquises of Pietraforte, and Porzia, of the marquises del Drago. Nephew of Cardinal Prospero Santacroce (1565). Uncle of Cardinal Marcello Santacroce (1652). Grand-uncle of Cardinal Andrea Santacroce (1699).

Education. Obtained a doctorate in law in Rome.

Early life. Papal prelate. Protonotary apostolic participantium, March 24, 1621. Vice-legate in Viterbo, 162 until October 16252. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1622. Governor of the provinces of Campagna e Marittima, February 20, 1625. Accompanied Cardinal Francesco Barberi, seniore, legate a latere to France, 1625.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Seleucia, with dispensation for not having yet reached the canonical age of 30 years for the episcopate, March 1, 1627. Consecrated, March 21, 1627, church of S. Andrea della Valle, Rome, by Cardinal Tiberio Muti, assisted by Erasmo Paravicini, bishop of Alessandria, and by Francesco Cavalieri, bishop of Sulmona. Nuncio in Poland, April 16, 1627.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 19, 1629; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, August 12, 1630. Legate in Bologna, June 24, 1631 until May 1634. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Chieti, March 10, 1631. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Urbino, June 9, 1636. Resigned the government of the archdiocese in 1639.

Death. November 25, 1641 (1), near 1 p.m., of tuberculosis, in his Roman palace. Buried in his family's church of S. Maria in Publicolis, Rome.

Bibliography. Combaluzier, Fernand. "Sacres épiscopaux à Rome de 1565 à 1662. Analyse intégrale du Ms. «Miscellanea XIII, 33» des Archives Vaticanes." Sacris Eruduri, XVIII (1967-1968), p. 207.

Links. His prosopography, in German; and his tomb in he church of S. Maria in Publicolis, Rome.

(1) Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 22, indicates that he died at 43 but Cardella, Memorie de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VI, 291, says that he was 44 years old when he died.

(30) 3. DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU, O.Carth., Alphonse-Louis (1582-1653)

Birth. 1582, Paris, France. Of a noble family. Second son of François du Plessis de Richelieu and Suzanne de la Porte de Vezins. Brother of Cardinal Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (1622).

Education. Received his early education under the care of his mother in the castle of his paternal grandparents where, together with his two brothers and two sisters, he had moved after the death of the father in 1590. Collège de Navarre, Paris, 1594-1601. Obtained a doctorate in theology in order to occupy the bishopric of Luçon that corresponded almost as inheritance to his family. When he declined, his brother Armand-Jean took his place as bishop of that see.

Early life. Declined promotion to the see of Luçon offered by King Henri IV of France in 1602; entered the Carthusian order, 1602; professed, 1605.

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Bompas. In 1626, his brother the cardinal arranged for his promotion to the episcopate.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Aix-en-Provence, April 27, 1626. Consecrated, June 21, 1626, Carthusian church, Paris, by Guillaume d'Hughes, archbishop of Embrun, assisted by Claude de Rueil, bishop of Bayonne, and by Nicolas Sanguin, bishop of Senlis. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Lyon, November 27, 1628. Abbot commendatario of Saint-Michel, 1628.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 19, 1629, with dispensation for having a brother in the Sacred College of Cardinals. Named by King Louis XIII in 1631, Grand Aumonier of France. Abbot commendatario of Saint-Etienne de Caen, 1632 and of Saint-Victor de Marsella or La Chaise-Dieu. Commander of the Order of Saint-Esprit, 1633. Provisor of La Sorbonne University, Paris. Dean of Saint Martin de Tours. Received the red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, June 4, 1635. During the plague epidemic in Lyon in 1638, he himself assisted in the nursing of the sick. In June 1644, as grand aumonier, he presided over the funeral of King Louis XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1644. He was widely appreciated for his humility and his merciful dedication to the poor. The relationship between the two cardinal brothers was not tension-free despite their close friendship. He introduced chocolate in France and it appears that his excessive consumption was his only vice.

Death. March 24, 1653 (1), of dropsy, Lyon. Buried in the church of  la Charité of the poors' hospital, Lyon.

Bibliography. Bergin, Joseph. The making of the French Episcopate, 1589-1661. New Haven; London : Yale University Press, 1996, ch. IV, "Biographical dictionary," p. 691; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 279-280; Deloche, M. Un frère de Richelieu inconnu. Paris : 1935; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. 22, 50 and 226.

Links. His biography, in German.

(1) This is according to Gauchat, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 22, 50 and 226; Chapeau, Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973, p. 279-280, says that he died on March 23, 1653 in Lyon.

(31) 4. PALLOTTA, Giovanni Battista Maria (1594-1668)

Birth. January 23, 1594, Caldarola, diocese of Camerino. Of a noble family. Nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Evangelista Pallotta (1587). Other members of the family promoted to the cardinalate were Guglielmo Pallotta (1777) and Antonio Pallotta (1823). His last name is also listed as Pallotti and Pallotto.

Education. Studied belle lettere in the boarding school of S. Bernardo, Peurgia, under Antonio Bonciario. Seminario Romano, Rome (philosophy and law).

Early life. Went to Rome in the pontificate of Pope Paul V (1605-1621). Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1611. Vice-legate in Ferrara, 1623. Apostolic collector in Portugal, from June 8, 1624 to June 6, 1626 (1). Governor of Rome, February 14 to April 8, 1628. Nuncio extraordinary before Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria, April 8, 1628, to mediate in the conflict for the succession to the duchy of Mantua. Named nuncio ordinary in Austria, September 9, 1628 until the first half of 1630.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tessalonica, September 18, 1628. Consecrated (no information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 19, 1629; received the red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, May 26, 1631. Founder of the Pio Sodalizio dei Piceni di Roma. Legate in Ferrara, July 1, 1631 until 1634. Participated in the conclave of 1644. Co-protector of Loreto, with Cardinal Antonio Barberini, iuniore, 1644 for eight years. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 7, 1647 until January 13, 1648. Opted for the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, September 23, 1652. Participated in the conclave of 1655 (2). Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, April 21, 1659. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, November 21, 1661. Cardinal primoprete. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, July 2, 1663. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Frascati (3), October 11, 1666. Participated in the conclave of 1667.

Death. January 22, 1668, near 5 a.m., Rome. The remains were deposited in the church of S. Spirito in Sassia, Rome, and later transferred and buried in Caldarola.

Bibliography. Del Re, Niccolò. Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 100; Kiewning, Hans. "Nuntiatur des Pallotto, 1628-1630," in Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland nebst ergänzenden Actenstücken. 4. Abt. : Siebzehntes Jahrhundert. Berlin : A. Bath, 1897; Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, pp. 117-119.

Links. His portrait by an anonymous artist, Palazzo Pio Sodalizio dei Piceni, Rome; biography, in Italian, and his engraving by Giuseppe Testana.

(1) At that time, Portugal was under the king of Spain and the apostolic collector acted as nuncio, or "vice-nuncio".
(2) According to the biographical data of the cardinal in the site of the Pallotta family, linked above, the contemporaries believed that he should have been elected to the pontificate, supported by Austria, Spain, and Tuscany, but that his election had been contested by Donna Olimpia Maidalchini Pamphili, sister in law of the late Pope Innocent X, due to an old rancor. The cardinal had told the pope how the Roman people lamented the poor quality of the bread and Innocent X had chided Donna Olimpia, who had its monopoly, and this had provoked her anger against the cardinal.
(3) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 23; Squicciarini, Nunzi apostolici a Vienna, p. 119, indicates that he was named bishop of Tivoli in 1666 but he is not listed in the series of occupants of that diocese.

(32) 5. NARO, Gregorio (1581-1634)

Birth. 1581, Rome. Son of Gregorio Naro and Olimpia Lante, sister of Virginia Lante, wife of Giovanni Battista Borghese, brother of Pope Paul V. Of the marquises of Mompeo. Nephew of Cardinal Marcello Lante (1606), on his mother's side.

Education. University of Perugia, Perugia (obtained a doctorate).

Early life. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, January 18, 1621. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1622. Prefect of the Annona, November 10, 1623 (1). Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber. Governor of Civitavecchia, 1624-1625. Protonotary apostolic, January 28, 1626.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 19, 1629, with dispensation for having an uncle in the Sacred College of Cardinals; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Quirico e Giulitta, December 17, 1629.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Rieti, February 6, 1634. Consecrated (no information found).

Death. August 7, 1634, Rieti. Transferred to Rome and buried in his family's chapel in the basilica of S. Maria sopra Minerva.

(1) This is according to Weber, Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio (1550-1809), p. 797; Katterbach, Referendarii utriusque Signaturae a Martino V ad Clementem IX et Praelati Signaturae Supplicationum a Martino V ad Leonem XIII, p. 253, indicates that he was appointed on September 1, 1625.

(33) 6. VIRILI, Luca Antonio (1569-1634)

Birth. 1569, Rome. Of a noble family from Sabina. Son of Lelio Virili, a Roman lawyer, and Sigismonda Prati.

Education. University of Siena, Siena (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, 1590).

Early life. Returned to Rome and learned the practice of the Roman Curia in the studio of Francesco Pegna, dean of the Sacred Roman Rota. Pope Paul V (1605-1621) named him civil lieutenent of the auditor of the Apostolic Chamber, Giandomenico Spinola, future cardinal. Named superintendent of the papal household by Pope Gregory XV (1621-1623). Master of chamber of Cardinal Antonio Barberini, iuniore. Secretary of Memorials. Commissary of the Holy See before the duke of Urbino, August - September 1624. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, June 22, 1626. Vice-prefect of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 19, 1629; received the red hat and the title of S. Salvatore in Lauro, December 17, 1629.

Death. June 4, 1634, before dawn, in his Roman residence. The funeral took place in the church of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, Rome, and he was buried in that same church.

(34) 7. TRIVULZIO, Giangiacomo Teodoro (1597-1656)

Birth. 1597 (al. 1596), Milan. Son of Carlo Emmanuele Trivulzio, count of Melzi, and Caterina Gonzaga, daughter of Alfonso Gonzaga, prince of Castelgoffredo. Of a noble family. His last name is also listed as Vivulzio. Count of Melzo, signore of Castelzevio and Codogno. Prince of Musocco and Mesolina. Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Great-grand-nephew of Cardinal Scaramuccia Trivulzio (1517). Grand-nephew of Cardinal Antonio Trivulzio, iuniore (1557). Other cardinals of the family were Antonio Trivulzio, seniore, O.C.R.S.A. (1500); and Agostino Trivulzio (1517).

Education. Educated by his mother after his father's death when he was a young boy. Studied letters.

Early life. Knight of the Order of Santiago, 1606. Milanese patrician, 1609. In 1615, married Giovanna Maria Grimaldi, daughter of Ercole I of Monaco and Maria Landi, of the princes of Val di Taro. First prince of Musocco and prince of the Sacred Roman Empire. Signore of Valle Misolcina, September 17, 1622, with the treatment of "Illustre". Naturalized German in 1625. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1625. Protonotary apostolic participantium, April 21, 1626. Governor of Collescipoli, 1628.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 19, 1629; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Cesareo in Palatio, December 17, 1629. Legate in the Marche, June 2, 1631. Governor general of the national militia of the duchy of Milan and superintendent of the fortresses, 1638. Imperial commissary. Grande of Spain, first class, 1642. Viceroy and captain general of Aragón, 1642. Participated in the conclave of 1644. Opted for the deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere, October 17, 1644. Opted for the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, December 12, 1644. President and captain general of the Kingdom of Sicily, 1647-1649. Viceroy of Sardinia, 1649. Opted for the deaconry of S. Eustachio, September 23, 1652. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, July 21, 1653. Cardinal protodeacon. Participated in the conclave of 1655. Opted for the order of priests and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, May 14, 1655. Governor and captain general of the duchy of Milan, ad interim, December 2, 1655 to August 3, 1656.

Death. August 3, 1656, Milan. Buried in his family's chapel in the basilica of S. Stefano, Milan.

(1) They had two daughters, Ottavia and Caterina, and a son, Ercole Teodoro. She died in 1620.

(35) 8. GUZMÁN DE HAROS, Diego (1566-1631)

Birth. 1566, Ocaña (1), archdiocese of Toledo, Spain. Of a noble family. His second last name is also listed as Aros, Aro and Haro. Some sources (2) list him as Diego Guzmán only.

Education. University of Salamanca, Salamanca (doctorates in theology and law).

Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Chaplain of the Franciscas Discalced, Madrid. Mayor royal chaplain, 1608. Member of the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, August 1613. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Toledo. Abbot of Santander, diocese of Burgos. Preceptor of Infantas Ana María and Margarita.

Episcopate. Named patriarch of the West Indies, March 14, 1616. Elected titular archbishop of Tiro, April 18, 1616. Consecrated, 1616 (no further information found). Commissary of the bull of the crusade in Spain, June 30, 1620. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Seville, September 15, 1625.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of November 19, 1629; published in the consistory of July 15, 1630; never received the red hat and the title. In 1629, traveled to Hungary to accompany his former pupil, Infanta María Ana Margarita, who was going to get married to future Emperor Ferdinand III; and on his return he was going to go to Rome to receive the red hat but died before arriving to the city.

Death. January 21, 1631, Ancona (3). Buried in the church of the Jesuits in Ancona and later transferred and buried in Madrid.

Bibliography. Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1500-1699). Españoles obispos en españa, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 34), p. 133-134.

(1) This is according to Guitarte, Episcopologio español (1500-1699), pp. 133-134. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali de Santa Romana Chiesa, VI, 300, says that he was born in Avila of an illustrious family from Andalucia.
(2) España Sagrada (1879), and Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano Americano
(3) In 1629, he accompanied to Hungary, the new queen, his former pupil Infanta María Ana Margarita, who was going to marry future Emperor Ferdinand III. On his return, he died in Ancona, while travelling to Rome to receive the red hat.

(36) 9. WAZY, S.J., Jan Olbracht (1612-1634)

Birth. May 25, 1612, Kraków, Poland. Son of King Zygmunta III Wazy of Poland and Konstanze of Habsburg, archduchess of Austria. Half-brother of King Wladislas VII of Poland. Brother of Cardinal Jan Kazimierz Wazy, S.J. (1646). His family name is also listed as Vasa, Wasa and Wazów.

Education. Entered the Society of Jesus. (No further educational information found).

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Nominated administrator of the diocese Ermland by its cathedral chapter; named by the pope, with Canon Michael Dzialynski, as co-administrator for a triennium, October 21, 1621.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore tacite in the consistory of November 19, 1629; published in the consistory of December 20, 1632; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Aquiro, December 20, 1632. Administrator of the see of Kraków, retaining the administration of Ermland, November 6, 1632. Elected bishop of Kraków, cum munere administrationis donec ad legitimam aetatem prevenerit, November 20, 1632. Received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Aquiro, December 20, 1632.

Death. December 29, 1634, Padua (1). Transferred to Poland with splendida pompa and buried in the crypt of the Royal Basilica, Wawel Castle, Kraków.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, VI, 301-302; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalvm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque Clementem IX P. O. M. 4 vols. Romae : Cura, et Svmp. Philippi, et Ant. De Rvbeis. Svperiorvm Permissv., 1630, II, col. 978; Gauchat, Patritium. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IV (1592-1667). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1935; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1967, pp. 23, 52 and 167.

Link. His genealogy (Child 8).

(1) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IV, 23. The two genealogies linked above indicate that he died on December 22, 1634.

(37) 10. ROCCI, Ciriaco (1581-1651)

Birth. 1581, Rome. Son of Bernardio Rocci and Clarice Arrigoni. The family was from Cremona. Nephew on his mother's side of Cardinal Pompeio Arrigoni (1596). Uncle of Cardinal Bernardino Rocci (1675).

Education. Studied literarture.

Early life. Abbreviatore del parco maggiore in the Apostolic Chancery, April 2, 1606. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government, 1609. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1609. Governor of Viterbo, December 20, 1620. Vice-legate in Ferrara, June 1624 to December 1628. Prelate of the SS.CC. of Good Government and of the Ecclesiastical State.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Patra, May 29, 1628. Consecrated (no information found). Nuncio in Switzerland, May 29, 1628 until 1630. Nuncio in Austria, May 18, 1630 until 1634.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore tacite in the consistory of November 19, 1629; published in the consistory of November 28, 1633; received the red hat and the title of S. Salvatore in Lauro, August 13, 1635. Legate in Ferrara, February 19, 1637 until February 20, 1640. Participated in the conclave of 1644. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 8, 1646 until January 7, 1647.

Death. September 25, 1651, near 5 p.m., vor allzu Grosser fetigkeit (1), caused by his great obesity, in his Roman palace. Buried in his family's chapel in the church of S. Maria di Monserrato, Rome.

Bibliography. Fink, Urban. Die Luzerner Nuntiatur 1586-1873 : Zur Behördengeschichte und Quellenkunde der päpstlichen Diplomatie in der Schweiz. Luzern ; Stuttgart : Rex Verlag, 1997. (Collectanea Archivi Vaticani ; Bd. 40) (Luzerner Historische Veröffentlichungen ; Bd. 32); Squicciarini, Donato. Die Apostolischen Nuntien in Wien. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1999, pp. 120-121.

Link. His engraving and prosopography, in German.

(1) This is according to Zedler, Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste.

(38) 11. MONTI, Cesare (1593-1650)

Birth. 1593, Milan. Of a patrician family. Son of Princivalle Monti, Milanese patrician, and Anna Landriani. Relative of Cardinal Federico Borromeo (1587).

Education. Collegio Borromeo, Pavia. At 15, advised by Cardinal Borromeo, went to Rome, entered the ecclesiastical state and received the clerical habit from the cardinal. Obtained a doctorate in law.

Early life. Inscribed in Collegio dei Dottori, Milan. Later, practiced law in Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found). Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Prelate of the Sacred Consulta. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition; later, its assessor. Nuncio in Naples, April 17, 1627. Nuncio extraordinary in Spain in 1628, to negotiate with the king the peace in Italy, afflicted by the war of Mantua. Successfully achieved his mission.

Episcopate. Elected titular patriarch of Antioch, November 19, 1629. Consecrated (no information found). Nuncio in Spain, 1629. Named archbishop of Milan, retaining the titular patriarchate, December 20, 1632.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore tacite in the consistory of November 19, 1629; published in the consistory of November 28, 1633. Ceased as patriarch, November 28, 1633. Received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, August 6, 1634. Participated in the conclave of 1644.

Death. August 16, 1650. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Milan and buried in front of the altar of Beatissima Vergine "dell'Albero", in that cathedral. He had stated in his will his wish to be buried in the Santuario di Concesa, but the canons of the cathedral chapter and the Milanese people did not follow his desire volendo avere nel loro Duomo l'Arcivescovo tanto amato..., "wanting to have in their cathedral the beloved archbishop."

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.