Birth. November 14, 1850, Langogne, diocese of Lozère, France. His baptismal name was Blaíse Armand.
Education. Initial education in Langogne. Joined the Order of the Friars Minor Capuchin in the province of Lyon, February 2, 1873; he took the name Pie de Lagogne; professed in 1874. Obtained a doctorate in philosophy in the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1881.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1875. Lector of philosophy in his province. Secretary to the general procurator of his order in Rome, October 20, 1880. Qualificatore of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, May 30, 1892; consultor, June 21, 1900. Consultor of the S.C. of the Index, June 21, 1895. Consultor of the S.C. of the Council, March 31, 1898. Consultor of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, June 30, 1898. Participated in the reform of the Roman congregations in 1908. Spiritual director of the French community in Rome as well as of the Roman aristocracy. He was a friend of La Sapinière, the quasi-secret society which denounced presumed modernists to the Holy See under Pope Pius X.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Corinto, November 27, 1911. Consecrated, December 17, 1911, Sistine chapel, by Pope Pius X, assisted by Augusto Silj, titular archbishop of Cesarea, secret almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness.
Cardinalate. According to Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1915, Pope Pius X revealed that he had offered the cardinalate to Archbishop Sabadel but that he had declined the promotion. Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Code of Canon Law. He published several works, among them Commento sul Decreto della S.C. dei Vescovi e Regolari Quemodmodium, December 17, 1899, (several editions); Vita del Beato Cipriano da Viterbo (three editions); and a translation in French of Diurno quotidiano di Maria, published in Latin by Cardinal José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó, O.F.M.Cap.
Death. May 4, 1914, Capuchin general curia, Rome. The funeral was celebrated on May 7, 1914. Buried (no information found).
Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 479-480; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, p. 141; Goichot, E. "Deux historiens à l'Académie." Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, XXVII (1983), 34-63; 373-396.
Birth. October 18, 1912, parish of Pieve S. Andrea, Casal Fiumanese, diocese of Imola, Italy. Son of Luigi Sabattani and Argia Casadio.
Education. Seminary of Imola, Imola, 1922-1925; received the clerical vestment in his native parish from Paolino Giovanni Tribbioli, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Imola; Regional Seminary Benedetto XV, Bologna, 1927-1934 (master's in dogmatic theology; Pontifical Institute "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorate in utroque iure; thesis: De vita et operibus Alexandri Tartagni de Imola, 1939); Sacred Roman Rota, Rome (diploma of lawyer).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 26, 1935, episcopal chapel, Faenza, by Antonio Scarante, bishop of Faenza. Brief service in the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1939-1940; had to return to his diocese because of family affairs. Successively, 1940-1955, in Imola, diocesan chancellor; faculty member of its seminary; diocesan counselor of Christian Teachers; cathedral canon; in Bologna, judge and official of the regional ecclesiastical tribunal; during the summer months of 1942-1947, worked at the Vatican Secretariat of State. Preivy chamberlain supra numerum, September 30, 1943. Named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, January 31, 1955. The cardinal vicar of Rome named him spiritual counselor of the Catholic Physicians Association of Rome, 1955-1965.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Giustiniana prima and appointed prelate of Loreto and pontifical delegate of its shrine, June 24, 1965. Consecrated, July 25, 1965, church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, by Cardinal Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Frascati, secretary of State, assisted by Francesco Carpino, titular archbishop of Sardi, secretary of the S.C. Consistorial, and by Benigno Carrara, bishop of Imola. President of the Episcopal Conference of the Marches. Secretary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, July 13, 1971. Resigned the pastoral government of the prelature, September 30, 1971. Vicar of the cardinal archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1971. Pro-prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature and pro-president of the Vatican Court of Appeal, May 17, 1982.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 2, 1983. Received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, February 2, 1983. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, February 3, 1983. Archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica and president of the Reverend Fabric of St. Peter's, February 8, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Resigned the prefecture, July 1, 1988. Cardinal protodeacon, November 26, 1990. Vicar general of Vatican City, January 14, 1991. Resigned the posts of archpriest, vicar and president, July 1, 1991. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 18, 1992. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, April 5, 1993.
Death. April 19, 2003, in the morning, in his residence at the Palace of the Tribunal, in piazza Santa Marta, Vatican City. Buried in his family's tomb in Riolo Terme.
Bibliography. Cárcel Ortí, Vicente. "Aurelius Cardinalis Sabattani. Nota biographica." in Dilexit iustitiam : studia in honorem Aurelii Card. Sabattani. Città del Vaticano : Libreria editrice vaticana, 1984. (Studi giuridici ; 5), pp. XV-XX; Sabattani, Aurelio ; Cárcel Ortí, Vicente. Il cardinale Aurelio Sabattani (1912-2003) : omelie, discorsi e testimonianze. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2007.
Birth. April 10, 1878, Aleppo, Syria.
Education. Joined the Missionary Society of Saint Paul. Saint'Anna Seminary, Jerusalem; Paulist houses of studies.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 17, 1905. From 1905 to 1919, pastoral work and superior general of his religious society.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Tyre of the Melkites and consecrated, August 30, 1919, Damascus, by Joseph Dimitri Cadi, patriarch of Antioch of the Melkites, assisted by Ignace Homsi, titular bishop of Tarso of the Melkites, and by Flavien Khoury, archbishop of Homs of the Melkites. Patriarchal apostolic vicar, sede vacante, October 30, 1925 until June 21, 1926. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Beirut and Gibail of the Melkites, August 30, 1933. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 25, 1943. Elected Melkite patriarch of Antioch, October 30, 1947; confirmed by the pope, June 21, 1948. He had the title ad personam of the sees of Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkites. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal patriarch in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta, February 25, 1965. The church of S. Maria in Cosmedin was assigned to him for religious celebrations while in Rome, November 22, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967.
Death. November 5, 1967, Beirut. Buried in Damascus, Syria.
Birth. January 12, 1910, Ameca, archdiocese of Guadalajara, México.
Education. Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 26, 1934, Guadalajara. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Guadalajara, 1934-1961. Charged with the construction of the Conciliar Seminary of Guadalajara; member of its faculty, and prefect of studies, 1934-1944; vice-rector, 1944-1950; rector, 1950-1961. Apostolic visitor to the Seminaries of Puebla and Durango, 1958.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Prusiade and appointed coadjutor of Zamora, May 22, 1961. Consecrated, August 20, 1961, Guadalupe, by Cardinal José Garibi Rivera, archbishop of Guadalajara, assisted by Francisco Javier Nuño Guerrero, titular archbishop of Garella, coadjutor of Guadalajara, and by José Gabriel Anaya y Diez de Bonilla, bishop of Zamora. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Transferred to the diocese of Zamora, September 15, 1967. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Guadalajara, February 21, 1970. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza, March 5, 1973. President of the Episcopal Conference of México. Attended the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Attended the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 15, 1987. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 12, 1990.
Death. July 9, 1991, Guadalajara. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara.
Birth. December 11, 1924, Cantù, archdiocese of Milan, Italy.
Education. St. Peter Martyr Seminary, Venegono; Theological Faculty, Milan; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 31, 1947, Milan, by Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, O.S.B., archbishop of Milan. Faculty member, archiepiscopal school, Desio, 1947-1949. Further studies, Rome, 1949-1952. Faculty member, Seminary of Venegono, 1952-1967. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Milan, 1967-1982. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, April 24, 1979. In the archdiocese of Milan, episcopal vicar for the first pastoral zone, March 17, 1982; pro-vicar general, June 18, 1983; major canon of the metropolitan chapter, September 22, 1983.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Gaudiaba and appointed auxiliary of Milan, November 10, 1984. Consecrated, December 7, 1984, Milan, by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, S.J., archbishop of Milan, assisted by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, archbishop emeritus of Milan, and by Giulio Oggioni, bishop of Bergamo. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, January 31, 1989.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio, deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title, June 28, 1991. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese because of bad health, June 19, 1999. Since his resignation he resides in the parish of S. Francesco di Paola, via Montenapoleone 22, Milan. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, December 11, 2004.
Link. His arms.
Birth. November 8, 1920, Acari, diocese of Caico, Brazil. Son of Celso Dantas Sales, judge of the High Court, and Josefa de Araújo Sales. He was baptized on the day of his birth in the parish of N.S.da Guia in Acari.
Education. Minor Seminary, Natal (1936); Major Seminary, Fortaleza (1937-1943).
Priesthood. Ordained, November 21, 1943, Natal, by Marcolino Esmeraldo de Souza Dantas, bishop of Natal. Pastoral work, Natal, 1943-1954.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tibica and appointed auxiliary of Natal, June 1, 1954. Consecrated, August 15, 1954, Natal, by José de Medeiros Delgado, archbishop of São Luis do Maranhão, assisted by Elizeu Simões Mendes, bishop of Mossoró, and by José Adelino Dantas, bishop of Caicó. Apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Natal, January 6 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Apostolic administrator of the archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia, July 6, 1964. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of São Salvador da Bahia, October 29, 1968.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gregorio VII, April 30, 1969. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Brasília, May 5, 1970. Transferred to the metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, March 13, 1971. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Ordinary for the faithful of Oriental rite without their own ordinary, June 22, 1972. Attended the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Attended the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; I Plenary Meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 - 9, 1979; V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See, May 31, 1981. Attended the II Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 23 - 26, 1982; VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; III Plenary Meeting of the College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 21 - 23, 1985; II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Special papal envoy to the 12th National Eucharistic Congress, Natal, October 6-13, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 - 28, 1992. President delegate of the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, November 16 to December 12, 1997, Vatican City. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, November 8, 2000. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 25, 2001. Apostolic administrator of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, July 25, 2001 to September 22, 2001. Resigned the office of ordinary for the faithful of Oriental rite without their own ordinary, October 3, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the coronation of the statue of "Nossa Senhora Aparecida" and the 150th anniversary of the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception that took place in Aparecida, Brazil, September 8, 2004. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the centennial of the coronation of the image of "Nossa Senhora do Sameiro" and of the 150th anniversary of the definition of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. The celebrations took place in Braga, Portugal, on December 8, 2004. Cardinal protopriest, February 16, 2009.
Link. Curriculum vitae, in Portuguese; and his arms.
Birth. February 24, 1870, Mauriac, diocese of Saint-Flour, France. Son of M. Saliège and Marie-Antoinette Monteil. He was the fourth of five children of a family of the rural bourgeoisie of his native city. His siblings were Marcelin, Antony, Marie and Léonie. His father died when he was twelve years old. He had two uncles who were priests and two aunts who were religious. His middle name is also listed as Gérauld.
Education. His maternal uncle, Father Jules Monteil, took charge of his education. He studied at the Minor Diocesan Seminary of Pleaux, Cantal (baccalaureate in philosophy). Then, he entered the Seminary of Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris. He was noted for his oratory talent. Received the subdiaconate on December 22, 1894.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 21, 1895, chapel of the bishop of Saint-Flour. Faculty member of the Minor Diocesan Seminary of Pleaux, 1895-1903. Spiritual director at the Carmelite convent of Saint-Flour. He was never in charge of a parish. Faculty member of the Seminary of Saint-Flour, 1903-1907; its rector, 1917-1925. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Saint-Flour, September 14, 1905; honorary vicar general, March 31, 1918. During the First World War, he was mobilized as a military nurse on August 5, 1914; he was attached to the 163rd Infantry Division. At his request, on May 5, 1916, he was given the function of voluntary chaplain in the sector of Esparges and Mount Cornillet. His conduct during the war earned him a citation of Order du Jour de l'Armée on August 23, 1917. At the end of 1917, at the request of Bishop Paul Lecœur of Saint-Flour, he was demobilized from the army; he had been affected by pepper gas.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gap, October 29, 1925. Consecrated, January 6, 1926, cathedral of Saint-Flour, by Paul-Augustine Lecœur, bishop of Saint-Flour, assisted by Benjamin Roland-Gosselin, titular bishop of Mosinopoli, auxiliary of Paris, and by Hippolyte de La Celle, bishop of Nancy. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Toulouse, December 17, 1928. On August 23, 1942, during the Second World War, he protested the deportation of the Jews and for this, he was later honored in the Yad Vashem (Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority) as a "Righteous among the Nations". By decree of August 7, 1945, he was named Compagnon de la Libération. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, October 15, 1945.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Pudenziana, May 17, 1946. On February 18, 1946, he was decorated with the Croix de la Libération by Pierre Bertaux, commissary of the French Republic. He was an enemy of all totalitarianisms: Communism, Fascism and Nazism. He had prepared his testament on April 4, 1943, and in it, he stated that he wanted a stone over his grave with the simple inscription: "Dilexit Ecclesiam".
Death. November 5, 1956, Toulouse, of a congestion (1). The funeral took place on November 10, 1956, in Saint-Étienne's metropolitan cathedral, Toulouse, celebrated by Cardinal Maurice Feltin, archbishop of Paris, and in the presence of all the other French cardinals; numerous archbishops and bishops; the prefect of Haute-Garonne; the honorary president of the French Republic, Vincent Auriol; the president of the honorary Council, Georges Bidault; and other official representatives. The body of the cardinal received military honors before the door of Saint'Anne of the metropolitan cathedral. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Toulouse (2). Shortly after the burial, his cardinal hat was hung from the ceiling of the cathedral over his tomb. In a small public garden, next to the metropolitan cathedral of Toulouse, a bronze bust of the cardinal was placed in November 1986, on the thirtieth anniversary of his death.
Bibliography. Le cardinal Saliège, archevêque de Toulouse. Actes du colloque des 3 et 4 novembre 2006 à l'occasion du cinquantième anniversaire de la mort du cardinal Saliège. Toulouse :Institut catholique de Toulouse, 2007; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 483-484; Chansou, Joseph. Sous l'épiscopat du cardinal Saliège : 1929-1956, contribution à l'histoire du diocèse de Toulouse. Toulouse (2, rue Deville, 31000) : J. Chansou, 1978; Chansou, Joseph. Sous l'épiscopat du cardinal Saliège : 1929-1956. Baziège : Pélé jeunes région, 2006; Clément, Jean-Louis. Monsigneur Saliège: Archevêque de Toulous, 1929-1956. Paris : Beauchesne, 1994. (Bibliothèue Beauchesne: Religions, Societé, Politique, v. 23.); Commémoration du XXXe anniversaire de la mort du Cardinal Saliège (1956-1986). [Toulouse] : Institut Catholique de Touluse, 1987. (Supplément au Bulletin de littératurue ecclésiastique; Chronique, no. 2, 1987; Variation: Chronique (Institut Catholique de Toulouse) ; 1987, no. 2). Other title: Commémoration du trentième anniversaire de la mort du Cardinal Saliège (1956-1986); Guitton, Jean. Le Cardinal Saliège. Paris : Bernard Grosset, 1957; Saliège, Jules Géraud. Spiritual writings [by] Cardinal Saliège; an anthology chosen and presented by Archbishop Garrone. Langley (Bucks.) : St. Paul Publications, 1966. Note: Originally published as Ècrits spirtuels. Paris, Grasset, 1960. Translated [from the French] by Malachy G. Carroll; Sandy, Isabelle ; Dufaur, Marguerite. De granit et de pourpre : le cardinal Saliège. Paris : Spes, 1957; Vié, Louis. Le cardinal Saliège, archevêque de Toulouse, 1870-1956. Toulouse : Semaine catholique, 1956. Note: "Articles ... publiés par la Semaine catholique de Toulouse, dans ses numéros des 11 et 18 nov. 1956".
Link. Photograph and biography, in French.
(1) These are the texts of telegrams of condolence, taken from Guitton, Le Cardinal Saliège, p. 323, sent in the name of Pope Pius XII to Archbishop Gabriel Marie Garrone, coadjutor of Tolouse:
Sa Sainteté douloureusement affectée décès trés regretté cardinal Saliège, recommande divine miséricorde âme éminent pasteur dont elle appréciait hautement zèle et énergie service Église. Envoie Votre Excellence, clergé et tout diocèse en deuil réconfort, paternelle Bénédiction apostolique.
By President René Coty of France:
Bien ému du décès du grand Prince de l'Église qui fut toujours et spécialement aux heures les plus sombres un modèle de patriotisme et de courage; je vous prie d'agréer pour vous-même, Monseigneur, et pour le diocèse de Toulouse, l'expression de ma sympathie profondément attristée
And by Cardinal Joseph Frings, archbishop of Cologne, Germany:
Du fond du coeur je m'unis au deuil du diocèse de Toulouse. Créé cardinal par le Saint-Père en même temps que S. Em. le cardinal Saliège, je n'ai cessé d'avoir pour l'extrême pénétration de son esprit, son héroïque patience, sa très profonde piété, un sentiment d'admiration. J'ai offert le Saint Sacrifice pour le repos de son âme.
(2) This is the inscription on his tomb, taken from Guitton, Le Cardinal Saliège, p. 330:
Birth. July 25, 1870, Grotte di Castro, diocese of Montefiascone, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Orvieto, Orvieto; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, Rome; Royal University, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 22, 1894, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1894-1897. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, 1897-1912. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", 1902-1912. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, July 20, 1915. Assessor of the S.C. of Rites and subpromoter of the Faith, July 10, 1915; promoter, 1925.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippopoli di Tracia, June 30, 1930. Consecrated, July 6, 1930, basilica of S. Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio, Rome, by Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum, C.SS.R., prefect of S.C. for Propagation of Faith, assisted by Luigi Olivarès, S.D.B., bishop of Nepi e Sutri, and by Giovanni Rosi, bishop of Montefiascone. Named secretary of the S.C. for Propagation of Faith and rector of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," July 3, 1930. Founder of the Scientifical Missionary Institute of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide."
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest and reserved in pectore, March 13, 1933; published, December 16, 1935; received the red hat and the title of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, December 19, 1935. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites, September 14, 1938. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, December 11, 1939.
Death. October 24, 1947, Rome. Buried in Grotte di Castro.
Bibliography. Sturzo, Luigi. Il Cardinale Carlo Salotti, nelle sue memorie. Alba : Edizione Paoline, 1951.
Birth. September 30, 1828, Aranyosmarót, archdiocese of Esztergom (Gran), Austria-Hungary (now Zlazé Moravce, archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava, Slovakia). Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 23, 1836.
Education. Seminary of Presbourg, Presbourg; Pazmaneum College, Vienna; University of Vienna, Vienna (doctorate in theology, June 13, 1862). Received the insignias of the clerical character and the minor orders, 1846; subdiaconate, July 20, 1852; diaconate, July 22, 1852.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 23, 1852, Esztergom. Faculty member of the Tyrnau archiepiscopal gymnasium, 1852-1855. Prefect of studies of the Central Seminary of Pest, 1855-1859. Professor of theology, Seminary of Esztergom, 1859-1861. Ordinary public professor of biblical studies of the New Testament, University of Pest, 1861-1867. Member of the Hungarian parliament; counselor of the Ministry of Cult and Public Education; and abbot of St. Helena de Földovár, 1869. Canon of of the metropolitan cathedral of Esztergom, 1870-1871. Belonged to the Deák Party.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Szepes (Spis, now Slovakia), June 26, 1871. Consecrated, July 30, 1871, Esztergom, by János Simor, archbishop of Esztergom, assisted by Janos Zalka, bishop of Györ, and by Jozsef Szabó, titular bishop of Nilopoli, auxiliary of Esztergom. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Eger, July 25, 1873. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, July 30, 1886. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1892.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 11, 1905 (1); received the red hat and the title of S. Marco, December 6, 1906.
Death. August 20, 1912, Eger. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Eger.
Bibliography. Melloni, Alberto. Il conclave. Storia di una istitutzione. Bologna : Il Mulino, 2001, p. 79, n.45.
Link. Picture and brief biographical data, in Hungarian.
(1) According to Melloni, Il conclave. Storia di una istitutzione, p. 79, n.45, on September 19, 1894, he had defended the right of Austria-Hungary to use the veto in the conclave and, because of this, he had not received the red hat despite the strong pressure of the court of Vienna. Melloni cites as sources of this information, M. Scaduto, "I precedenti di una riforma e le leggi di Pio X sul Conclave" in La Civiltà Cattolica, XCV, 2 (1944), pp. 140-149 and 236-246; and Friedrich Engel-Jánosi, Österreich und der Vatikan 1846-1918, II, Die Pontifikat Pius X. und Benedikts XV. (1903-1918), Graz : Verlag Styria, 1958-1960, pp. 79-91.
Birth. December 4, 1905, Bardi, diocese of Piacenza, Italy. Son of Gino Samorè and Giuseppina Basini. He had a sister, Jolanda, who was two years older than him.
Education. Seminary of Piacenza, Piacenza; Pontifical Lateran Athenaeum, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1928, Piacenza, by Ersilio Menzani, bishop of Piacenza. Pastoral work in the diocese of Piacenza, 1929-1932. Attaché and secretary of the nunciature in Lithuania, 1932-1936. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, February 28, 1935; reappointed, March 3, 1939. Secretary of the nunciature in Switzerland, 1938. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1938-1947. Counselor of the apostolic delegation in United States of America, 1947-1950. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, February 27, 1947.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tirnovo and appointed nuncio in Colombia, January 30, 1950. Consecrated, April 16, 1950, basilica of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome, by Cardinal Clemente Micara, bishop of Velletri, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Filippo Bernardini, titular archbishop of Antiochia di Pisidia, nuncio in Switzerland, and by Alberto Carinci, bishop of Boiano-Campobasso. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, February 7, 1953. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, June 29, 1967. President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, September 25, 1967. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Prefect of the S.C. for the Discipline of the Sacraments, November 1, 1968. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Resigned the prefecture and appointed librarian and archivist of the Holy Roman Church, January 25, 1974; occupied the post until his death. Named bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, December 12, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Special papal representative before Argentina and Chile to peacefully resolve the border controversy between them, December 24, 1978.
Death. February 3, 1983, of a heart attack, Rome. Buried in the church of the Carmelite monastery of Vetralla, Viterbo.
Bibliography. Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 437.
Birth. March 17, 1920, Pandan, diocese of Virac, Philippines.
Education. Holy Rosary Seminary, Naga; St. Thomas University, Manila (doctorate in theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, May 12, 1946. Successively, 1946-1968, pastoral work in Sorsogon and Legazpi; vicar general of Legazpi; Faculty member, minor seminary of Sorsogon; St. Agnes Academy; lyceum of Albay; St. Thomas University, Legazpi; Holy Rosary Seminary, Naga.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lesvi and appointed auxiliary of Cáceres, February 5, 1968. Consecrated, May 12, 1968, cathedral of San Jorge, Legazpi, by Carmine Rocco, titular archbishop of Iustinianopolis in Galatia, nuncio to the Philippines, assisted by Flaviano Ariola, bishop of Legazpi, and by Arnulfo Arcilla, bishop of Sorsogon. Named coadjutor, with right of succession, of Lucena, December 12, 1972. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Successor to the see of Lucena, September 25, 1976. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Nueva Segovia, January 12, 1982. Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, October 30, 1985. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, March 22, 1986.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Pio V a Villa Carpegna, June 28, 1991. Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and president of the Pontifical Commission for the Preservation of the Artistic and Historical Patrimony of the Church, July 1, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994, Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Cebú, Philippines, April 21-28, 1995. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Nueva Segovia, Philippines, June 4 to 11, 1995. Special papal envoy to the closing of the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Caceres, September 15, 1995. Resigned the prefecture of the Congregation for the Clergy, June 15, 1996. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, March 17, 2000. Opted for the order of priests and his deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title, February 26, 2002.
Bibliography. Bransom, Charles. "Philippine episcopology (IV)." Boletín Eclesiástico de Filipinas, LXV, 718-719 (September-October 1989), 674.
Birth. March 28, 1933, Yahualica, diocese of San Juan de los Lagos, México. His parents were Esteban Sandoval and María Guadalupe Íñiguez; they had twelve children; one of his brothers was a Guadalupan missionary in Korea.
Education. Initial studies at Colegio Amado Nervo, Yahualica; Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, November 11, 1945-1952 (secondary studies, humanities and first year of philosophy); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1952-1961 (licentiate in philosophy and doctorate in theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, October 27, 1957, Rome, by Antonio Samorè, titular archbishop of Tirnovo, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1961. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Guadalajara, 1961. In the Seminary of Guadalajara, 1961-1971, spiritual director; prefect of discipline; prefect of philosophy faculty; faculty member and prefect of students in Tapalpa. Vice-rector, with functions of rector, 1971-1980; named rector, August 22, 1980, occupied the post until 1988. Also, member and president of the presbyteral council; member of the archdiocesan board of government; member of the archdiocesan clergy commission.
Episcopate. Elected coadjutor bishop of Ciudad Juárez, March 3, 1988. Consecrated, April 30, 1988, by Manuel Talamás Camandari, bishop of Ciudad Juárez, assisted by Girolamo Prigione, titular archbishop of Lauriaco, apostolic delegate in México, and by Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, archbishop of Guadalajara. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Succeeded to the see of Ciudad Juárez, July 11, 1992. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Guadalajara, April 21, 1994.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe e S. Filippo Martire in Via Aurelia, November 26, 1994. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, November 6, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; its relator general. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. President-delegate of the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil.
Links. Photograph and biography, in Spanish; and his arms.
Birth. March 18, 1924, Zavala, diocese of Inhambane, Moçambique.
Education. Franciscan Minor Seminary, Amatongas; Missionaries of Africa's Seminary of Nyassaland, Malawi; Franciscan Seminary of Varatojo, Lisbon. Joined the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans); temporary profession, 1948; solemn profession, 1951.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 25, 1953, Lisbon. Pastoral work in the Franciscan missions of Inhabane, Moçambique, 1954-1972. Counselor, Franciscan custody of Moçambique and rector of the minor seminary in Vila Pery (Chimoio), 1972-1974.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Maputo, December 23, 1974. Consecrated, March 9, 1975, Sports Palace, Lourenço Marques, by Cardinal Agnelo Rossi, prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, assisted by Cardinal Laurean Rugambwa, archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam, and by Eduardo Muaca, bishop of Malanje.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of S. Frumenzio ai Prati Fiscali, June 28, 1988. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 22, 2003. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, March 18, 2004.
Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B., André and Charles N. Bransom. "Franciscan bishops." Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), 315.
Birth. August 26, 1908, Guagua, Pampanga, diocese of San Fernando, Philippines.
Education. Seminary of Manila, Manila; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in theology and canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, October 25, 1931, Rome. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Manila, 1932-1934. Vice-chancellor of the archdiocese of Manila, 1934-1938; superintendent of religious instruction, 1934-1938; member of the Executive Committee of the International Eucharistic Congress, Manila, 1937; canon bursar, 1939. Imprisoned during the Second World War, February 4, 1944 to February 4, 1945, when he was freed by the United States troops the day before he was going to be executed. Vicar general of Manila, 1945-1947.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Barca and appointed auxiliary of Manila, August 19, 1947. Consecrated, October 24, 1947, University of Santo Tomás, Manila, by Michael James O'Doherty, archbishop of Manila, assisted by Gabriel Martelino Reyes, archbishop of Cebú, and by Mariano Madriaga, bishop of Lingayen. Reappointed vicar general of Manila, September 29, 1949. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Lipa, December 10, 1949. Received the Grand Cross of the Magistral Grace of the Military Sovereign Order of Malta, February 1950. Apostolic administrator of Infanta, March 1950. Auxiliary bishop of Manila, December 2, 1950. Military vicar of the Philippines, December 10, 1951. Apostolic administrator of Manila, October 17, 1952. Secretary general of the I Plenary Council of Philippines, Manila, January 1953. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Manila, February 10, 1953.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 28, 1960; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria ai Monti, March 31, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. He was the first cardinal from the Philippines.
Death. September 3, 1973, Manila. Buried, crypt of the metropolitan cathedral, Manila.
Bibliography. Acosta, Carmencita H. The life of Rufino Cardinal Santos. Manila: Printed at Kayumanggi Press, Quezon City, Philippines, 1973; Bransom, Charles. "Philippine episcopology (III)." Boletín Eclesiástico de Filipinas, LXV, 716-717 (July-August 1989), 576.
Birth. December 19, 1873, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. Son of Rodolfo Sanz de Samper and Teresa Campuzano. His first name is also listed as Riccardo; and his last name only Sanz de Samper and as de Samper.
Education. Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1896-1899.
Early life. Lieutenant of artillery. Secretary of the legation of Colombia in Paris. Received the clerical habit, June 21, 1895, Paris; the homily was delivered by Msgr. Alfredo Peri-Morosini, secretary of the nunciature in Paris and future bishop apostolic administrator of Canton Ticino, Switzerland.
Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1898, Rome. Privy chamberlain participantium of Pope Leo XIII, September 26, 1899. He was sent to Bilbao, Spain, from October 31, 1900 to November 8, 1900, as special papal delegate to bring a gift from the pope Our Lady of Begoña; the precious gift was a golden rosary in commemoration of the coronation of the image of the Virgin of Begoña, which had taken place on September 8, 1900. Prelate of His Holiness, February 11, 1902. He was sent to México to try to established an apostolic delegation; arrived in México on March 18, 1902 and departed on July 10 of the same year. Named secretary of embassy, August 5, 1903. Privy chamberlain participantium of Pope Pius X, 1903-1914; for six years, interim master of chamber. Coppiere of His Holiness, 1905. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1910. In May 1910, with Msgr. Rodolfo Caroli, he participated in the reopening of the cathedral of Canton Ticino after its repair was finished. Protonotary apostolic supernumerary, July 10, 1910. Secretary of the S.C. Ceremonial, November 2, 1911. Master of Chamber of His Holiness, 1914-1921. Majordome of His Holiness and prefect of the Sacred Apostolic Palace, June 16, 1921 to October 1926; as majordome, he was one of the four prelati di fiocchetti and had ordinary audiences with the pope the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Governor of the conclave of 1922; he heard, from the outside, that in the Sistine Chapel the pope had been elected and ran to give the news to the Pontifical Family; as governor, he was the first, after the cardinals, to pay homage to the new Pope Pius XI. President of the Heraldic Commission of the Pontifical Court. President of the Ospizio dei Convertendi, Rome.
Cardinalate. According to Yves Chiron, Pie XI : 1857-1939 (Paris : Perrin, 2004), p. 130, in 1923 Pope Pius XI wanted to promote him to the cardinalate, but changed his mind when King Alfonso XIII of Spain insisted that he appoint cardinals from South America. The pope did not wish to appear to have been influenced by political considerations (1). In 1926, he was abruptly suspended from his position (2). He resigned the post in October 1928 and was named majordome emeritus (3). He testified for the Positio Summarium during the beatification process of Pope Pius X, which was published in 1949. He moved to Sanremo because of his deteriorating health.
Death. February 22, 1954, Sanremo. Buried in the Armea Cemetery of Sanremo.
Bibliography. Bravo Ugarte, José. Diócesis y obispo de la iglesia mexicana (1519-1965). Con un apéndice de los representantes de la S. Sede en México y viceversa. 2d ed. México : Editorial Jus, 1965. (Colección México Heorico, 39); Bravo Ugarte, José. Historia de México. México : Jus, 1941-1944, 3, II, 432. Contents: v. 1. Elementos prehispanicos.--v. 2. La Nueva Espaqa.--v. 3, I. Independencia, caracterización politica e integracisn social.--v. 3, II. Relaciones internacionales, territorio, sociedad y cultura; Gillow, Eulogio. Apuntes históricos. México : Impr. del. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, 1899; "Liste générale alphabétique des protonotaires apostoliques, prélates de Sa Santité, camériers secrets et d'honneur, d'honneur 'extra urbem', chapelains communs, secrets, d'honneur'extra urbem', et autres collèges prélatices." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, XIV année, 1911, p. 633; XXIV, année, 1931, p. 771; and XXXIX année, 1936, p. 787.
Links. Portrait, medals of the Sede vacante 1922 and biographical data, in Italian (nos. 77-79); Château of Middes, Switzerland, which he bought in 1914 and where he resided until 1930; another site of Château of Middes.
(1) This the text of Chiron's book: En 1923, le roi d'Espagne, Alphonse XIII, au cours de la visite officielle qu'il fit au Vatican, demanda au pape de créer des cardinaux en Amérique du Sud, cette partie du confinent américain n'ayant qu'un représentant au sein du Sacré Collège (le cardinal Arcoverde). Pie XI prit mal cette ingérence. Alors qu'il envisageait de créer cardinal un autre Sud-Américain, Mgr Richard Sanz de Samper, son majordome du palais, prélat de la famille pontificale, il changea d'avis " pour ne pas paraître subir une pression d'un souverain ...". Ce n'est qu'en 1930 qu'un Sud-Amiricain sera cré cardinal. Il s'agira de Mgr Sebastian Leme da Silveira Cintra, archevêque de Rio de Janeiro.
(2) According to Chiron, Pie XI : 1857-1939, p. 130, note in note 2 : Dépêche de Doulcet, le 11 janvier 1924, AMAE, Saint-Siège, vol. 5, f. 69. Peut-être y avait-il aussi d'autres raisons ? Près de cinq ans plus tard, Mgr Sanz de Samper sera " brusquement " éloigné de sa charge, " sans aucune compensation ", et sans le traditionnel chapeau cardinalice attaché à la fonction au bout d'un certain nombre d'années de service (cf. dépêche de Fontenay, le 17 dicembre 1928, AMAE, Saint-Siège, vol. 5, f. 279-280).
(3) With the papal brief Provvida cura dei nostri Predecessori of December 16, 1926, Pope Pius XI suppressed the post of majordome and prefect of the Sacred Palace, dividing the duties between the master of chamber and the Administration of the Wealth of the Holy See (Niccolò Del Re, Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 681). In spite of this, Msgr. Samper's name continued to appear in Annuario Pontificio until 1954, as majordome emeritus of His Holiness; the post was never filled during those years; after his death in 1954, the post continued to be listed and remained vacant until October 29, 1958, when Pope John XXIII named Msgr. Federico Callori di Vignali, future cardinal, to occupy it; the appointment took place the day after the election of the pope; when Pope Paul VI reformed the Pontifical Household by the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of March 28, 1968, the office was definitively suppressed and replaced by that of prefect of the Pontifical Household.
Birth. May 14, 1867, castle of Krasiczyn, diocese of Przemysl, Poland, of a noble family. Youngest of the seven children of Adam Stanisław Count Sapieha-Kodeński and Princess Jadwiga Klementyna Sanguszko-Lubartowicza. His baptismal name was Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonfatiusz Józef. His last name is also listed as Sapieha-Kodeński. Relative of Cardinal Włodzimierz Czacki (1882).
Education. Wyźszym Gimnasium, Lwow, 1886; Jagielloński University, Kraków; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (obtained a doctorate on July 10, 1896). Received the subdiaconate, May 27, 1893; and the diaconate, July 15, 1893.
Priesthood. Ordained, October 1, 1893, Rome by Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko, titular bishop of Memphis, auxiliary of Leopolis of the Latins. Pastoral work in diocese of Lemberg, faculty member of its seminary, 1893-1897; vice-rector, September 23, 1897 to October 27, 1910. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Lemberg, 1902. Privy chamberlain participantium, February 23, 1906.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Kraków, November 27, 1911. Consecrated, December 17, 1911, Sistine Chapel, Vatican apostolic palace, by Pope Pius X, assisted by Augusto Silj, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Capadocia, secret almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, papal sacristan. Promoted to archbishop when Kraków was elevated to metropolitan see, October 28, 1925.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova e S. Francesca Romana, February 22, 1946.
Death. July 23, 1951, at 7:15 a.m., archbishop's palace, Kraków. Buried in Wawel cathedral, Kraków, near the altar of the confession of Sw. Stanisław.
Bibliography. Bogacz, Roman. Ksiaze niezlomny : kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Kraków : Wydawn. UNUM, 2001; Boron, Piotr ; Kosior, Boleslaw ; Laszczak, Kazimierz. Adam Stefan ksiaze Sapieha 1867-1951 - kardynal, metropolita krakowski. Kraków : Komitet Obywatelski miasta Krakowa, 2001; Czajowski, Jacek. Kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Wroclaw : Ossolineum, 1997; Machay, Ferdynand. Dwadziescia piec lat pasterzowania Ksiecia Metropolity Adama Stefana Sapiehy. Kraków : nakl. Komitetu Jubileuszowego, 1937. Other titles: 25 lat pasterzowania Ksiecia Metropolity Adama Stefana Sapiehy : 1912-1937; Jubileuszowa Ksiega Pamiatkowa 1912-1937; Pawlikowski, Tomasz. Adam Stefan Kardynal Sapieha. Lublin : Wydawn. "Test", 2004. (Ludzie niezwykli; Biblioteka im. sw. Jadwigi Królowe); Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 251-264; Przybyszewski, Bolesław. Adam Syefan Kardynal Sapieha : pasterz dobry, ksiaze niezlomny, 1867-1951. Lancut : Wydawn. De arte, 2002; Stepien, Stanislaw. Kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha : srodowisko rodzinne, zycie i dzielo : praca zbiorowa. Przemysl : Poludniowo-Wschodni Instytut Nauk. w Przemyslu, 1995; Urban, Jacek. Pierwsze lata poslugi ksiecia-biskupa Adama Stefana Sapiehy w diecezji krakowskiej. Kraków : Wydaw. Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej, 2003; Wielopolska, Maria Jehanne. Biskup Sapieha w zupelnej zgodzie z prawem i co z tego za wniosek. [s. l.] : nakl. aut., Druk. Rotacyjna, 1937; Wolny, Jerzy ; Zawadzki, Roman Maria. Archidiecezja Krakowska za pasterzowania Adama Stefana Sapiehy : praca zbiorowa. Kraków : Polskie Towarzystwo Teologiczne, 1982. (Ksiega Sapiezynska; t. 1); Corporate name: Ecclesia Catholica. Archidiecezja Krakowska; Wolny, Jerzy ; Zawadzki, Roman Maria. Ksiega Sapiezynska : praca zbiorowa. 2 vols. Kraków : Polskie Tow. Teologiczne, 1982. Contents: t. 1. Archidiecezja krakowska za pasterzowania Adama Stefana Sapiehy -- t. 2. Dzialalnosc koscielna i narodowa Adama Stefana Sapiehy; Wróbel, Wieslaw. Troska biskupa Adama Sapiehy o wysiedlonych i uchodzcsw w latach 1914-1916. Kraków : Wydaw. Sw. Stanislawa BM Archidiecezji Krakowskiej, 1999.
Links. Genealogy, Section II, 7a; and photograph and genealogy, in Polish.
Birth. January 6, 1932, Gagos, diocese of Guarda, Portugal, the sixth of eight children of Antonio Saraiva and Maria da Natividade Martins.
Education. Joined the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Claretians); Claretian Novitiate, Carvalhos; professed, August 22, 1950; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in theology); Pontifical University "San Tommaso d'Aquino", Rome (doctorate in theology); University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium (courses of specialization in theology); Free University "Gabriele d'Annunzio", Chieti (doctorate in philosophy).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 16, 1957, church of Sacro Cuore a Piazza Navona, Rome, by Ettore Cunial, titular archbishop of Soteropoli, second vice-gerent of Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1958. Professor of metaphysics, Major Seminary of the Italian Claretian province, house of Marino, 1958-1959. Professor of fundamental theology and of sacramental dogmatic theology, "Claretianum", Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, 1959-1969. Professor of sacramental dogmatic theology, Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome, 1969-1988; dean of the Theological Faculty, 1974-1977; president of the dean's committee of the theological faculties of Rome, 1974-1977; rector "Magnifico" of the Pontifical Urbanian University, 1977-1980, 1980-1983, and 1986-1988. Awarded honorary doctorate in philosophy and letters by Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, 1977. President of the committee of rectors of the pontifical universities and athenaeums of Rome, 1978-1983 and 1986-1988. Attended VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; its special secretary.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tuburnica and appointed secretary of Congregation for Catholic Education, May 26, 1988. Consecrated, July 2, 1988, basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, by Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, secretary of State, assisted by Jan Pieter Schotte, C.I.C.M., titular archbishop of Silli, secretary general of the World Synod of Bishops, and by Giovanni Battista Re, titular archbishop of Vescovio, secretary of the Congregation for Bishops. Member of the Pontifical Roman Academy "San Tommaso", November 24, 1989. Attended VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; by papal appointment. Named prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints on May 30, 1998. Attended II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; member of the postsynodal council.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore, February 21, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the XIV National Eucharistic Congress of Brazil, Campinas, July 19 to 22, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as prefect of Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Presided at a Eucharistic celebration at the patriarchal Vatican basilica and, as charged by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, read the Apostolic Letter with which the pope has inscribed in the book of Blesseds the Servant of God Cardinal Clemens August von Galen, October 9, 2005. His resignation from the post of prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, for having reached the age limit, was accepted by the pope on July 9, 2008. On February 24, 2009, he was promoted by Pope Benedict XVI to the order of cardinal bishops with the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina.Special papal envoy to the conclusive celebrations of the jubilar year for the 7th centennial of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe, which took place in Gibraltar on May 5, 2009. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the 50h anniversary of the inauguration of the Shrine of Cristo Re, in Almada, Portugal, on May 17, 2009. Special papal envoy to preside over the election of the new minister general of the Order of the Friars Minor (Franciscans). The proceedings took place in Assisi, Italy, on June 4, 2009, on the occasion of the general chapter of that order.
Link. His arms.
Birth. February 1, 1904, Shittsu, archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan.
Education. Seminary of Nagasaki, Nagasaki; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum, Rome; Catholic University of America, Washington, United States of America..
Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1932, Rome. Successively, 1933-1941, in diocese of Nagasaki, pastoral work, procurator and episcopal chancellor. Apostolic administrator of Taiwan, 1941-1945. Rector, Seminary of Nagasaki, 1945-1947. Successively, 1945-1955, in the diocese of Nagasaki, pastoral work, vicar general, director of diocesan journal, faculty member of "Junshin School ".
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Kagoshima, February 25, 1955. Consecrated, May 3, 1955, church of Our Lady of the Martyrs, Nagasaki, by Maximilien de Furstenberg, titular archbishop of Palto, apostolic delegate in Japan, assisted by Paul Aijiro Yamaguchi, bishop of Nagasaki, and by Paul Yoshigoro Taguchi, bishop of Osaka. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Nagasaki, December 19, 1968. President of the Episcopal Conference of Japan. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1979; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria della Pace, June 30, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 1, 1984. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 8, 1990.
Death. August 8, 1996, Nagasaki. Buried, Akagi no bochi (cemetery of Akagi), Nagasaki, with the deceased priests of the archdiocese.
Birth. November 12 (1), 1856, Montefranco, archdiocese of Spoleto, Italy. Of a notable family. Son of Agostino Donato Flavio Sbarretti, a landowner, and Caterina Tazza. Nephew of Cardinal Enea Sbarretti (1877).
Education. Seminary of Spoleto, Spoleto (classics); Pontifical Roman Seminary "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorates in theology and in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, April 12, 1879, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valetta. Successively, from 1879 to 1893, further studies in Rome; pastoral work in Spoleto; minutante of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, section of affairs of the Americas; professor of moral theology and canon law at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide", from 1885; and staff member of the Secretariat of State. Canon of the chapter of the church of S. Maria ad Martyres, the Pantheon, Rome, 1893. Auditor in the apostolic delegation in United States, 1893-1900. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, November 11, 1895.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of San Cristóbal de La Habana, Cuba, January 9, 1900. Consecrated, February 4, 1900, Washington, by Sebastiano Martinelli, O.S.A., titular archbishop of Efeso, apostolic delegate in United States, assisted by Alfred Allen Paul Curtis, titular bishop of Echino, former bishop of Wilmington, and by John James Joseph Monaghan, bishop of Wilmington. Promoted to titular archbishop of Gortina, September 16, 1901. Transferred to titular see of Efeso, December 16, 1901. Apostolic delegate extraordinary in the Philippines to negotiate the solution of the schismatic Iglesia Filipina Independiente of Fr. Gregorio Aglipay, February 15, 1902. The American government, wishing to negotiate the problems of the local church directly with the Holy See (which it did with the mission of William Howard Taft in 1902), declared him persona non grata and he never went to Manila. Apostolic delegate in Canada, December 26, 1902; he arrived in Ottawa in January 1903; travelled to Europe from September 1906 to June 1907; named also apostolic delegate to Terranove at the beginning of 1910. Left for Rome on April 7, 1910 to present the decrees of the First Plenary Council of Québec (2); never returned to Canada; submitted his official resignation on November 3, 1910. Secretary of S.C. of Religious, October 29, 1910. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, June 8, 1914.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 4, 1916; received the red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, December 7, 1916. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 21, 1926 until ?. Prefect of the S.C. of Council, March 28, 1919 to July 4, 1930. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 21, 1926. Papal legate to the Plenary Council of Povilles, Molfetta, Italy, April 5, 1928; to the Plenary Council of Loreto, Italy, August 15, 1928. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, December 17, 1928. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, July 4, 1930 until his death. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, December 16, 1935. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.
Death. April 1, 1939, Rome. Buried, temporarily in the cemetery church, Montefranco; later, according to his will, transferred to its parish church.
Bibliography. Code, Joseph Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Publishers Joseph Wagner, Inc., 1964, p. 437; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. Les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chornologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 254-257; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), pp. 143-144.
Link. Biography, in Spanish.
(1) This is according to Code, Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964), p. 437, and LeBlanc, Dictionnaire biographiques des évêques catholiques du Canada, p. 254. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 202, indicates that he was born on November 10, 1856.
(2) He convoked the council on May 2, 1909 and presided over its sessions that were held from September 10 to November 1, 1909; 40 members, 124 theologians and several counselors took part; 688 decrees were issued by the council; they were promulgated on April 25, 1925 by Apostolic Delegate Pellegrino Francesco Stagni, O.S.M.
Birth. April 25, 1858, Modena, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Reggio-Emilia, Reggio-Emilia; Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1887. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.
Priesthood. Ordained, 1884. Further studies, 1884-1887. Professor of canon law, Seminary of Reggio-Emilia, 1887-1889. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1889-1891. Secretary of the nunciature in Portugal, July 25, 1891 until 1894. Auditor of the nunciature in Holland, February 13, 1894 unmtil 1905. Privy chamberlain supernumerario, May 3, 1889. Privy chamberlain de numero participantium, December 29, 1899; reappointed, August 51 1903. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, April 11, 1902. Faculty member of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Secretary of the Commission for Administration of Wealth of Holy See, November 26, 1904. Domestic prelate, July 25, 1905. Protonotary apostolic supra numerum, August 29, 1905. In charge of the secretariat of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, December 16, 1907. Secretary of the Commission for Codification of Canon Law, 1908. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesisatical Affairs, March 18, 1908. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, April 23, 1908. Consultor of the S.C. Consistorial, November 4, 1908. Named nuncio in Austria-Hungary, January 27, 1912.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Laodicea, January 30, 1912. Consecrated, February 25, 1912, Matilda chapel, Vatican Apostolic Palace, by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, secretary of State, assisted by Vittorio Amedeo Ranuzzi de' Bianchi, titular archbishop of Tiro, master of chamber of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, papal sacristan.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 6, 1915. Remained in Vienna until the end of 1916. Received the red hat and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, December 7, 1916. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1916. Prefect of the S.C. of Religious, December 19, 1918 to March 6, 1920. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress, Piacenza, Italy, April 30, 1926. Papal Datary, July 22, 1930 until his death.
Death. September 16, 1933, Forte dei Marmi, Massa Carrara. Buried in the chapel of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith in Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome.
Bibliography. Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, pp. 244-246.
Link. Biography, in German.
Birth. February 21, 1920, Beuthen, archdiocese of Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland).
Education. University of Breslau, Breslau; Philosophical-Theological Faculty, Freising; University of Münich, Münich (doctorate in theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, June, 29, 1947, Münich, by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber, archbishop of Münich. Pastoral work in Grafing (vicar) and Traunwalchen (administrator). Subregent of Seminary in Königstein, 1948-1951. Faculty member, Philosophical-Theological Faculty, Königstein, 1952-1957. Habilitation (venia legendi) in theology, 1957. Professor of Dogmatic Theology, Philosophical-Theological Faculty, Königstein, 1957-1962; at the University of Tübingen, 1959-1965; at the University of Münich, 1965-1985. Member of Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, September 11, 1978. Member of the Pontifical International Marian Academy, 1980 and of the Pontifical Roman Theological Academy, 1980. Incardinated in the archdiocese of München und Freising after the jurisdictional reorganization of the former German dioceses in the East, January 1, 1999.
Episcopate. Declined to be promoted to the episcopate because of age.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Francesco Saverio alla Garbatella, February 21, 2001. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave.
Death. December 8, 2005, Münich. In the morning of Tuesday, December 13, the body of the cardinal was taken to the metropolitan cathedral of Münich. Members of the religious family Das Werk, to which the cardinal belonged, held an all day long prayer guard in the cathedral. Cardinal Friedrich Wetter, archbishop of München un Freising, celebrated a pontifical requiem mass on Wednesday, December 14, at 10.30 a.m. in the metropolitan cathedral. The day of the funeral was Thursday, December 15 at 11 a.m.; a pontifical requiem mass was celebrated in the parish church of Sankt Gallus in Bregenz, Vorarlberg, by Cardinal Joachim Meisner, archbishop of Cologne. The burial took place in the cemetery of the religious family "Das Werk" in the monastery of Thalbach, Bregenz, Austria.
Photograph, arms and bibliography on his homepage.
Birth. December 8, 1932, Luzerna, diocese of Joaçaba, Brazil. Son of Alberto Reinaldo Scheid and Rosália Joana Scheid. He was baptized on December 16, 1932.
Education. Joined the Congregation of Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Dehonians). Seminary of the Priests of the Heart of Jesus, Corupá; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology; specialty : Christology).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 3, 1960, Rome, by Inácio João Dal Monte, bishop of Guaxupé. Professor of theology, Christ the King Seminary and Northeast Regional Seminary, Recife, 1964-1965; of Dogma and Liturgy, Theological Institute of Taubaté, 1965-1981; of Religious Culture, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, 1966-1968. Coordinator of Catechesis, Taubaté, 1970-1974. Director of the Faculty of Theology in Taubaté.
Episcopate. Elected first bishop of São José dos Campos, February 11, 1981. Consecrated, May 1, 1981, São José dos Campos, by Carmine Rocco, titular archbishop of Giustinianopoli di Galazia, nuncio in Brazil, assisted by Geraldo de Morais Penido, archbishop coadjutor of Aparecida, and by Honorato Piazaera, bishop of Lages. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Florianópolis, January 23, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; by papal appointment. Transferred to the metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, July 25, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Special papal envoy to the 15th Brazilian National Eucharistic Congress celebrated in Florianópolis, May 18 to 21, 2006. Named member of of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, February 3, 2007. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil. On February 27, 2009, the pope accepted his resignation from the pastoral government of the metropolitan archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro. The pope named Orani João Tempesta, O. Cist., until now archbishop of Belém do Pará, as successor. Cardinal Scheid will be apostolic administrator of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro until the installation of the new archbishop on April 19, 2009.
Links. Photograph and biography, in Portuguese; and his arms.
Birth. February 5, 1903, Bom Princípio, archdiocese of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Second child of Pedro Scherer and Anna Opermann.
Education. Seminary of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, April 3, 1926, Rome. Secretary to the archbishop of Porto Alegre, 1926-1933. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Porto Alegre, 1933-1946.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Emeria and appointed auxiliary of Porto Alegre, June 13, 1946. Consecrated by Carlo Chiarlo, titular archbishop of Amida, nuncio in Brazil, assisted by José Baréa, bishop of Caxias, and by José Newton de Almeida Baptista, bishop of Uruguaiana. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Porto Alegre, December 30, 1946. Consecrated, February 23, 1947, Porto Alegre, by Carlo Chiarlo, titular archbishop of Amida, nuncio in Brazil. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora de La Salette, April 30, 1969. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of Latin American Episcopal Council, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Stabbed and robbed by unknown assailants, who left him in a ditch outside the city when he could not meet their demands for more money, January 1980. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, August 29, 1981. Provedor of the Fraternity of the Santa Casa de Misericordia until his death. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 5, 1983. Attended the IV General Conference of Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12-28, 1992. Member of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul.
Death. March 9, 1996, Aparecida. Buried at the right side of the altar of the metropolitan cathedral Nossa Senhora Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre.
Birth. January 22, 1945, Skalsko, diocese of Litomerice, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Son of Count Maria Hugo Damian Adalbert Josef Hubertus von Schönborn and Baroness Eleonore von Doblhoff. His baptismal name is Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert. His family moved to Austria in September 1945. Besides his native German, he speaks English, French and Italian.
Education. Joined Order of Preachers, 1963. Dominican houses of studies in Walberberg, Bonn, Germany; Le Saulchoir, Paris (doctorate in theology; thesis on the Byzantine iconoclastic debate about whether sacred images should be forbidden or allowed); "École Practique de Hautes Études", La Sorbonne University, Paris; "Institute Catholique", Paris. His thesis to fulfill the post-doctoral lecturing requirement as a professor was "The Icon of Christ or the Human Face of God".
Priesthood. Ordained, December 27, 1970, Vienna, by Cardinal Franz König, archbishop of Vienna. Further studies, 1970-1974. Chaplain to university students, Graz, Austria, 1973-1975. Faculty member, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 1976-1991. Member of the International Theological Commission, 1980-1991; of the Foundation "Pro Oriente", 1984-1991. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; assistant to the special secretary. Faculty member, Superior Philosophical School of the Cisterciense Abbey of Heiligenkreuz, Vienna, Austria. Secretary of the commission of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to edit the new Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1987-1992.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sutri and appointed auxiliary of Vienna, July 11, 1991. Consecrated, September 29, 1991, metropolitan cathedral of Vienna, by Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër, O.S.B., archbishop of Vienna, assisted by Cardinal Franz König, archbishop emeritus of Vienna, and by Vojtech Cikrle, bishop of Brno. Promoted to archbishop coadjutor with right of succession of Vienna, April 13, 1995. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Vienna, September 14, 1995. Ordinary for the Byzantine-rite faithful residing in Austria, November 5, 1995. Preached the spiritual exercises for the pope and the Roman Curia, Lent 1996. Almoner of the Knights of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the title of Gesù Divin Lavoratore, February 23, 1998. President of the Austrian Episcopal Conference, 1998-. Attended the Secobd Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. He presided the First World Apostolic Congress on Mercy, which was held in Rome from April 2 to 6, 2008. Will be special papal envoy to the celebrations of the millennium of the diocese of Pécs, Hungary, which will take place on August 23, 2009.
Links. Photo, arms and biography, in German; his genealogy, 8a, 2g; and The Schönborn Site, in English; and his arms.
Birth. April 29, 1928, Beveren-Leie, diocese of Brugge, Belgium.
Education. Joined the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Missionaries of Scheut), Brussels, 1946. Houses of studies of his congregation; Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium; The Catholic University of America, Washington, United States of America.
Priesthood. Ordained, August 3, 1952. Further studies, Louvain and Washington, 1953-1956; 1962-1963. Form 1963 to 1967, faculty member of the seminary of his congregation, Louvain, and assistant in the Superior Institute of Religious Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain; vice-rector of the theologate of his congregation in Belgium; rector of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary, Washington. Secretary general of his congregation, Rome, 1967-1972; vice-president of the Commission of superiors general. Secretary of the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax, June 27, 1980. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; assistant to the French language group.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Silli and appointed vice-president of the Pontifical Commission Iustitia et Pax, December 20, 1983. Consecrated, January 6, 1984, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, titular archbishop of Tagora, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Durasamy Simon Lourdusamy, archbishop emeritus of Bangalore, secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. In the same ceremony was consecrated Polycarp Pengo, bishop of Nachingwea, future cardinal. Promoted to archbishop and appointed secretary general of the World Synod of Bishops, April 24, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; secretary general. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987; secretary general. President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See, April 14, 1989. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; secretary general. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Giuliano dei Fiamminghi, November 26, 1994. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the elevation of the diocese of St. Louis, United States of America, to metropolitan archdiocese, October 19, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998; the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; secretary general. Special papal envoy for the consecration in Irkutsk, Russia, of the cathedral church of the Apostolic Administration of Oriental Siberia, September 8, 2000. Special papal envoy to the centennial celebrations of the National Eucharistic Congress of St. Louis, United States of America, June 15 to 16, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the reestablishment of the Catholic hierarchy in the Netherlands that took place in Utrecht, June 7, 2003. Resigned the post of secretary general upon reaching the age limit, February 11, 2004. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebrations of the 17th centennial of the martyrdom of St. Domnio, bishop, patron of the archdiocese of Split-Makarsk, Croatia, that took place in Split, May 6 and 7, 2004. Special papal envoy to the solemn closing celebrations of the year dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception, that took place in the National Shrine in Washington, D.C., United States of America, on December 8, 2004.
Death. January 10, 2005, Policlinic "Agostino Gemelli", Rome. Exposed in the chapel of S. Stefano degli Abissini, at the Vatican. Buried, temporarily, in the chapel of the canons of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. In the first week of January 2008, the mortal remains of the cardinal were moved to his definitive tomb in the church of S. Giuliano dei Fiamminghi, his deaconry. The transfer and burial were done privately. A mass for the eternal repose of his soul was celebrated on Sunday January 13, 2008 in that church.
Link. His arms.
Birth. February 20, 1903, Ingolstadt, Germany.
Education. Seminary of Eichstätt, Eichstätt; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, October 28, 1928, Rome. Further studies, 1928-1931, Rome. Pastoral work among German exiles, 1931-1933. Faculty member, Superior School of Philosophy and Theology, Eichstätt, 1933-1941. Vicar general of Eichstätt, 1941-1948.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Eichstätt, July 23, 1948. Consecrated, September 21, 1948, Eichstätt, by Joseph Kolb, archbishop of Bamberg, assisted by Joseph Wendel, bishop of Speyer, and by Arthur Michael Landgraf, titular bishop of Eudocia, auxiliary of Bamberg. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Secretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities, May 17, 1967. Promoted to the titular see of Voturno, January 2, 1968.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Saba, May 24, 1976. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979, Vatican City. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the jubilee of the cathedral of Cologne, Germany, August 15, 1980. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 20, 1983.
Death. September 7, 1983, Nürenberg, Germany. Buried in the cathedral of Eichstätt.
Birth. September 14, 1871, Haus Valbert, diocese of Paderborn, Germany. Son of Oswald Schulte and Antonetta Schlünder. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 24, 1887.
Education. Seminary of Essen, Essen; University of Tübingen, Tübingen (doctorate in theology, March 5, 1903).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 22, 1895, Paderborn, by Hubert Theophil Simar, bishop of Paderborn. Pastoral work in the diocese of Paderborn: vicar in Witten, 1895-1901; repetitor in Collegio Leonino and in the Major Seminary of Paderborn, 1901-1905; professor of theology, canon law, and apologetics in the Theological Faculty of Paderborn, 1905; official episcopal counselor, 1908.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Paderborn by its chapter, November 30, 1909; confirmed by the pope, February 7, 1910. Consecrated, March 19, 1910, cathedral of Paderborn, by Cardinal Anton Hubert Fischer, archbishop of Cologne, assisted by Michael Korum, bishop of Trier, and by Hermann Dingelstadt, bishop of Münster. Apostolic vicar of Anhalt, April 12, 1910. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Cologne, March 8, 1920.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 7, 1921; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Quattri Coronati, March 10, 1921. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI.
Death. March 11, 1941, Cologne. Buried in thr crypt of the archbishops in the metropolitan cathedral of Cologne.
Bibliography. Feckes, Carl. Scientia sacra : theologische Festgabe zugeeignet Seiner Eminenz dem hochwürdigsten Herrn Karl Joseph Kardinal Schulte, Erzbischof von Köln, zum fünfundzwanzigsten Jahrestage der Bischofsweihe 19. März 1935. Köln : J.P. Bachem ; Düsseldorf : L. Schwann, 1935. Contents : I. Beiträge zur historischen Theologie: ein Kirchenkalender aus der römischen Titelkirche der heiligen Vier Gekrönten / T. Klauser. Der griechisch-lateinische Text des Galaterbriefes in der Handschriftengruppe DEFG / K.T. Schäfer. Die Umwandlung des heidnischen in das christliche römische Stadtbild / A. Kalsbach. Alberts des Grossen Kommentar zum Hohenliede / H. Ostlender. Thomas von Aquin über Teilhabe durch Berührung / G. Söhngen. Das Gutachten des Aegidius Romanus über die Lehren des Petrus Johannis Olivi: eine neue Quelle zum Konzil von Vienne (1311 bis 1312) / J. Koch. Das Problem der Existenz in idealistischer und romantischer Philosophie und Religion / T. Steinbüchel. Notes : II. Beiträge zur systematischen Theologie: Der dogmatische Beweis aus der Liturgie / J. Brinktrine. Das Fundamentalprinzip der Mariologie: ein Beitrag zu ihrem organischen Aufbau / C. Feckes. Zur moraltheologischen Beurteilung der Tagträume / W. Schöllgen. Die iustitia socialis: ein Beitrag zur Klärung des Begriffes / W. Heinen. Modernes Rechtsdenken und kanonisches Recht / J. Klein; Hehl, Ulrich von. "Schulte, Karl Joseph (1871-1941)". Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1785/1803 bis 1945 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1983, pp. 680-682.
Links. Biography, in German; his portrait and brief biographical entry, in German; and his tomb in the metropolitan cathedral of Cologne.
Birth. January 18, 1880, at Ospedale Santissimo Salvatore, Rome, Italy. Son of Giovanni Schuster and Maria Ana Tutzer. The father, twice a widower, was from Bavaria and thirty years older than the mother. He had a sister, Giulia, who entered the Order of Sisters of Charity of S. Vincenzo di Paul; and three half siblings from his father's second marriage. His baptismal name was Alfredo Ludovico. He was kidnapped when he was a small child and returned quickly; the kidnapper was immediately arrested. As a boy, he served mass at the church of Teutonic Cemetery, next to St. Peter's basilica.
Education. Initial studies, ginnasiali and liceali at S. Paolo fuori le mura, November 1891; joined the order of St. Benedict at the novitiate of the monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, and took the name Ildefonso, November 13, 1898; professed, November 13, 1900; Pontifical Academy of S. Anselmo, Rome obtained a doctorate in philosophy, June 14, 1903; and shortly after, a doctorate in theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 19, 1904, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, archpriest of that basilica and vicar general of Rome. Community member of S. Paolo fuori le mura, 1904-1908; master of novices, 1908-1916; prior, 1916-1918. Procurator general of the Congregation of Monte Cassino, 1914-1929. Elected abbot-ordinary of the abbey nullius of S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome, April 6, 1918; received the abbatial blessing from Cardinal Basilio Pompilj, bishop of Velletri, vicar general of Rome, April 14, 1918, S. Paolo fuori le Mura. President of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, October 7, 1919 to July 4, 1922. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Lombardy Campania and Calabria, 1924-1928; recommended to Pope Pius XI the foundation of a major seminary for the archdiocese of Milan in Venegono. Between the end of November and beginning of December 1926, Abbot Schuster preached the spiritual exercises to Archbishop Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, future cardinal, pope and blessed, at S. Paolo fuori le mura.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Milan, June 26, 1929. On July 13, 1929, he took the oath of loyalty to the Italian State before King Vittorio Emmanuele III, according to the new concordat between Italy and the Holy See; he was the first Italian bishop to take the oath.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of July 15, 1929; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, July 18, 1929. Consecrated, July 21, 1929, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. Papal legate to the centennial celebration of Our Lady of Caravaggio, August 15, 1932; to the 10th centennial celebration of Einsiedeln Abbey, Switzerland, March 21, 1934; to the inauguration of the new facade of Desio's cathedral, September 15, 1937. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Assisi, Italy, August 2, 1951. Cardinal protopriest, June 12, 1952.
Death. Monday August 30, 1954, at 4:15 a.m., Archiepiscopal Seminary Pio XI, Venegono Inferiore, near Milan. The funeral was celebrated by Cardinal Roncalli, patriarch of Venice, future pope and blessed. Buried on September 2, 1954 in the metropolitan cathedral of Milan, next to his two immediate predecessors, Cardinals Andrea Carlo Ferrari and Eugenio Tosi, O.SS.C.A.
Beatification. The diocesan process was opened, August 30, 1957, by Giovanni Battista Montini, archbishop of Milan, future Pope Paul VI; it was concluded on October 31, 1963. When his tomb was opened for the recognition of the body, on January 28, 1985, it was found to be intact. He was beatified on May 12, 1996 by Pope John Paul II.
Bibliography. Basadonna, Giorgio. Cardinal Schuster. Un monaco vescovo nella dinamica Milano. Milan: Edizione Paoline, 1996; Belski Lagazzi, Ines. Il Cardinale Schuster. Torino Edizioni Paoline 1965; Il Cardinale Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster : avvio allo studio. Milano : Nuove edizioni Duomo, 1979. (Archivio ambrosiano; 38.); Il Cardinale Ildefonso Schuster, cenni biografici. Milano: Abbazia di Viboldone 1954; Cavaterra, Emilio. Salvate Milano : la mediazione del cardinale Schuster nel 1945. Milan : Mursia, 1995. (Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia ; 223); Crippa, Luigi. Il servo di Dio A. Ildefonso Card. Schuster O.S.B. nel quarantesimo della morte, 1954-1994. Roma : Benedictina Editrice, 1994. (Sezione monastica ; 8; Variation: Serie monografica di Benedictina. Sezione monastica ; 8). Contents: Alfredo Ildefonso Card. Schuster O.S.B saggio bibliografico / Luigi Crippa -- In margine alla biografia schusteriana: l'Abate Ildefonso Schuster nei ricordi di D. Anselmo Lentini monaco di Montecassino, novizio a S. Paolo fuori le mura (1919-20) / Mariano Dell'Omo -- Schuster-Lazzati: un esemplare rapporto spirituale / Armando Oberti -- Ritratto monastico di Ildefonso Schuster allo specchio delle sue "Lettere dell'amicizia" / Giuseppe Anelli -- Uso e ruolo della S. Scrittura nel pensiero del Card. Schuster / Agostino Rznzato -- La prima e la seconda dedicazione dellas Chiesa monastica delle Benedettine del SS. Sacramento di Milano nell'esperienza spirituale del Card. A. Ildefonso Schuster / Annamaria Valli -- Vita monastica, studio e lavoro nel pensiero del Card. Schuster / Massimo Lapponi -- L'opera del Cardinale Schuster nella storiografia monastica del novecento / Gregorio Penco -- Ildefonso Schuster storico di Farfa e della Sabina / Tersilio Leggio -- Il Card. Ildefonso Schuster: Santa Vittoria e Farfensi nel Piceno / Giuseppe Crocetti; Crivelli, Luigi. Schuster : un monaco prestato a Milano. Prefazione di Indro Montanelli. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan : San Paolo, 1996. (Tempi e figure ; 25); Garzonio, Marco. Schuster. Casale Monferrato : Piemme, 1996; Judica Cordiglia, Giovanni. Il mio cardinale. Milan: Istituto de Propaganda Libraria, 1955; Leccisotti, Tommaso. Il Cardinale Schuster. 2 vols. Milan: Scuola Tipografica S. Benedetto, 1969; Rumi, Giorgio and Majo, Angelo. Il cardinal Schuster e il suo tempo. Introduzione di Virginio Rognoni. Milan : Massimo, 1979. (Collana Problemi del nostro tempo ; n. 44).
Birth. June 14, 1932, Saint-Léonard, diocese of Sion, Switzerland.
Education. Minor Seminary, Sion; College-Institute, Sion; Major Seminary, Sion; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; University of Fribourg, Fribourg (mathematics and theoretical physics).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 7, 1957, Saint-Léonard, by Nestor François Adam, bishop of Sion. Further studies, 1957-1961. Pastoral work in the diocese of Sion, 1961-1977. Chaplain of the Student Youth of Catholic Action, 1958-1966. Military chaplain, 1958-1977. Faculty member of the College-Institute, Sion, 1961-1972; its rector, 1972-1977. Directorof the minor seminary of Sion, 1968-1972. Moderator of the diocesan synod, 1973-1976.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Sion, July 22, 1977. Consecrated, September 17, 1977, Sion, by Nestor François Adam, bishop emeritus of Sion, assisted by Pierre Mamie, bishop of Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg, and by Otmar Mäder, bishop of Sankt Gallen. Attended the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Honorary canon of the territorial abbey of Saint-Maurice d'Agaunne. President of the Episcopal Conference of Switzerland, 1983-1988.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica, June 28, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, December 2, 1993. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese, April 1, 1995. Special papal envoy to the 9th centennial celebration of the cathedral of Valence, France, August 5, 1995; to the celebration of the 750th anniversary of the Council of Lyon, Lyon, France, October 20 to 22, 1995; to the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the apparition of "Notre Dame de la Salette," Grenoble, France, September 19, 1996. Grand prior of the Swiss Lieutenancy and chevalier de Grand Cross of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.
Link. His arms.
Birth. November 7, 1941, Malgrate, archdiocese of Milan, Italy. Son of Carlo Scola, (1903-1996), truck driver, and Regina Colombo, (1901-1992), housewife. The youngest of two sons; his brother Pietro died in 1983. Besides his native Italian, he also speaks French and German.
Education. Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan (doctorate in philosophy; thesis on Christian philosophy, 1967); Seminary of Saronno, Milan (theology); Seminary of Venegono, Milan (theology); University of Fribourg, Switzerland (doctorate in theology; thesis on St. Thomas Aquinas).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 18, 1970, Teramo, by Abele Conigli, bishop of Teramo-Atri. Further studies, Fribourg, Switzerland; Monaco; and Paris, France. Successively, until 1991, active collaborator of Comunione e Liberazione; director of the Institute of Studies for the Transition (ISTRA), Milan; collaborator in the establishment and member of the executive committee of the Italian edition of Rivista Internazionale Communio; pastoral work in Italy and abroad; from 1979, research assistant to the chair of Political Philosophy, and later, assistant to the chair of Fundamental Moral Theology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland; in 1982; later, professor of theological anthropology at the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family at the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; and later, professor of Contemporary Christology at the Faculty of Theology, Pontifical Lateran University, Rome. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30,1987, as an assistant to the special secretary.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Grosseto, July 20, 1991. Consecrated, September 21, 1991, patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, assisted by Adelmo Tacconi, bishop emeritus of Grosseto, and by Abele Congli, bishop emeritus of Teramo-Atri. Named rector magnifico of the Pontifical Lateran University and president of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family, July 1995. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese, September 14, 1995. Promoted to the patriarchate of Venice, January 5, 2002.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. XII Apostoli, October 21, 2003. In September 2004, he founded the Oasis International Studies and Research Centre, to promote better relations between Christians and Muslims. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Relator general of the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church".
Links. Photograph and biography, in Italian; and .
Birth. April 11, 1931, Montemonaco, diocese of San Benedetto del Tronto, Ripatransone-Montalto, Italy.
Education. Episcopal Seminary of Ascoli Piceno, Ascoli Piceno; Archiepiscopal Seminary of Fermo, Fermo; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorate in canon law); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome (diplomacy).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 15, 1956, Fermo. Further studies, Rome, 1956-1960. Secretary of nunciature in Perú, 1960-1962; in nunciature in Brazil, 1962-1966; auditor in nunciature in Chile, 1966-1967. Recalled to the Vatican as secretary of Cardinals Amleto Giovanni Cicognani and Jean Villot, secretaries of State, and later a head of the secretariat of the Sostituto, 1967-1974. Counselor of nunciature in France with special charge before the Council of Europe, 1974-1976. Prelate of honor, April 30, 1974.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cesarea di Mauritania and appointed pro-nuncio in Madagascar and Mauritius and apostolic delegate in La Reunion and the Comoro Islands, September 27, 1976. Consecrated, October 30, 1976, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Jean Villot, secretary of State, assisted by Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy, archbishop emeritus of Bangalore, secretary of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, and by Cleto Bellucci, archbishop de Fermo. Nuncio in Turkey, January 8, 1985. Secretay General of the Council of Presidency of the Central Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, November 16, 1994. President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, November 3, 1997. Attended Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 19 to May 14, 1998; II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Eustachio, February 21, 2001. Attended X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as president of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Participated in the 40th meeting of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, July 4, 2006. The pope accepted his resignation, presented for reason of limit of age, to the office of president of the Prefecture of the Economic Affairs of the Holy See on April 12, 2008.
Link. His arms.
Birth. December 4, 1880, Carazo, diocese of Osma, Spain.
Education. Seminary of Burgos, Burgos; Pontifical University of Comillas, Comillas.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 9, 1906. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Burgos and faculty member of its seminary, 1906-1912. Faculty member of the Pontifical University of Valladolid, 1912-1916; prefect of studies. Director of Works; official of the archdiocesan curia; and canon of the cathedral chapter of Valladolid, 1912-1916.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Apollonia and appointed auxiliary of Valladolid, March 14, 1916. Consecrated, June 13, 1916, Comillas, by Cardinal José María Cos Macho, archbishop of Valladolid, assisted by Vicente Santiago Sánchez de Castro, bishop of Santander, and by Julián de Diego y García Alcolea, bishop of Salamanca. Transferred to the see of Coria-Cáceres, July 10, 1920. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Burgos, December 20, 1926. Transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo, December 19, 1927.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 19, 1927; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, October 28, 1929. Expelled from Spain by the Republican government, July 1931. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, September 26, 1931, France. Arrived in Rome, December 20, 1931. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, September 14, 1937. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Cardinal protopriest, August 30, 1954.
Death. April 8, 1957, Madrid. Buried, Cerro del Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla.
Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 78; Garriga, Ramón. El Cardenal Segura y el Nacional-Catolicismo. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1977. (Espejo de España, 37); Martínez Sánchez, Santiago. Los papeles perdidos del Cardenal Segura, 1880-1957. Pamplona : Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2004. (Histórica / Ediciones Universidad de Navarra).
Birth. May 27, 1907, Cosenza, Italy. Sixth of the ten children of Hon. Francesco Sensi and Marchioness Andreotti-Loria.
Education. Ginnasio of the Seminary of Cosenza, Cosenza, 1922-1929 (liceale studies); Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Lateran Athenaeum, Rome (doctorate in theology); Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Apollinare, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1932; thesis on Catholic cooperativism); Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1933 (diplomacy).
Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1929, Rome. Further studies, 1930-1932. Minutant in the S.C. of the Council, 1933-1934. Joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See, 1934. Secretary of the nunciature in Romania, 1934-1938. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, March 14, 1935. Secretary of the nunciature in Hungary, 1939. Auditor of the nunciature in Switzerland, 1940-1946. Counselor of the nunciature in Belgium 1946-1947. Domestic prelate of His Holiness (no date found). Attached to the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1947. Counselor of the nunciature in Czechoslovakia, 1947-1949. In charge of international Catholic organizations in the international section of the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1949-1953. Permanent observer of the Holy See before UNESCO, 1953-1956. Chief of the Holy See delegation to the UNESCO General Assembly, Montevideo, Uruguay, 1954.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Sardi and appointed nuncio in Costa Rica, May 21, 1955. Consecrated, July 24, 1955, Rome, by Cardinal Valerio Valeri, prefect of the S.C. for Religious, assisted by Carlo Confalonieri, titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto, secretary of the S.C.for Seminaries and Universities, and by Egidio Vagnozzi, titular archbishop of Mina, nuncio in Philippines. Apostolic delegate in Jerusalem and Palestine, January 12, 1957. Nuncio in Ireland, May 10, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Nuncio in Portugal, July 8, 1967.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Ss. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari, May 24, 1976. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1978. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 27, 1987. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of Regina Apostolorum, June 22, 1987.
Death. July 26, 2001, Rome. Buried in the family chapel, cemetery of Colle Mussano, Cosenza.
Birth. June 2, 1943, Carinaro, diocese of Aversa, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Aversa, Aversa (middle and ginnasiali studies); Pontifical Regional Seminary of Salerno, Salerno (philosophy); Pontifical Major Roman Seminary, Rome (theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorate in theology and licentiate in canon law); "La Sapienza" University, Rome (doctorate in philosophy); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome (diplomacy). Besides his native Italian, he speaks English, French and Spanish. Incardinated in the diocese of Aversa.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 12, 1967, Aversa, by Antonio Cece, bishop of Aversa. Further studies, Rome. Assistant professor of sacramental theology, Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; in charge of dogmatic theology, Pontifical Urban University, Rome; published several works in theology (1). Further studies, Rome. Joined Vatican diplomatic service, 1972. Secretary of the nunciature in Brazil, 1972-1975. Called to the Secretariat of State by Giovanni Benelli, titular archbishop of Tusuro, substitute of the Secretariat of State, worked at first in the international section, particularly in charge of International Organizations and in the Office of Information and Documentation; later in the Office of "Informazione e Documentazione". Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State, 1987-1992. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, October 10, 1987.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Grado and appointed secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy, April 2, 1992. Consecrated, April 26, 1992, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, archbishop of Kraków, and by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, secretary of State. Secretary general of the Committee of the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 and of its council of presidency, November 3, 1997. President of the Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem, November 8, 1997 until July 2001.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Dio Padre misericordioso, February 21, 2001. Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, April 9, 2001. Ceased as president of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem, July 25, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebration of the 1950th anniversary of the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle in India and the 450 years of the beginning of the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Both celebrations took place in Ernakulam, India, November 16 to 17, 2002. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the Third National Eucharistic Congress of Benin, Dassa-Zoumé, November 22 to 24, 2002. Special representative of the pope to confer the episcopal consecration to Father Wenceslao Padilla, C.I.C.M., titular bishop of Tharros, first apostolic prefect of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, August 29, 2003; the following day, he consecrated the new cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul of Ulaanbaatar. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the II American Missionary Congress, Guatemala City, November 25 to 30, 2003. Member of the Special Council for Asia of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops, May 28, 2004. Received, at the Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome, the European prize "Stefano Borgia", November 11, 2004 (2). Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, April 21, 2005; occupied the post until May 20, 2006. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Named metropolitan archbishop of Naples, May 20, 2006. His deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title automatically when he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Naples. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the "Asian Mission Congress", that took place in Chang Mai, Thailand on October 19 to 22, 2006. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church".
Links. Photograph and biography, in Italian and his arms.
(1) Among them, "La dimensione trinitaria del carattere sacramentale", published by the Pontifical Lateran University; and "Persona e storia. Per una teologia della persona", published by Edizioni Paoline.
(2) The prize is promoted by the diocese of Velletri-Segni and by the Center of Borgian Studies. Cardinal Stefano Borgia was the prefect of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide from 1802 to 1804; and in 2004, the bicentennial of his death was commemorated. As prefect, he valued the cultural aspect while constantly maintaining the missionary perspective.
Birth. October 2, 1905, Osijek, diocese of Djakovo, Austria-Hungary, later Yugoslavia, now Croatia. In 1910, his family moved to Zagreb.
Education. Initial and ecclesiastical studies in Zagreb; in 1924, he went to Rome; resided in the Pontifical Collegio Germanico-Ungarico and in Collegio di S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, October 26, 1930, patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, by Giuseppe Palica, titular archbishop of Filippi, vice-gerent of Rome; in the same ceremony was ordained Alojzije Stepinac, his predecessor in the see of Zagreb and future cardinal and blessed. Returned to Zagreb. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Zagreb and professor of religion in middle schools, 1930-1934. Secretary to the archbishop of Zagreb and diocesan official, 1934-1941. Rector of the Seminary of Zagreb, 1941-1951. Administrator of the parish of Christ the King, Zagreb, 1951-1954. When Cardinal Alojzije Stepinac was confined in his native town of Krašić, he was promoted to the episcopate.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippopoli and appointed coadjutor, sedi datus, of Zagreb, July 22, 1954. Consecrated, September 21, 1954, Zagreb, by Josip Antun Ujcić, archbishop of Belgrade, assisted by Franjo Salis-Seewis, titular bishop of Corico, auxiliary of Zagreb, and by Josip Lach, titular bishop of Dodona, auxiliary of Zagreb. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Zagreb, March 5, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Pietro e Paolo in Ostiense, February 25, 1965. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Doctrine of the Faith, January 8 to February 29, 1968; prefect, March 1, 1968 to November 25, 1981. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, August 20, 1969. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Papal legate to the 6th International Mariological and the 12th Marian Congresses, Zagreb, July 16, 1971. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinal, December 12, 1974 until May 24, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Special papal envoy to the commemoration of the 11th centennial of exchange of letters between Pope John VIII and Croat prince Branimiro, Nin, Zadar, Yugoslavia, September 2, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Special papal envoy to consecrate the new cathedral of the diocese of Mostar-Duvno, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, September 14, 1980. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Resigned the prefecture, November 25, 1981. Two weeks later, he had to be hospitalized; at the moment of his death, his sister and one of the auxiliary bishops of Zagreb were with him.
Death. December 30, 1981, early in the morning, of a heart attack, polyclinic "Agostino Gemelli", Rome. The following day, his mortal remains were transferred to the church of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni and exposed until Saturday January 2, 1982, when they were moved to the patriarchal Vatican basilica for the funeral; Pope John Paul II presided it and concelebrated with the cardinals present in Rome; after the mass, the body of the late cardinal was taken again to the church of S. Girolamo degli Schiavone, where, in the afternoon, Archbishop Franjo Kuharić presided over a liturgical ceremony; later, the body was transferred to Zagreb; on Tuesday January 5, the funeral was celebrated in the metropolitan cathedral and then, he was buried next to the tomb of his predecessor, Cardinal Stepinac.
Bibliography. Pavicic, Darko. Tajna kardinala vozaca, ili, Kako sam u noci vidio dugu. Zagreb : ITD, 1997. Biographies of Cardinals Stepinac, Alojzije, 1898-1960; Kuharic, Franjo, 1919-2002; and Seper, Franjo, 1905-1981. Other title: Tajna kardinala vozaca; Kako sam u noci vidio dugu.
Birth. August 3, 1852, Rome, Italy. Of an ancient and noble family. His parents were Lugi Serafini and Costanza Di Pietro. His grandfather on his mother's side, Giovanni, was a consistorial lawyer; and having become a widower, he was ordained and named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota by Pope Gregory XVI.
Education. Joined the Order of Saint Benedict Cassinese, 1871; professed, June 16, 1874, Subiaco. Benedictine houses of studies; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, October 21, 1877, Subiaco. Member of the community of the abbey of Subiaco, 1877-1882; master of novices, 1889-1891; lector of theology; prior of the monastery of St. Scholastica, Subiaco, 1891-1892. General procurator of his order in Rome, 1892-1896. Elected abbot of the two monasteries of Subiaco and general abbot of the Benedictine Cassinese Congregation a Primaeva Observantia (called now of Subiaco), June 5, 1896.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Spoleto, April 19, 1900. Consecrated, May 6, 1900, Rome, by Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli, bishop of Frascati, grand penitentiary, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, titular archbishop of Lepanto, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Tommaso Granello, O.P., titular archbishop of Seluecia in Isauria, commissary general of the Holy Office. Apostolic delegate in México, January 4 (1), 1904. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, November 30, 1911. Transferred to the titular see of Seleucia Pieria, March 2, 1912.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the title of S. Cecilia, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the S.C. of Religious, January 27, 1916. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of Faith, February 26 until March 24, 1916; prefect, March 24, 1916 until his death. President of the Pontifical Seminary of Ss. Pietro e Paolo for the Foreign Missions, Rome, March 29, 1916. Protector of the Pontifical North American College, Rome, 1916-1918.
Death. March 5, 1918, Rome. Buried, chapel of the S.C. for the Propagation of Faith, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.
Link. Biography, in German.
(1) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 12; the same source, VIII, 527, indicates that he was appointed on January 6, 1904.
Birth. October 12, 1867, Bolsena, diocese of Orvieto, Italy.
Education. Minor Seminary of Orvieto, Orvieto; Roman-Pio Seminary, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law); Leonine College, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, April 6, 1890. Further studies, Rome, 1890-1895. Faculty member of the Seminary of Orvieto, 1895-1901; rector, 1897-1901 Rector of the Roman-Pio Seminary, June 14, 1901. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, 1901-1907. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, January 7, 1904. Canon of the chapter of S. Maria ad Martyres, the Pantheon, Rome.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Pescia, March 4, 1907. Consecrated, May 26, 1907, altar of the Chair of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Salvatore Fratocchi, bishop of Orvieto, and by Giovanni Battista Scotti, bishop of Osimo e Cingoli. Remained as rector of Roman-Pio Seminary, which was united in 1913 to the Roman Lateran Seminary. Transferred to the titular see of Lampsaco before taking possession of the diocese of Pescia, December 16, 1907. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Marches, 1908; of Fano and Fermo, 1912. Prefect of studies of the Pontifical Roman Seminary, October 20, 1908. Canonist of the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, December 21, 1915. Secretary of the S.C. of Council, October 28, 1923.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1930; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, July 3, 1930. Prefect of the S.C. of the Council, July 4, 1930 until his death. President of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of Code of Canon Law, 1930 until his death.
Death. July 16, 1938, Rome. Buried, basilica of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome.
Bibliography. Curotte, A. Le cardinale Serafini. Montréal, 1938; Franciolini, G. Il cardinale Giulio Serafini. Cortona, 1939; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), pp. 144-145.
Birth. April 23, 1884, Deáki, archabbey of Saint Martin of the Sacred Pannonhalna, Hungary (now Diakovce, archdiocese Bratislava-Trnava, Slovakia).
Education. Joined the Order of Saint Benedict, August 6, 1901, Pannonhalna; professed, July 10, 1905. Benedictine houses of studies.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 14, 1908, Pannonhalna. Member of the community of the abbey of Pannonhalna; faculty member of the International College S. Anselmo, Rome; procurator general of his order in Rome; and counselor to the Hungarian legation in Rome, 1908-1927.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Esztergom, November 30, 1927. Consecrated, January 8, 1928, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almones of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 19, 1927; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, December 22, 1927. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Budapest, September 16, 1928. Prince primate and senator of Hungary by his own right. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.
Death. March 29, 1945, Esztergom. Buried in the metropolitan and primatial cathedral of Esztergom.
Birth. March 22, 1852, Simandre, diocese of Belley, France.
Education. Minor Seminary of Belley; Major Seminary of Belley, Belley. Received the subdiaconate, December 19, 1874; diaconate, May 22, 1875.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1876, Belley. Subdirector of the institute for the deaf and mute, Bourg (Ain), 1875-1876. Professor of dogmatic theology, Sacred Scriptures, and ecclesiastical history, Seminary of Belley in Bourg, 1876-1889; its rector, 1889-1891. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Belley, 1888-1891; titular canon, 1891-1908. Director of the educational institutions and ecclesiastical conferences of the diocese of Belley, 1891-1908. Vicar general of the diocese of Belley, 1904.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Châlons, February 11, 1908. Consecrated, April 5, 1908, cathedral of Belley, by Cardinal Louis-Henri Luçon, archbishop of Reims, assisted by Gaspara-Marie Latty, archbishop of Avignon, and by François Labeuche, bishop of Belley. Promoted to metropolitan see of Lyon, December 12, 1912.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV.
Death. May 4, 1916, Lyon. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Saint-Jean-Baptiste of Lyon.
Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 491-492.
Birth. May 15, 1920, Reyfoun, diocese of Sarba of the Maronites, Lebanon. His first name is also listed as Nasr Allah; as Nasrallah Pierre (Boutros); and his last name as Sufayr.
Education. Seminary of St. Maron, Gahzir; St. Joseph's University, Beïrut (licenciate in philosophy and theology).
Priesthood. Ordained, May 7, 1950. From 1951-1955, pastoral work in Reyfoun and secretary of Maronite diocese of Damas. From 1956-1961, secretary of the Maronite patriarchate, Bkérké; professor of translation in literature and philosophy at the Marist Brothers Maronite School, Jounieh.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tarso of the Maronites and appointed patriarchal vicar of Antioch of the Maronites, Lebanon, June 19, 1961; confirmed by Pope John XXIII, June 23, 1961. Consecrated, July 16, 1961, Bkerké, by Paul Pierre Meouchi, patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites, assisted by Jean Chedid, O.A.A.M., titular bishop of Arca in Fenicia of the Maronites, patriarchal vicar, and Michel Doumith, bishop of Sarba of the Maronites. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Spiritual counselor to the Sovereign Order of Malta, 1980. Elected patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites, April 19, 1986, Bkerké. Received the ecclesiastica communio from Pope John Paul II, May 7, 1986. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987; member of its general secretariat, 1987-1990. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. President of the Assembly of Patriarchs and Catholic Bishops of Lebanon.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal patriarch, November 26, 1994; received the red biretta, November 26, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly for Lebanon of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 26 to December 14, 1995; one of its three presidents delegate. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 15, 2000. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church".
Bibliography. Sufayr, Nasr Allah ; Moubarac, Youakim. Le patriarcat maronite et la question libanaise dans les textes de Sa Béatitude le patriarche Mâr Nasrallah-Pierre Sfeir : anthologie. Réunie, traduite et présentée par Y. Moubarac. Paris : Cariscript, 1990. Notes: Translations from Arabic. Title on cover: La question libanaise dans les textes du patriarche Sfeir. Other title: Selections. French. 1990; Question libanaise dans les textes du patriarche Sfeir.
Birth. December 3, 1923, Puyang, diocese of Taming, China.
Education. Joined Society of Jesus, September 11, 1946; took religious vows, September 12, 1948; final vows, February 2, 1963. St. Joseph Regional Seminary, Chiughsien; Berchmans College, Manila, Philippines (licentiate in philosophy); Bellarmine College, Baguio, Philippines (licentiate in theology); Theologate of Novaliches, Philippines; Xavier University (diploma in education science); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology). Besides Mandarin, his first language, he also speaks Latin, English, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 18, 1955, Baguio. Further studies, Novaliches, 1955-1957. Director of the Chinese section of Sacred Heart School, Cebu, 1957-1959. Further studies in Rome. Assistant of master of novices, Thuduc, Vietnam, 1959-1963. Master of novices and rector of Manresa House, Changhua, Taiwan, 1963-1970. Rector of St. Ignatius Institute, Taipei, 1970-1976. President of the Catholic Schools Association, Taiwan, 1972-1976. President of the Kuangchi Programme Service, 1976-1979. Episcopal vicar of Taipei, 1976-1979.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Hwalien, Taiwan, November 15, 1979. Consecrated, February 14, 1980, by Matthew Kia Yen-wen, archbishop of Taipei, assisted by Stanislaus Lokuang, archbishop emeritus of Taipei, and by Joseph Kuo Joshih, archbishop emeritus of Taipei. President of the Regional Episcopal Conference of China, 1987- . Transferred to the see of Kaohsiung, March 4, 1991.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the title of S. Crisogono, February 21, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 19 to May 18, 1998; relator general; member of the post-synodal council, May 8, 1998. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, December 3, 2003. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005; by papal appointment. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law, January 5, 2006.
Link. His arms.
Birth. March 18, 1898, Baltimore, United States of America. Son of Thomas Patrick Shehan and Anastasia Dames Schofield.
Education. Saint Charles College, Ellicott City, Maryland; Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1922, Rome, by Giuseppe Palica, titular archbishop of Filippi, vice-gerent of Rome. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Baltimore, 1923-1939; 1947-1953; and in the archdiocese of Baltimore and Washington, 1939-1947. Assistant director of Catholic Charities, Washington, D.C., 1929-1936. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, May 17, 1939. Director of Catholic Charities, Washington, D.C., 1936-1945.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lidda and appointed auxiliary of Baltimore and Washington, November 17, 1945. Consecrated, December 12, 1945, St. Patrick's church, Washington, by Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, titular archbishop of Laodicea di Frigia, apostolic delegate in United States, assisted by Peter Leo Ireton, bishop of Richmond, and by John Michael McNamara, titular bishop of Eumenia, auxiliary of Baltimore and Washington. Named auxiliary bishop of Baltimore when the see was separated from Washington, March 15, 1947; vicar general, February 25, 1948. Transferred to the see of Bridgeport, August 25, 1953. Promoted to titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto and appointed coadjutor of Baltimore, with right of succession, September 29, 1961. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Baltimore, December 8, 1961. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of S. Clemente, February 25, 1965. Attended I Ordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29-October 29, 1967. President of Central Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses. Papal legate to the 40th International Eucharistic Congress, Melbourne, Australia, January 25, 1973. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, April 2, 1974. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, March 18, 1978.
Death. August 26, 1984, Baltimore. Buried, Mary Our Queen metropolitan cathedral, Baltimore.
Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. ; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 272; Shehan, Lawrence. A blessing of years: the memoirs of Lawrence Cardinal Shehan. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982.
Link. Photograph, arms and biography, in English.
Birth. June 17, 1928, Hachioji, archdiocese of Tokyo, Japan.
Education. Sophia University, Tokyo (doctorate in philosophy); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1954, Tokyo. Pastoral work in archdiocese of Tokyo, 1954-1957; 1960-1967. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1960.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Atenia and appointed auxiliary of Tokyo, March 15, 1966. Consecrated, May 8, 1966, Tokyo, by Mario Cagna, titular archbishop of Eraclea di Europa, internuncio in Japan, assisted by Laurentius Satoshi Nagae, bishop of Urawa, and by Luke Katsusaburo Arai, bishop of Yokohama. Promoted to titular archbishop of Castro and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Tokyo, November 15, 1969. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Tokyo, February 21, 1970. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. President of the Episcopal Conference of Japan, 1983-1992. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza, November 26, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 17, 2000. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years old on June 17, 2008.
Link. His arms.
Birth. March 17, 1861, Anagni, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Anagni, Anagni; Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome, 1878-1890 (doctorates in philosophy, theology and utroque iure both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 8, 1884 (1), Segni, by his uncle Biagio Sibilia, bishop of Segni. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Anagni. Entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See, April 1890. Auditor of the nunciature in Colombia, September 20 (2), 1890 to 1895; chargé d'affaires, 1895-1898. Honorary chamberlain of His Holiness, December 21, 1894. Auditor of the nunciature in Brazil, August 1898 to July 1901. Auditor of the nunciature in Belgium, July 20, 1901 to September 1902. Auditor of the nunciature in in Spain, 1902 to July 1908; also, ablegato. Apostolic delegate and extraordinary envoy to Chile, July 29, 1908.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Side, July 30, 1908. Appointed internuncio in Chile when the apostolic delegation was elevated to that rank, August 31, 1908 (3). Consecrated, October 11, 1908, chapel of Collegio Pio Latino Americano, Rome, by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, secretary of State, assisted by Enrique Almaraz y Santos, archbishop of Sevilla, and by Ángel Jara, bishop of San Carlos de Ancud. Returned to Rome, April 1914. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 22, 1914. Vicar of Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli, archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, 1916-1922. Counselor of the S.C. for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, May 20, 1919. Nuncio in Austria, December 16, 1922.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1935; received the red biretta from the president of Austria, December 21, 1935; and received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova from the pope, June 18, 1936. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Opted for order of cardinal bishops and suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, December 11, 1939.
Death. August 4, 1948, Anagni. Buried, church of the nuns of Saint Clare, Anagni.
Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1958, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1958, p. 82; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 685; De Marchi, Giuseppe. Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956. Pref. di Antonio Samoré. Roma : Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1957, pp. 50 and 88; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1936, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1937, p. 109; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, p. 342; Sibilia, Salvatore. Il cardinale Enrico Sibilia, un diplomatico della Chiesa (1861-1948). Roma, Tip. della Pace, 1960. (Publicazioni di Salvatore Sibilia su Anagni, 14.); Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, pp. 254-257.
(1) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 342; and Squicciarini, Nunzi apostolici a Vienna, p. 254; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église p. 685, says that he was ordained on September 22, 1883.
(2) This is according to Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église p. 685; Squicciarini, Nunzi apostolici a Vienna, p. 254, indicates that he was named on November 5, 1890.
(3) According to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 88, the decision was communicated to the president of Chile on November 24, 1908; Squicciarini, Nunzi apostolici a Vienna, p. 254, says that November 25, 1908 was the date in which the change of rank took place..
Birth. February 22, 1904, Caïro, Egypt.
Education. Joined the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists); houses of studies of his order in France.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 22, 1939, Dax, France. Faculty member of the Seminary of Evreux, and the scholasticates of Dax and Montmagny, France, 1939-1946. Director of the Ecclesiastical Institute of Catholic Copts, Tantah, Egypt, 1946-1947.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sas and appointed auxiliary of Coptic patriarchate of Alexandria, August 9, 1947. Consecrated, January 25, 1948, Alexandria, by Marc II Khouzam, patriarch of Alexandria of the Copts, assisted by Alexandros Scandar, bishop of Assiut of the Copts, and by Pierre Dib, bishop of Cairo of the Maronites. Elected patriarch of Alexandria of Copts, May 10, 1958. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal patriarch, February 22, 1965; received the red biretta, February 25, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the Second Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the Third Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; the Fourth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979; theFifth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the Sixth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 22, 1984. Resigned the patriarchate, May 24, 1986.
Death. August 23, 1987, Cairo. Buried (no information found).
Birth. July 9, 1846, Calcara di Ussita, diocese of Norcia, Italy .
Education. Seminary of Norcia, Norcia; Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, April 4, 1874, patriarchal Lateran basilica, by Cardinal Costantino Patrizi, bishop of of Ostia and Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals and vicar general of Rome. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome; rector of the hospice "Dei Convertendi"; apostolic delegate of the Shrine of Our Lady of Pompeii. Consultor of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, October 19, 1901. Consultor of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, January 16, 1902. Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, 1904. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, July 7, 1906.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cesarea in Mauretania, December 26, 1906. Named privy almoner of His Holiness, December 31, 1906. Consecrated, January 13, 1907, church of S. Apollinare, Rome, by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, secretary of State, assisted by Pietro Gasparri, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, and by Ercolano Marini, bishop of Norcia. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 24, 1907. Consultor of the S.C. of the Council November 4, 1908. President of the Pontifical Commission for Works of Religion. Vice-camerlengo of Holy Roman Church, December 6, 1916.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1919; received the red hat and the title of S. Cecilia, December 18, 1919. Pontifical vicar of the Shrine of Our Lady of Pompeii and its annex, February 6, 1920. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, March 20, 1920. Participated in conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI.
Death. February 27, 1926, Rome. Buried, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome; he wished to be buried in Ussita, next to the baptismal font of the church of S. Andrea.
Link. Photographs and biography, in Italian.
Birth. April 8, 1876, Recife, diocese of Olinda, Brazil.
Education. Seminary of Olinda, Olinda.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 5, 1899, Olinda. Successively, 1899-1911, pastoral ministry in Recife; pastoral ministry in Olinda; and master of ceremonies in the cathedral of Olinda. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, September 30, 1908.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Floresta, May 12, 1911. Consecrated, October 22, 1911, by Luis Raimundo da Silva Brito, archbishop of Olinda, assisted by Francisco de Paula Silva, C.M., bishop of São Luís do Maranhão, and by Joaquim António d'Almeida, bishop of Natal. Transferred to the see of Barra do Rio Grande, June 25, 1915. Promoted to the metropolitan see of São Salvador da Bahia, December 18, 1924. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, February 22, 1936.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Angelo in Pescheria, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, January 15, 1953. Attended the First General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Rio de Janeiro, July 25 to August 4, 1955. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI.
Death. August 14, 1968, São Salvador da Bahia. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of São Salvador da Bahia.
Birth. September 27, 1907, Talca, Chile. He was the sixteenth of the nineteen children of Ricardo Silva, a farmer and industrialist, of an old family of Portuguese origin that had established itself in Chile at the beginning of the 17th century.
Education. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago de Chile (doctorate in law). Joined the Pious Society of St. Francis de Sales (Salesians of Don Bosco), January 28, 1930, Santiago de Chile; Salesian Philosophate, Santiago de Chile; Pontifical Salesian Athenaeum, Turin, Italy (doctorates in theology and canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, July 3, 1938, Turin. Faculty member of the International Salesian Theological School, Santiago-Cisterna, 1938-1943. Director of the Salesian school "Manuel Arriaráan Barros", La Cisterna; and of the school "Patrocinio de San José", Santiago de Chile, 1943-1951. Founder and president of the Federation of Catholic Schools, 1945. Founder of the journal Rumbos, Santiago de Chile. Director of the International Salesian Theological School, Santiago-Cisterna, 1951-1957. Organized the First Congress of Consecrated Life, 1953. President of the Chilean delegation to the Congress of Consecrated Life, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1956. Director of the professional school "Gratitud Nacional" and of the lyceum "San Juan Bosco", 1957-1959. Organizer and first director of the Catholic Chilean Institute of Migration; and national president of "Cáritas Chile; vice-president of "Cáritas International".
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Valparaíso, October 24, 1959. Consecrated, November 29, 1959, cathedral of Valparaíso, by Opilio Rossi, titular archbishop of Ancira, nuncio in Chile, assisted by Emilio Tagle Covarrubias, titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto, auxiliary of Santiago de Chile, and by Vladimiro Boric Crnosija, S.D.B., bishop of Punta Arenas. Promoted the to metropolitan see of Santiago de Chile, May 14, 1961.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 19, 1962; received the red hat and the title of S. Bernardo alle Terme, March 22, 1962. President of "Cáritas International", Rome, October 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Papal legate to the International Mariological-Marian Congress, Higüey, Dominican Republic, February 2, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Received the "Human Rights Prize" from the Latinamerican Jewish Congress, 1971. Established the Committee of Cooperation for Peace in Chile, 1973, followed by the Vicariate of Solidarity to defend and promote human rights in Chile during the politico-military crisis. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Received the "Human Rights Prize" from the Organization of the United Nations, December 11, 1978. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Received the "Foundation Bruno Kreisky" prize for his defense of human rights, Vienna, Austria, October 19, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 3, 1983. Founder of the "Blas Cañas" University. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, September 27, 1987. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992.
Death. April 9, 1999, Salesian retirement house "Felipe Rinaldi", zone of La Florida, in the outskirts of Santiago. Exposed in the church of San Juan Bosco, Santiago; and buried in the crypt of the metropolitan cathedral of Santiago.
Bibliography. Aguilar, Mario I. "Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, the Catholic Church, and the Pinochet Regime, 1973-1980 : Public Responses to a National Security State." Catholic Historical Review, LXXXIX, 4 (October 2003), 712-731; Benítez Soto, Eduardo. Monseñor Raúl Silva Henríquez, 1961. Octavo Arzobispo de Santiago. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Salesiana, 1982 (Serie Arzobispos de Santiago); Pinochet de la Barra, Oscar. El Cardenal Silva Henríquez: luchador por la justicia. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Salesiana, 1987.
Birth. October 25, 1923, Brisighella, diocese of Faenza, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Faenza, Faenza; University of Bologna, Bologna (doctorate in classical philology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iuris, both canon and civil law); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 13, 1946, cathedral of Faenza, by Giuseppe Battaglia, bishop of Faenza. Further studies, 1946-1953. Joined the Vatican diplomatic service, section of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, Secretariat of State; in charge of affairs of Vietnam, China, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia in general, December 1, 1953. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, December 1, 1957; October 28, 1958. Personal secretary of Cardinals Domenico Tardini and Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, secretaries of State, 1958-1969. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, December 21, 1965. In the Council for Public Affairs of the Church, 1969-1979; in charge of the section for international organizations, peace, disarmament, and human rights; traveled to Moscow with Agostino Casaroli, titular archbishop of Cartagine, secretary of the Council for Public Affairs of the Church, to deliver the instrument of adhesion of the Holy See to the Treaty on proliferation of nuclear weapons, 1971; delegate adjunct for Consultations of Helsinki to prepare the Conference on European Security and Cooperation, 1972; participated in all the phases of the conference in Helsinki and Geneva; adjunct chief of the delegation to the Reunion of Belgrade for the verification and development of the Final Act of Helsinki, 1977; head of the Holy See delegation to the United Nations Conference on peaceful use of nuclear energy, Geneva, 1971, and to the Conference on compliance with the Treaty on Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Geneva, 1975. Under-secretary of the Council for Public Affairs of Church, July 28, 1973. Faculty member, Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Chaplain of His Holiness, December 1, 1977.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Novaliciana and appointed secretary of the Council for Public Affairs of the Church, May 4, 1979. Consecrated, May 27, 1979, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Dourasamy Simon Lourdusamy, archbishop emeritus of Bangalore, secretary of the S.C. for the Evangelization of the Peoples. In the same ceremony was consecrated John Joseph O'Connor, future archbishop of New York and cardinal. Head of the Vatican delegation for the revision of Lateran Concordat with the Italian government, 1979 - 1984; Vatican representative to the Meeting for European Security and Cooperation, Madrid, 1980-1983; to Malta, 1981; to the crisis in Falkland Islands, Buenos Aires, 1982; to Nicaragua and El Salvador, 1983; to Haiti for modification of concordat, 1984; to the X anniversary of the signing of the final document of the Conference on European Security and Cooperation, Helsinki, 1985; to Malta for the agreement on religious schools, 1985; to Lebanon and Syria, 1986; to Malta for matters concerning church-state relations, 1986; to Poland, 1987.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Benedetto fuori Porta S. Paolo, June 28, 1988. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, July 1, 1988. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, May 24, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Attended Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Lebanon, Vatican City, November 16 to December 14, 1995; president delegate. Special envoy to the concluding celebrations of the 4th centenary of Union of Brest, Lviv, Ukraine, October 9-14, 1996. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title, January 9, 1999. Papal representative to the funeral of King Hussein, Amman, Jordan, February 8, 1999. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Special papal envoy to the solemn jubilar celebration of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, exarchal monastery of S. Maria di Grottaferratta, Italy, September 7, 2000. Resigned the prefecture of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, November 25, 2000. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 25, 2003. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the 4th centennial of the arrival in Lithuania of the brief Quae ad sanctorum, of Pope Clement VIII, which authorized the celebration of the Feast of Saint Casimir in Poland and in Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania, May 9, 2004. President of "Fondazione Sacra Famiglia di Nazareth", established by Cardinal Domenico Tardini.
Link. His arms.
Birth. November 26, 1931, Lisse, diocese of Rotterdam, Holland. He was the eldest of eleven siblings. His father was a dentist.
Education. Seminary of Hageveld, Hageveld, 1945-1951; Major Seminary of Warmond, Warmond, 1951-1957; Pontifical University of St. Thomas, Rome; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome (doctorate cum laude in Sacred Scripture; thesis: concerning Jesus as the good shepherd in the gospel of Saint John). Received the diaconate on September 22, 1956, from Johannes Petrus Huibers, bishop of Haarlem, in the chapel of the Major Seminary, Warmond.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 15, 1957, cathedral of St.-Laurentius aan de Westzeedijk, by Martinus Antonius Jansen, first bishop of Rotterdam, in the cathedral church of Saint Laurentius to the West sea dike in Rotterdam. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rotterdam, 1957-1959: curate of the parish of Saint Victor in Waddinxveen; and a year later, curate of the parish Holy Martyrs Gorinchem in Rotterdam. Further studies, Rome, 1959-1966. From 1966 to 1970, pastor of the parish of Blessed Sacrament in The Hague; and chaplain in the Red Cross Hospital. Designated by the episcopate as a participant in the third, fourth and sixth sessions of the pastoral council, 1966-1971, in Noordwijkerhout. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Rotterdam, March 1969.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Rotterdam, December 29, 1970. Consecrated, March 20, 1971, cathedral of Saints Laurentius and Elisabeth, Rotterdam, by Cardinal Bernard Jan Alfrink, archbishop of Utrecht, assisted by Petrus Joannes Moors, bishop of Roermond, and Johannes Willem Maria Bluyssen, bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch. Promoted to archbishop coadjutor, with right of succession, of Utrecht, June 27, 1983. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Utrecht, December 3, 1983.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of S. Clemente, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. President of the Episcopal Conference of Holland. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005; by papal appointment. On April 14, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation from the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Utrecht, Holland, presented in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law; the cardinal was apostolic administrator of the see until the installation of his successor on January 26, 2008.
Links. Photo and biographical information, in Dutch; and his arms.
Birth. August 31, 1928, New Washington, diocese of Kalibo, Philippines. The 14th of 16 children of a Chinese merchant, Juan Sin, and a Filipino woman, Maxima Reyes Lachica. He was educated in the faith by his mother, a woman of great religiosity who converted her husband to the Catholic faith before their marriage. He had a sense of humor about his name, often referring to his residence as "the house of Sin."
Education. In 1941 he entered the Minor Seminary of St. Vincent Ferrer in Jaro, where he stayed for only a few months as the War of the Pacific and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines forced him to seek refuge with his family in the mountains for three years; St. Vincent Ferrer Archdiocesan Seminary, Jaro.
Priesthood. Ordained, April 3, 1954, Jaro, by Antonio Frondosa, bishop of Capiz. His first pastoral endeavor was to visit each one of the hundreds of small widespread parishes and to inspire vocations for the new St. Pius X Seminary, 1954-1957. First rector of St. Pius X Seminary, Roxas City, 1957-1967; he also served as principal, dean of studies, professor and diocesan consultant. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, February 26, 1960.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Obba and appointed auxiliary of Jaro, February 10, 1967. Consecrated, March 18, 1967, cathedral of Roxas City, by Antonio Frondosa, bishop of Capiz, assisted by Juan Nilmar, titular bishop of Zapara, coadjutor with right of succession of Davao, and by Manuel S. Salvador, titular bishop of Nasbinca, auxiliary of Cebú. Apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Jaro, June 20, 1970. Promoted to the titular archbishop of Massa Lubrense and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Jaro, January 15, 1972. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Jaro, October 8, 1972. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Manila, January 21, 1974. Vice-President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines January 1974.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria ai Monti, May 24, 1976. President of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, January 1977; re-elected, July 1979 to 1981. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30-October 29, 1977; member of the general secretariat, 1977 - 1980. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; the I Plenary Meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; member of the general secretariat, 1980-1983. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, May 31, 1981. Hosted the visit of Pope John Paul II to Philippines, 1981. President delegate, Jubilee Celebration Fátima, Portugal, 12 to 13 October 1981. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; member of the general secretariat, 1983-1986; membership extended until 1987 in the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. He played a decisive role in the "people power'' uprising that culminated with the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Hosted the second visit of Pope John Paul II to Philippines for the celebration of the Youth World Day, January 15, 1995 at Rizal Park, Manila, with the participation of four million people, the largest Christian gathering ever in history. In 2001, he led large street protests that provoked the fall of President Joseph Estrada, who was accused of corruption and misrule. His resignation from the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Manila for having reached the age limit was accepted, September 15, 2003. Apostolic administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, September 15, 2003 until November 21, 2003. He received several awards for his defense of human rights as well as thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities throughout the world. Did not participate in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI, for reasons of health. Given the Golden Palm of Jerusalem, the highest award of service of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem on April 28, 2005, at Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyong City. Cardinal Sin was the first Filipino to receive this award.
Death. June 21, 2005, at 6:17 a.m., at the Cardinal Santos Medical Center in San Juan, Metro Manila. Buried in the crypt beneath Manila's metropolitan cathedral on Tuesday, June 28, 2005, beside the tomb of Archbishop Gabriel B. Reyes, the first Filipino archbishop of Manila. Cardinal Rufino Jiao Santos, the first Filipino to be promoted to the cardinalate, is also buried in that crypt.
Bibliography. Bautista, Felix B. Cardinal Sin and the miracle of Asia : a biography. Manila : Vera-Reyes, Inc., 1987; Bransom, Charles. "Philippine episcopology (IV. 1961-1970)." Boletín Eclesiástico de Filipinas, LXV, 718-719 (September-October 1989), 672.
Links. Photograph and biography, in English (Britannica); photograph, coat of arms and biography, in English.
Birth. March 26, 1870, Trino Vercellese, archdiocese of Vercelli, Italy.
Education. Seminary of Vercelli, Vercelli; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Pontifical Roman Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Rome; in Collegio Lombardo, Rome, he was classmate of Carlo Perosi and Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, future cardinals; University of Turin, Turin.
Priesthood. Ordained, 1892, Rome. Further studies, 1892-1894. Vice-rector of the Pontifical Lombard College, Rome, 1894. Faculty member of the Seminary of Vercelli and canon theologian of its cathedral, 1894-1908. Auditor of the Sacred Romon Rota, October 20, 1908. Secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, October 18, 1917. Secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals, 1919. Assessor of the S.C. Consistorial, October 12, 1920. Secretary of the conclave of 1922.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 23, 1923; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro, May 25, 1923. Papal legate to the solemn translation of the bodies of two saint bishops of Crema, October 4, 1923; to the Plenary Council of Abruzzi, Chieti, May 4, 1924; to the Plenary Council of Salerno, April 6, 1925. Pro-secretary of the S.C. for the Oriental Church, February 6, 1926; secretary, February 3, 1927. Papal legate to the centennial celebrations of Saint-Hubert, Namur, Belgium, May 18, 1927. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, December 17, 1928.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Petra di Palestina, January 11, 1929. Consecrated, January 13, 1929, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 30, 1930 until 1931. Papal legate to the centennial celebrations of Saint Emeric, Budapest, Hungary, August 6, 1930. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and suburbicarian see of Palestrina, March 13, 1933. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress of Agrigento, Sicily, Italy, May 1, 1934. President of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Oriental Canon Law, November 23, 1934. President of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, December 12, 1934. President of the Pontifical Commission for the Redaction of the Code of Oriental Canon Law, July 16, 1935.
Death. February 7, 1936, Rome. Buried in the cemetery of Trino Vercellese.
Birth. May 20, 1906, parish of S. Maria Immacolata, Genoa, Italy. Son of Nicolò Siri and Giulia Bellavista.
Education. Minor Seminary of Genoa, October 16, 1916-1917; Major Seminary of Genoa, Genoa, 1917-1926; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1926-1929; obtained a doctorate summa cum laude in theology; while studying in Rome, he resided at the Pontifical Lombardian Seminary.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 22, 1928, cathedral of Genoa, by Cardinal Carlo Dalmazio Minoretti, archbishop of Genoa. Further studies and patoral work, Rome, 1928 to fall 1929. Chaplain at the parish of S. Zita and at "Opera Giosuè Signore", Genoa. Professor of dogmatic theology at the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Genoa, 1930-1946; of fundamental theology, for one year; and pastoral work in Genoa, 1930-1944. Preacher, conferencist and professor of religion at the lyceums "D'Oria" and "Mazzini, 1931-1936. Prosynodal examiner at the archiepiscopal curia, 1936. Rector of Collegio Teologico S. Tommaso d'Aquino, 1937.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Liviade and appointed auxiliary of Genoa, March 14, 1944. Consecrated, May 7, 1944, cathedral of S. Lorenzo, Genoa, by Cardinal Pietro Boetto, S.J., archbishop of Genoa, assisted by Amedeo Casabona, bishop of Chiavari, and by Francesco Canessa, titular bishop of Sarepta. Named pro-vicar generalof the archdiocese on September 8, 1944. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Genoa, May 14, 1946; took possession of the see on May 29, 1946.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Vittoria, January 15, 1953. President of the Italian Apostolate of the Sea, 1955; later, its director general. Bailiff Grand Cross of Honor and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, May 1956. Papal legate to the 4th centennial celebration of the death of St. Ignatius, Loyola, July 19, 1956; to the religious celebrations of the International Exposition of Brussels, Belgium, July 24, 1958. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Pope John XXIII named him first president of the Italian Episcopal Conference on October 12, 1959; occupied the post until 1965. As papal legate, celebrated the wedding ceremony of King Badouin I of Belgium and Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón, cathedral of Brussels, December 15, 1960. Decorated with the grand cross of the Order of Leopold, Belgium. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965; member of its board of presidency, 1963-1965. Decorated with the grand cross of the order of Merit of the Italian Republic, May 1963. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the second Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinal, Vatican City, 1982. Cardinal protopriest, September 18, 1982. Bailiff grand cross of justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George of the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; as special guest. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 20, 1986. Became archbishop of Genoa-Bobbio when the two sees were united, September 30, 1986. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 6, 1987. Retired to Villa Campostano, Albaro. He was the last cardinal elector created by Pope Pius XII.
Death. May 2, 1989, Villa Campostano, Albaro. The funeral took place in the metropolitan cathedral of S. Lorenzo, Genoa, where he was buried.
Bibliography. Buonasorte, Nicla. Siri : tradizione e Novecento. Bologna : Il mulino, 2006. (Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose / Istituto per le scienze religiose, Bologna ; nuova ser., 37; Variation: Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose (Istituto per le scienze religiose di Bologna) ; nuova ser., 37); Doldi Marco. Giuseppe Siri. Il Pastore 1946-1987. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2006; Grone, Mario. Accanto al "mio" Cardinale Giuseppe Siri. Genova: Marietti, 1999; Lai, Benny. Il papa non eletto : Giuseppe Siri, cardinale di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome: Laterza, 1993. (I Robinson); Spiazzi, Raimondo. Il Cardinale Giuseppe Siri, arcivescovo di Genova dal 1946 al 1987. Bologna : Edizione Studio Domenicano, 1990.
Link. Photographs, texts, bibliography and biography, in Italian.
Birth. August 20, 1920, Zasliai, diocese of Kaišiadorys, Lithuania. He was the youngest of the five children of Mykolas Sladkevičius and Uršule Kavaliauskaite, a family of farmers; the other siblings were Ona, Emilija, Jonas and Marija.
Education. Seminary of Kaunas, Kaunas; Theological Faculty, Kaunas.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 25, 1944. From 1944-1959, pastoral work in the diocese of Kaišiadorys; faculty member, prefect of studies and of discipline, Seminary of Kaunas, Kaunas.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Abora and auxiliary, sedis datus, of Kaišiadorys, November 14, 1957. Consecrated, December 25, 1957, Birstone, by Teofilius Matulionis, bishop of Kaišiadorys, assisted by (no information found). Named auxiliary sedi datus, 1963. Impeded from exercising his episcopal ministry by the government, resided in Neumunelio Radviliskis, diocese of Panevėž ys, under virtual house arrest from 1963 to 1982. Appointed apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Kašiadorys, July 15, 1982. President of the Episcopal Conference of Lithuania, April 27, 1988.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of Spirito Santo alla Ferratella, June 28, 1988. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Kaunas, March 10, 1989. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Joined the Congregation of the Marian Clerics of the Immaculate Conception, 1993. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 4, 1996.
Death. May 28, 2000, Kaunas. The funeral was celebrated in the metropolitan cathedral-basilica of Kaunas on Thursday June 1, 2000; his remains were buried in that same cathedral-basilica..
Bibliography. Petraitiene, Irena. Kardinolas : Jo Eminencijos Vincento Sladkeviciaus laikas ir asmenybe. Kaunas : Santara, 2000.
Birth. February 17, 1892, Zazdrist, Ternopil, archdiocese of Lviv of the Ukrainians, Ukraine, Russia. Son of Ivan Kobernytskyi-Slipyj and Anastasia Dychkovska. His given name was Josyf Ivanovyce. His last name is also listed as Slipyj-Kobernyckyj-Dyckovskyj.
Education. Primary education in Zazdrist; secondary education in Ternopil; Lviv University, Lviv; resided in the diocesan seminary of Lviv; University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 1914-1917; 1918 (doctorate in philosophy, 1918); further studies in Rome, 1918-1922.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 30, 1917, Lviv, by Andrej Šeptyc'kyj, O.S.B.M., archbishop of Lviv of the Ukrainians. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Lviv, 1922-1939. Professor of theology at the Seminary of Lviv, 1922-1925; its rector, 1926; one of the founding members of the Theological Academic Society of Lviv; began publishing the quarterly Bohoslovia (Theology), September 3, 1922; edited it until 1939. Dean of the Theological Faculty of the Theological Academy; its rector, February 22, 1928. Member of the Krylos, the advisory and administrative body of the Lviv-Halych metropolitanate; also archdeacon of the metropolitan's personal entourage; and later, a mitrat, archpriest entitled to wear a miter.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Serne and appointed coadjutor of Lviv, with right of succession, November 25, 1939. Consecrated, December 22, 1939, chapel of the metropolitan residence, Lviv, by Andrej Šeptyc'kyj, O.S.B.M., archbishop of Lviv of the Ukrainians, assisted by Nicolas Czarnetskyj, C.SS.R., titular bishop of Lebedo, apostolic visitor for the Slavs of Byzantine rite outside Ruthenian dioceses, and by Nikita Budka, titular bishop of Cadi, auxiliary of Lviv of the Ukrainians. In 1941, he participated with Metropolitan Šeptyc'kyj in the Proclamation of the Restoration of the Ukrainian State and took part in the proceedings of the National Assembly as an official envoy of the metropolitan; afterwards, he became a leading member of the Council of Seniors. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Lviv of the Ukrainians, November 1, 1944; the Russians had just re-occupied Lviv. Imprisoned in Siberia by the Communist regime, 1945-1963; arrested by the Soviets on the night of April 11, 1945 along with the entire Ukrainian Catholic episcopate; first, sentenced to eight years of forced labor in 1946, together with him, Bishops Hryhory Khomyshyn, Nicholas Charnetsky, C.SS.R., Nikita Budka and Ivan Liatyshevsky were sentenced to long periods of imprisonment and hard labor for "treason" for their refusal to submit to the Russian Orthodox patriarch (1); twice was in danger of death; taken to Moscow and sentenced for a second time: five years in Siberia, 1953 (2); third sentence, four years of forced labor, 1958 (3); fourth sentence, deported for life to Mordovia, 1962. Through the intervention of Pope John XXIII and President John F. Kennedy of the United States of America, he was released on January 26, 1963, and sent to Rome on February 9, 1963. Attended the last three sessions of the Second Vatican Council, 1963-1965. Promoted to the rank of archbishop major, December 23, 1963.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965 (4); received the red biretta and the title of S. Atanasio, February 25, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 17, 1972. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Accepted the title of patriarch of Kyiv-Halyč given by his church in 1975; the refusal of Popes Paul VI and John Paul II to recognize the patriarchal title strained their relations; his two successors, Cardinals Ivan Lubachivsky and Lubomyr Husar, have only used the title of archbishop major. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980.
Death. Friday September 7, 1984, late in the morning, of pneumonia, in S. Sofia Ukrainian University, Rome. Pope John Paul II visited the basilica of S. Sofia, where the body of the cardinal was lying in state, before his departure for Canada. On Wednesday September 12, 1984, a funeral was held with the participation of members of the Ukrainian Catholic hierarchy led by Archbishop Major Mroslav Ivan Lubachivsky of Lviv, successor to the late cardinal; the following day, a four-hour solemn pontifical liturgy was celebrated with the participation of more than seventy priests in front of the basilica; Archbishop Major Lubachivsky delivered the eulogy and Myroslav Stefan Marusyn, titular archbishop of Cadi, secretary of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches, spoke in Italian; Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri, dean of the College of Cardinals, represented the pope in the funeral, delivered a eulogy and imparted the final absolution; also in attendance were Yanoslav Stetsko, prime minister of Free Ukraine and leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists; and Mykola Livytsky, president of the Ukrainian National Council; as well as the representatives of different political parties. The body of the cardinal was buried in the basilica of S. Sofia, Rome. When the body was removed from the niche in the basilica's crypt, it was found to be incorrupt and was placed in a glass coffin in the same crypt. The cardinal was posthumously rehabilitated by the Ukrainian government on April 17, 1991. His body was transferred to Lviv on August 27, 1992, and buried in the crypt of St. George's cathedral on September 7, 1992. In his will he asked to be buried, when the situation permitted it, in the patriarchal cathedral of St. Sofia in Kyiv.
Bibliography. Choma, Giovanni ; Pessa, Giuseppe. Josyf Slipyj : padre e confessore della Chiesa Ucraina martire. Roma : Aiuto alla chiesa che soffre, 1990. Responsibility: Mons. Giovanni Choma ; elaborazione del testo italiano è stata curata dal prof. Giuseppe Pessa; Choma, Ivan. Josyf Slipyj: vinctus Christi et defensor unitatis. Roma : Universitas Catholica Ucrainorum S. Clementis Papae, 1997. (Universitas Catholica Ucrainorum S. Clementis Papae, v. 87; Variation: Ukraïns'kyi katolyts'kyi universytet im. Sv. Klymentiia Papy v Rymi, v. 87); His Beatitude, Josyf Cardinal Slipyj, confessor of the faith, patriarch of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, 17. 2. 1892-7. 9. 1984. Edited by Stephen Oleskiw. London ; New York : Ukrainian Central Information Service, 1984; Hryn'okh, Ivan ; Slipyi, Iosyf. Vvedennia do tvoriv kard. Iosyfa, Verkhovnoho Arkhyiepyskopa. [s.l.] : Suchasnist', 1988. (Biblioteka prolohu i suchasnosty, ch. 181). Note: Text partially in English./ "Collection of prefaces from Opera omnia kyr Josephi (Slipyj-Kobernyckyj-Dyckovskyj) archiepiscopi maioris et cardinalis"; John Paul II. Letter of His Holiness Pope John Paul II to Josyf Cardinal Slipyj : on the occasion of the announcement of the Millenium of Christianity in Ukraine. Boston : Harvard University Ukrainian studies Fund, 1980s. Note: At head of title: Millennium of Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine; Josyf Cardinale Slipyj, 1892-1984 : una Imitazione di Cristo. Rome : [s.n.], 1985. Notes: "Numero speciale dell'Eco Dell'Amore, Periodico bimestrale, numero 2, marzo 1985"--Cover./ Cover title./ "Aiuto alla Chiesa che soffre"--Cover; Khoma, Ivan. Iosyf Slipyi : otets' ta ispovidnyk Ukraons'koï muchenyts'koï TSerkvy. Uniform title: Josyf Slipyj. Pereklad M. Kovalko, M. Malatsko. Rym : Vyd-vo oo. Saleziian--Tovarystvo sv. Sofiï, 1992; Loidl, Franz. Josyf Kardinal Slipyj und seine ukrainische Kirche. Wien : Wiener Kath. Akad., 1987. (Miscellanea / Wiener Katholische Akademie, Arbeitskreis für Kirchliche Zeit- und Wiener Diözesangeschichte ; Reihe 3, Nr. 182; Variation: Wiener Katholische Akademie.; Arbeitskreis für Kirchliche Zeit- und Wiener Diözesangeschichte.; Miscellanea ; Reihe 3, Nr. 182); A memento of a visit of His Beatitude Archbishop Major Joseph VII Cardinal Slipyj ; May 17-19, 1973. Pittsburgh : Pittsburgh Regional Reception Committee, 1973; Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. Confessor between East and West. Grand Rapids : William B. Erdmans, 1990; Slipyj, Josyf. Kerk der martelaren : Een bericht van kardinaal Josyf Slipyj over de Oekraïense Katholieke Kerk na 35 jaren vervolging. Westerlo : Kerk in Nood [etc.], 1981. (Echo der Liefde. 1981 ; nr. 2); Slipyj, Josyf. Slovo Patriarkh Iosyfa : dokumenty, materialy, svitlyny 1917-1984. L'viv : Gerdan, 2003. Note : At head of title: Kul'turno-mystets'kyi fond im. Mytropolyta Andreia Sheptyts'koho, L'viv. Ukraï'ns'kyi katolyts'kyi universytet im. sv. Klymentiia Papy, Rym. Postuliatsiini TS entr Ukraïns'koï Hreko-Katolyts'koo TSerkvy, L'viv. TSentral'nyi Derzhavnyi Istorychnyi Arkhiv Ukraïny, L'viv; Slipyj, Josyf. Tvory Kyr Josyfa verchovnoho archyepiskopa i kardynala = Opera omnia Kyr Josephi (Slipyj - Kobernyckyj - Dyckovskyj) archiepiscopi maioris et cardinalis. Rym : Ukraïns'kych Katolyc'kyj Universytet im. Sv. Klymenta Papy, 1968- . (Editiones Universitatis Catholicæ Ucrainorum S. Clementis Papae. II, Opera omnia. Note(s): Ook o.d.t.: Tvory Josyfa patrijarcha i kardynala; en: Tvory patrijarcha i kardynala Josyfa./ Lit.opg. Other titles: Opera omnia Kyr Josephi (Slipyj - Kobernyckyj - Dyckovskyj) archiepiscopi maioris et cardinalis; Tvory Josyfa patrijarcha i kardynala; Tvory patrijarcha i kardynala Josyfa; Slipyi, Iosyf. Zavishchannia blazhennishoho patriiarkha Iosyfa = Testament of Patriarch Josyf Slipyj. Vinnipeg : [IA. Barvins'kyi], 1984. Named Corp: Catholic Church -- Byzantine rite, Ukrainian. Note : Vidbytka z tyzhnevyka "Postup." Other title: Testament of Patriarch Josyf Slipyj; Sviatochnyi benket na poshanu Patriiarkha Pomisnoï Ukraïns'koï Katolyts'koï TSerkvy, okh Blazhenstva Blazhennishoho Kyr Iosyfa Kardynala Slipoho : nedilia, 10 chervnia, 1973, Niu Iork "Amerikana." Corp Author : Hromads'kyi komitet metropolii Niu Iorku dlia vshanuvannia Arkhyiepyskopa Pomisnoï Ukraïns'koï Katolyts'koo TSerkvy Blazhennishoho Kyr Iosyfa. Niu Iork : The Committee, 1973. Other title : Testimonial banquet in honor of the Patriarch of the Ukrainian Catholic Church His Beatitude Joseph Cardinal Slipyj; Vitoshyns'ka, Ol'ha. Podorozhi blazhennishoho Kyr Iosyfa VII, 1968-1970 u svitli chuzhoï presy (romanized form) De itineribus S. beatitudinis Josephi VII Cardinalis Slipyj annis 1968-1970 peractis; atque sub lumine ephemeridum illustratis. Rym ; Paryzh ; Romae ; Parisiis, 1972. (Pratsi Ukraïnskoho bohoslovs'koho naukovoho tovarystva, t. 20 ; Variation: Ukraïns'ke bohoslovs'ke naukove tovarystvo.; Prats ; t. 20). Responsibility: de itineribus S. Beatitudinis Josephi VII Cardinalis Slipyj, annis 1968-1970 peractis ; atque sub lumine ephemeridum illustratis.
Links. Biography, in English; and photograph and biography, also in English (this site indicates that he was secretly created a cardinal in 1949 and proclaimed in 1965).
(1) In March 1946, the Russian authorities organized a fake "sobor" in Lviv (formal gathering or council of bishops, church officials, and monastic and lay representatives morally representing the whole particular church and dealing with matters of faith, morality, rite, and canonical and cultural life), which was attended, under coercion, by some priests and faithful, but without a single member of the episcopate of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. This "sobor" declared annulled the decision of the Sobor of Brest of 1596, which had declared the union of the Ukrainian Catholic Church with Rome, and also "united" the Ukrainian Catholic Church with the Russian Orthodox Church.
(2) From Central Siberia, the metropolitan corresponded clandestinely with ecclesiastical and lay faithful of the Catholic Church, wrote pastoral letters and issued directives to Ukrainian Catholic priests who were scattered throughout Siberia, the Urals and Kazakhistan.
(3) In 1957, on the 40th anniversary of his priesthood, Pope Pius XII sent Metropolitan Slipyj a personally written letter giving him his blessing; the letter did not reach its destination but instead gave the public prosecutor an opportunity to accuse the prelate of links with the pope and as a result, he was again brought to trial in 1958 and sentenced to further time of forced labor.
(4)The first two sites linked above indicate that he had been created cardinal and reserved in pectore by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of March 28, 1960: To Pray Again as a Catholic: The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine, note 12; Years of Imprisonment Could Not Break Slipyj's Indomitable Fidelity; and Cardinal Joseph Slipyj (1892-1984) an Imitation of Christ, section Exile and Prophet : A granite formation. Josyf Cardinale Slipyj, 1892-1984 : una Imitazione di Cristo, p. 12, also says that he was created cardinal and reserved in pectore by Pope John XXIII on that date, along with two other prelates. The pope died without publishing their names.
Birth. November 23, 1927, Isola d'Asti, diocese of Asti, Italy. He is second of the six children of Giovanni and Delfina Sodano; Giovanni was a Christian Democrat deputy in the Italian Parliament for three terms from 1948 until 1963.
Education. Seminary of Asti, Asti; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology); Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorate in canon law); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 23, 1950, Asti, by Umberto Rossi, bishop of Asti. Pastoral work in the diocese of Asti and faculty member of its seminary, 1950-1959. Successively, 1959-1968, further studies, Rome; secretary of the nunciatures in Ecuador, Uruguay and Chile. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, June 16, 1962. Chaplain of His Holiness, June 21, 1963. Official in the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church, 1968-1977.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Nova di Cesare and appointed nuncio in Chile, November 30, 1977. Consecrated, January 15, 1978, cathedral of S. Secondo, Asti, Italy, by Cardinal Antonio Samorè, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, librarian and archivist of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by Agostino Casaroli, titular archbishop of Cartagine, secretary of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church, and by Nicola Cavanna, bishop of Asti. Secretary of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church, May 23, 1988; after the reorganization of the Roman Curia, secretary of the section for the relations with the States, in the Secretariat of State, March 1, 1989. President of the Pontifical Commission for Russia. Vatican representative to the meeting of ministers of foreign affairs of the Conference on European Security and Cooperation held in Vienna, Copenhagen, New York and Paris. Pro-secretary of State, December 1, 1990 until June 29, 1991.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria Nuova, June 28, 1991. Secretary of State, June 29, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Papal legate to the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the apparition of Our Lady, Fátima, Portugal, May 13, 1992. Special papal envoy to the Day of Holy See, Universal Exposition of Sevilla 1992, Sevilla, Spain, June 29, 1992. Papal envoy to the funeral of Cardinal Frantisek Tomásek, archbishop emeritus of Prague, Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, Prague, August 12, 1992. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; one of its three president delegates. Bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Albano, retaining in commendam the title of S. Maria Nuova, January 10, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Papal legate to the closing of the 8th centennial celebration of St. Anthony's birth, Padova, Italy, December 8, 1995; to the closing of the 7th centennial celebration of the shrine of Loreto, Italy, December 10, 1995. Papal legate to the XLVI International Eucharistic Congress, Wroclaw, Poland, May 24 to June 1, 1997. Special papal envoy to the funeral of Mother Teresa, Calcutta, India, September 13, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Papal legate to the World Day of the Sick, Loreto, Italy, February 11, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Papal legate to the celebrations of the 750th anniversary of the Duomo of Cologne, Germany, August 15, 1998; to the closing ceremonies of the Continental Youth Encounter, Santiago de Chile, Chile, October 10 to 11, 1998; to the 350th celebrations marking the Peace of Westphalia, in Osnabrück and in Münster, Germany, October 24, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Papal legate to the closing celebration of the European Youth Meeting, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, August 4 to 8, 1999. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Papal legate at the ceremony for the reopening to worship of the Upper Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi, and the consecration of its new papal altar, Assisi, Italy, November 28, 1999; at the dedication of the Church of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, Moscow, Russia, December 12, 1999. Papal legate to the celebrations for the millennium of the archdiocese of Gniezno, Poland, held in that city, March 12, 2000; at the celebrations of the V Centennial of the Evangelization of Brazil, Porto Seguro on April 26, 2000. Papal legate at the celebrations for the millennium of St. Stephen of Hungary, Budapest, August 20, 2000. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Papal legate to the dedication of the new cathedral of Tirana, Albania, January 26, 2002. Elected vice-dean of the College of Cardinals, November 30, 2002. Papal legate to the solemn celebration of the 700th anniversary of the death of Pope Boniface VIII; the sacred rite took place in the cathedral of Anagni, Italy, October 12, 2003. Papal legate to the solemn celebration of the 500th anniversary of the election of Pope Julius II (1503-1513); the sacred rite took place on November 30, 2003, in Savona, the native city of that pontiff. Papal legate to the solemn closing of the encounter of Central European Catholics (Mitteleuropäischer Katholikentag 2003/2004), Shrine of Mariazell, Austria, May 22 to 23, 2004. Personal representative of the pope to the state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan, June 11, 2004, National Cathedral, Washington, D.C., United States of America. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed secretary of State, April 21, 2005. Bestowed on Pope Benedict XVI the ring of the Fisherman in the ceremony of the beginning of his pontificate, April 24, 2005. Elected dean of the College of Cardinals, April 27, 2005; and bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Ostia, proper of the dean, retaining the title of the suburbicarian see of Albano and the title, in commendam, of S. Maria Nuova, April 30, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. On June 22, 2006, the pope accepted, according to canon 354 of the Code of Canon Law, his resignation as secretary of State, asking him to remain in the post until September 15, 2006, with all inherent faculties of that office. Phis resignation as secretary of State, asking him to remain in the post until September 15, 2006, with all inherent faculties of that office. Presided over the 40th meeting of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, July 4, 2006. Papal legate to the celebrations of the freedom of Hungary that took place in Budapest, Hungary, on October 22 and 23, 2006. Papal legate to the solemn celebrations of the opening of the 90th anniversary of the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, which took place in Fátima, on May 12 and 13, 2007. Awarded, on June 5, 2007, a doctorate ad honorem in jurisprudence, by the Università Europea di Roma, the first conferred by that institution founded in 2005 by the Legionnaires of Christ. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, November 23, 2007. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church"; by papal appointment. Will be pontifical legate to the solemn celebrations of the Millennium of Lithuania, which will take place in Vilnius, on July 6, 2009.
Bibliography. Sodano, Angelo. Verso le origini. Una genealogia episcopale. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2008.
Link. His arms.
Birth. October 29, 1843, Fuentelapeña, diocese of Zamora, Spain.
Education. Seminary of Valladolid, Valladolid; Seminary of Toledo, Toledo; Central Seminary of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (doctorate in theology, 1868); Seminary of Tuy, Tuy (canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, December (28 or 29), 1867, Valladolid. Further studies, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 1867-1868. Curate economous in three parishes in the archdiocese of Valladolid. Secretary of chamber and government to the bishop of Orense, 1875-1883; cathedral canon, 1883; member of the Provincial Junta of Beneficence; member of Diocesan Junta for the Reconstruction of Churches. Royal Preacher and knight of Royal American Order of Isabel la Católica. Cathedral canon of Valladolid, 1883-1889; archpriest, 1887-1889. Secretary capitular; secretary of the Diocesan Synod and of the Provincial Council, 1886-1887; synodal examiner; member of the Junta of assistance to victims of the cholera epidemic, 1885; member of the board of directors of Casa de Beneficencia, of the Caja de Ahorros and Monte de Piedad.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tarazona, February 14, 1889. Consecrated, April 28, 1889, cathedral of Valladolid, by Benito Sanz y Forés, archbishop of Valladolid, assisted by Mariano Miguel Gómez Alguacil, bishop of Vitoria, and by Cesáreo Rordigo y Rodríguez, bishop of Orense. Apostolic administrator of Tudela, 1889-1901. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Zaragoza, December 16, 1901.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1919; received the red biretta from King Alphonse XIII of Spain, December 25, 1919; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, April 22, 1920. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI.
Death. Assassinated in Zaragoza, June 4, 1923; victim of a crime of "social character". Buried, basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary of El Pilar, Zaragoza.
Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 55.
Birth. May 4, 1889, Whitman, archdiocese of Boston, United States. Son of William Spellman and Ellen Conway.
Education. Fordham College, New York; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 14, 1916, Rome, by Giuseppe Cappetelli, titular patriarch of Constantinople, vice gerent of Rome. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Boston, 1916-1918; 1932-1939. Vice-chancellor of the archdiocese of Boston, 1918-1922. Editor of The Boston Pilot, 1924-1935. Attaché in the Secretariat of State, 1925-1932. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, October 4, 1926.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sila and appointed auxiliary of Boston, July 30, 1932. Consecrated, September 8, 1932, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, secretary of State, assisted by Giuseppe Pizzardo, titular archbishop of Nicea, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, and by Francesco Borgongini-Duca, titular archbishop of Eraclea di Europa, nuncio in Italy. Promoted to the metropolitan see of New York, April 15, 1939. Named, in addition, military vicar of United States Armed Forces, December 11, 1939.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, February 22, 1946. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Manila, Philippines, November 1, 1956. Ordinary of the newly erected ordinariate of the armed forces, September 8, 1957. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Papal legate to the Central American Eucharistic Congress, Guatemala, January 29, 1959. Attended the II Vatican Council, 1962-1965; member of its board of presidency, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI.
Death. December 2, 1967, New York. Buried in St. Patrick's metropolitan cathedral, New York.
Bibliography. Cooney, John. The American pope. The life and times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. New York : Times Books, 1984. Gannon, Robert I. The Cardinal Spellman story. London : R. Hale, 1962; Steibel, Warren. Cardinal Spellman. The man. With an Introduction by Francis Cardinal Spellman. New York : Appleton-Century, 1966.
Birth. December 17, 1919, Boskovice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic).
Education. University of Brno, Brno, Moravia, academic year 193839 (philosophy); all universities in Czechoslovakia were closed by Germany on November 11, 1939. Entered the Society of Jesus; novitiate in Benesov near Prague, 1940; occupied by the Nazis in 1942, the novitiate was transferred to Velehrad, Moravia. Took religious vows, September 24, 1942; finished his philosophical studies in Velehrad, 1942-1945; studies interrupted at later times because of forced youth labor; after finishing his philosophical studies he was prefect of Velehrad's secondary school, 1945-1946, fulfilling the period called magister in the Society of Jesus; Czech and Russian languages. Sent to Maastricht, Holland, for his theological studies. Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome (doctorate, June 1955).
Priesthood. Ordained, August 22, 1949, Maastricht. Finished his third probation period as a Jesuit in Florence, 1950-1951. Called to Rome to work at Vatican radio in the programs broadcast to the countries behind the Iron Curtain, 1951. For thirty-eight years, spiritual director of the Pontifical Nepomuceno Seminary, the former Bohemian Seminary. Professor of patristic and Eastern spiritual theology at various universities in Rome and around the world from June 1955. In the academic year 1989-1990, he became a professor emeritus. In 1989 he was chosen "Man of the Year, 1990" by the American Bibliographical Institute of Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, and, a year later, the same institute chose him as "The most admired person of the decade". On July 26,1992, the city of Uh. Brod, Czechoslovakia, awarded him honorary citizenship. He has been invited to Russia many times. In April 1994, on the occasion of the publication of his Russian Ideas, the city of Troyes, France, awarded him the medal of the city as a commemoration of honorary citizenship. In 1993, the Society of Byzantine Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia, named him an honorary member. In the 1994-1995 academic year, he was named the first holder of the seat of Eastern Theology at the Pontifical Oriental Institute; the inaugural lecture, "The Person's Return to Eastern Spirituality", was held on November 14, 1994. He preached the Spiritual Exercises for the pope and the Roman Curia in March 1995, encouraging the pope to write the encyclical Ut Unum Sint on ecumenism. Received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, May 1997, as one of the greatest authorities on theology and Eastern spirituality; and in December 1997, he received another one from the theological department of the University of Olomouc, Czech Republic. In October 1998, Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, decorated him with the medal of the Order of Masaryk, one of the highest honors of the country. In May 1999, the University of Prague conferred on him a doctorate honoris causa. Consultor of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Consultor of the Congregation for the Institutes of Consecrated Life and the Societies of Apostolic Life. A prolific writer, he is an expert on the spirituality of Eastern Christianity.
Episcopate. Requested to be dispensed from the requirement of episcopal ordination and the dispensation was granted by Pope John Paul II.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Agata de' Goti, October 21, 2003. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. Addressed the cardinals at the opening of the conclave in the Sistine Chapel, April 18, 2005.
Links. Photograph and biography, in Italian; and his arms.
Birth. January 14, 1835, at 6 a.m., Isle of San Fernando, diocese of Cádiz, Spain. His parents were Juan Spínola y Osorno, marquis of Spínola and Antonia Maestre y Osorno; they had eight children, of which four died in infancy; the other four were Soledad, Marcelo, Rafael and Rosario. He was baptized the following day in the military parish of San Fernando by the military chaplain of the second batallion of the Real Cuerpo de Artillería de la Marina and received the names Marcelo Rafael José María de los Dolores Hilario. His last name is also listed as Espínola.
Education. Initial studies in the school of San Fernando, directed by priests, 1843-1845; Colegio Santo Tomás, Cádiz, 1845-1846 (Latin, Spanish and French grammar and basic philosophy); school of Motril, where the father had been transferred, 1846-1847 (mathematics); school in Granada, 1847-1848 (physics, chemistry and natural history); año de ampliación or "preu" in Valencia, 1848-1849 (history of philosophy and Latin and Spanish literature); University of Valencia, Valencia, 1849-1852 (first three years of law); University of Sevilla, Sevilla, October 1, 1852 to 1856 (licentiate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, June 29, 1856).
Early life. Opened a law office in Huelva, offering free services to the poor; later, moved to Sanlúcar de Barrameda when his father was transferred to that city as chief of the port. Decided to follow his sacerdotal vocation with the counsel of Canon Diego Herrero y Espinosa de los Monteros; studied theology and moral privately, at home. Received the ecclesiastical tonsure on May 29, 1863, in the church of the nuns of Santa María de las Dueñas, Sevilla, from Calixto Castillo y Ornedo, auxiliary bishop of Sevilla and elected bishop of León; the minor orders on the following day from the same bishop; and then the subdiaconate on December 19, 1863; and the diaconate on February 20, 1864.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 21, 1864, in the chapel of the archiepiscopal placa, Sevilla, by Luis de la Lastra y Cuesta, archbishop of Sevilla. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Sevilla, 1864-1869, chaplain of the church de la Merced, Sanlúcar de Barrameda; Canon of the cathedral chapter of Cádiz, 1869-1871. Parish priest of San Lorenzo, March 17, 1871 to May 28, 1879. Penitentiary canon of the cathedral chapter of Sevilla, 1879-1880.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Milos and appointed auxiliary of Sevilla, December 16, 1880. Consecrated, February 6, 1881, cathedral of Sevilla, by Cardinal Joaquín Lluch y Garriga, O.C.C., archbishop of Sevilla, assisted by Manuel María González y Sánchez, bishop of Jaén, and by Mariano Miguel Gómez Alguacil y Fernández, bishop of Vitoria. Transferred to the diocese of Coria, November 10, 1884. Founder of the order of Esclavas del Divino Corazón, 1885. Transferred to the diocese of Málaga, June 10, 1886. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, December 2, 1895. Senator of the Spanish kingdom, 1891 to 1894, and 1898 until his death.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 11, 1905. Never received the red hat and the title.
Death. January 20, 1906, at noon, Sevilla. Exposed in Salón San Fernando in the archiepiscopal palace. He received honors of capitán general. Buried in the crypt of the Sagrario in the metropolitan cathedral of Sevilla. On January 24, 1913, his remains were transferred to a new mausoleum built in the chapel of Dolores in the same cathedral.
Beatified. March 29, 1987, Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II.
Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 48; Javierre, José María. El arzobispo mendigo : biografía de Marcelo Spínola. Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1974. (Biblioteca de autores cristianos. Minor ; 33); Javierre, José María. Don Marcelo de Sevilla. Barcelona : J. Flors, 1963.
Links. Biographical data, in Spanish; portrait and brief biographical data, in Spanish; photos, arms and biography, in Spanish; basrelief in the façade of the church of S. Lorenzo, Sevilla, where he was pastor; his photo; and Colegio Cardenal Spínola, San Isidro, Argentina.
Birth. August 14, 1906, Santa Maria in Fabriago, diocese of Imola, Italy. Son of Domenico Staffa and Emilia Gualandi.
Education. Seminary of Imola, Imola, November 3, 1917-1922 (licensa ginnasiale); Pontifical Regional Seminary "Benedetto XV," Bologna (philosophy and theology); at the time, the rector was Msgr. Marcello Mimmi, future cardinal; Theological Faculty, Bologna (obtained a doctorate in theology); Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1929, Imola, by Paolino Giovanni Tribbioli, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Imola. Pastoral work in the diocese of Imola, 1929-1931. Further studies in Rome, 1931-1933. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, 1933-1950. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, January 4, 1936; reappointed, March 3, 1939. Professor of history of canon law at the Pontifical Lateran Athenaeum, 1941-1944. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, November 20, 1944. Secretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities, December 18, 1958.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, September 3, 1960. Consecrated, October 28, 1960, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Diego Venini, titular archbishop of Adana, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Benigno Carrara, bishop of Imola. In the same ceremony were consecrated future Cardinals Pericle Felici, titular archbishop of Samosata, secretary general of the Second Vatican Council; and Egano Righi-Lambertini, titular archbishop of Doclea, nuncio in Lebanon. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Named pro-prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, April 7, 1967.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of Sacro Cuore di Gesù Cristo Re, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, June 29, 1967. Named prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, March 26, 1969. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Opted for the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, May 24, 1976.
Death. August 7, 1977, Rome. Buried in his family's tomb in Massa Lombarda, Imola.
Bibliography. De Magistris, Luigi. "Mons. Dino Staffa, arcivescovo tit. di Cesarea di Palestina, segretario della S. Congregazione dei Seminari e della Università degli Studi." La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, , pp. 226-227; Grocholewski, Zenon. "Vita e attività del Card. Dino Staffa". Apollinaris, LI (1978), 203-242; Gualandi, D. ; Staffa, A ; Tampieri, I. Il Cardinale Dino Staffa : Memorie e scritti. Ravenna : Grafiche Morandi, Fusignano, 1979.
Birth. July 26, 1932, Baltimore, United States of America. He was the only child of Francis Emmett and Mary Dorothy Stanton. His father was the owner of a successful furniture store.
Early life. He moved from Loyola High School in 1950 to Loyola College in Baltimore with the intent of pursuing a career in medicine, but in 1952, the violent death of a friend caused him to rethink his future and to enter St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore.
Education. Loyola College, Baltimore; Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore (licenciate in arts); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in theology); Catholic University of America, Washington (master in social welfare).
Priesthood. Ordained, December 15, 1957, at the North American College, Rome, by Martin John O'Connor, titular bishop of Tespia, rector of the North American College. In the same ceremony was ordained Edward Michael Egan, another future cardinal. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Baltimore, 1958-1962. Further studies, 1962-1964. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Baltimore, 1964-1966. Director of Archdiocesan Catholic Charities, Baltimore, 1966-1976. Concurrently, 1966-1976, member of the pastoral council, of the Planning Team for Total Christian Education; member and president of the presbyterial council; archdiocesan consultor; and acting episcopal vicar. Chaplain of His Holiness, July 28, 1970.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Respetta and appointed auxiliary of Baltimore, January 19, 1976. Consecrated, February 29, 1976, cathedral of Mary Our Queen, Baltimore, by William Donald Borders, archbishop of Baltimore, assisted by Cardinal Lawrence Joseph Shehan, former archbishop of Baltimore, and by Thomas Austin Murphy, titular bishop of Appiaria, auxiliary of Baltimore. In the same ceremony was consecrated Philip Francis Murphy, titular bishop of Tacarata, auxiliary of Baltimore. Vicar general of Baltimore, 1976-1982. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Transferred to the see of Memphis, November 17, 1982. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Denver, May 30, 1986. President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, August 20, 1996 until October 4, 2003. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, August 20, 1996. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola, February 21, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998; the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Special papal envoy to the dedication of the new cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, in the archdiocese of Los Angeles, United States, September 2, 2002. Penitentiary major, October 4, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebrations for the dedication of the new altar of the recently-restored co-cathedral of the archdiocese of Baltimore, United States of America, November 4 to 12, 2006. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Pietro in Montorio, March 1, 2008. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church". On June 2, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation, because of age limit, from the post of penitentiary major. The pope named Fortunato Baldelli, titular archbishop of Bevagna, until then nuncio in France, to succeed him.
Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 171; Spalding, Thomas W. "Stafford, James Francis." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, p. 416.
Links. Photograph and biography; and his arms.
Birth. May 8, 1898, Krašić, archdiocese of Zagreb, Croatia, Austria-Hungary Empire (later Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; then Yugoslavia; now Croatia). The fifth of the eight children of Josip Stepinac and Barbara Penić. The following day he was baptized with the names Alojzije Viktor in the parish church of the Most Holy Trinity.
Education. School of Agriculture, Zagreb; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, October 26, 1930, patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, by Giuseppe Palica, titular archbishop of Filippi, vice-gerent of Rome; in the same ceremony was ordained Franjo Šeper, his successor in the see of Zagreb and future cardinal. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Zagreb and official of its chancery, 1931-1934.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Nicopsi and appointed coadjutor of Zagreb, with right of succession, May 28, 1934. Consecrated, June 24, 1934, Zagreb, by Anton Bauer, archbishop of Zagreb, assisted by Ivan Šarić, archbishop of Vhrbosna, and by Quirinus Bonefačić, bishop of Split. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Zagreb, December 7, 1937. Arrested by the Communist regime, September 1946. Sentenced to 16 year imprisonment, October 11, 1946; under house arrest in Krašić, 1951-1960.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; never allowed to go to Rome to receive the red hat and the title. Impeded from participating in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII, for being under house arrest.
Death. February 10, 1960, Krašić, under house arrest. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Zegreb; later transferred to a new tomb in the same cathedral.
Beatification. October 3, 1998, by Pope John Paul II in the Shrine of Marija Bistrica, Zagreb.
Bibliography. Bauer, Ernest. Aloisius Kardinal Stepinac : ein Leben f|r Wahrheit, Recht und Gerechtigkeit. Recklinghausen : Bitter ; Wien : Herold, 1979; Istranin, Neki. Stepinac : un innocente condannato. Vicenza : L.I.E.F., 1982; Landercy, Mathilde. Le cardinal Stepinac : martyr des droits de l'homme. Paris : Apostolat des Éditions, 1981; M. Raymond, Father, O.C.S.O. The man for this moment. Staten Island, N.Y. : Alba House, 1971. Notes: Half-title: The life and death of Aloysius Cardinal Stepinac. Other title: Life and death of Aloysius Cardinal Stepinac; Mattei, Giampaolo. Il cardinale Alojzije Stepinac : una vita eroica nella testimonianza di quanti con lui sono stati vittime della persecuzione nella Jugoslavia comunista. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore romano, 1999. (Quaderni de L'Osservatore romano ; 43; Variation: Quaderni dell'Osservatore romano ; 43); O'Brien, Anthony Henry. Archbishop Stepinac, the man and his case. Foreword by John C. McQuaid. Westminster, Md. : Newman Bookshop, 1947; Pavicic, Darko. Tajna kardinala vozaca, ili, Kako sam u noci vidio dugu. Zagreb : ITD, 1997. Biographies of Cardinals Stepinac, Alojzije, 1898-1960; Kuharic, Franjo, 1919-2002; and Seper, Franjo, 1905-1981. Other title: Tajna kardinala vozaca; Kako sam u noci vidio dugu; Pattee, Richard. The case of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac Milwaukee : The Bruce Publishing Co., 1953.
Links. Biography, in Croatian; and his beatification, in English.
Birth. February 9, 1936, Warlack, archdiocese of Warmia, Poland; his family was forced to move to Thüringen, Germany, after the Second World War
Education. Regional Seminary of Erfürt, Erfürt.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1960, Erfürt, by Josef Freusberg, titular bishop of Adrianopoli di Epiro, auxiliary of Fulda. Incardinated in the diocese of Erfürt-Meiningen, Germany. Pastoral work in Erfürt-Meiningen 1960-1981; vicar general, 1981-1989. Prefect of discipline, Major regional seminary and auxiliary of the Superior School of Philosophy and Theology, 1962-1964. Director of the diocesan ecumenical commission; diocesan director and counselor of St. Benno of Lipsia publishing house.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Berlin, May 28, 1989. Consecrated, September 9, 1989, by Joachim Wanke, titular bishop of Castello di Mauritania, apostolic administrator of the territory of Erfürt-Meiningen, assisted by Johannes Kapp, titular bishop of Melzi, auxiliary of Fulda, and by Wolfgang Weider, titular bishop of Uzita, auxiliary of Berlin. President of the Episcopal Conference of Berlin.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of S. Giuseppe all'Aurelio, June 28, 1991. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Berlin, June 27, 1994, when that ecclesiastical province was established. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.
Bibliography. Pilvousek, Josef. "Sterzinsky, Georg Maximilian."Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1945 2001 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Unter Mitwirkung von Franz Xaver Bischof ... [et al.] ; herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2002, p. 97-98.
Links. Photograph, arms and biographical data, in German; and his arms.
Birth. August 23, 1910, Neunkirchen, archdiocese of Vienna, Austria. He was the second of the twelve children of Mikeal Stickler and Teresa Schachner; his father owned a book binding business.
Education. Initial studies in Nenunkirchen; an uncle, who was a priest, sent him to the Salesian school in Vienna; there he met Fr. Giovanni Cagliero, S.D.B., future cardinal; joined the Pious Society of St. Francis de Sales (Salesians of Don Bosco); entered the Salesian novitiate in Ensdorf, Germany, August 1, 1927; first religious profession, August 15, 1928; Salesian house of study in Heleneberg, near Trier, Germany, for a year; teacher for three years in the Salesian school in Vienna, where he had studied; at the same time, concluded in scientific studies in 1931; studied philosophy from 1931 until 1933, while still teaching; in 1933, went back to Germany to study theology; in 1935, he was sent to Turin to continue his theological formation; and a year later, to Rome to finish them; Institute Utriusque Iuris, Pontifical Athenaeum of S. Apollinare, Rome; Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; studied under Dr. Stephan Kuttner; doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, in July 1940.
Priesthood. Ordained, March 27, 1937, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1937-1940. Faculty member, canon law faculty, Salesian University, Turin, 1940-1953; dean, 1953-1958 (the university was moved to Rome in 1957); rector, 1958-1966; president of the Institutum Altioris Latinitis, 1965-1968. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1963-1965, as expert. Prefect of the Apostolic Vatican Library, March 25, 1971. Vice-president of the International Association of History of Laws and Institutions. Member of numerous legal and historical academies. Awarded a doctorate in law, honoris causa, by the Universities of Münich, Germany; and Innsbruck and Salzburg, Austria.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Bolsena and appointed pro-librarian of Holy Roman Church, September 8, 1983. Consecrated, November 1, 1983, Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, titular archbishop of Tagora, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Rosalio José Castillo Lara, titular archbishop of Precausa, pro-president of the Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law. Pro-archivist of Holy Roman Church, July 9, 1984.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro, May 25, 1985. Librarian and archivist of the Holy Roman Church, May 27, 1985; resigned posts, July 1, 1988. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, August 23, 1990. Opted for the order of priests and his deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title, January 29, 1996. Among his most important works are Historia iuris canonici latini (1950); and Sacerdotium et regnum nei decretisti e primi decretalisti (1953). He also initiated the series Studia Gratiana and Studia et textus historiae iuris canonici.
Death. December 12, 2007, at 7:30 p.m., in his apartment in the Palace of the Holy Office, Vatican City. The exequies for the late cardinal, presided by Pope Benedict XVI, took place on Friday December 14, 2007, at 5 p.m., in the Altar of the Chair of the papal Vatican basilica. The pope delivered the homily. Several cardinals concelebrated with the pope; the two main concelebrants were Cardinal Angelo Sodano, dean of the Cardinalitial College, and Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. After the funeral, the body of the late cardinal was buried, around 7 p.m., in the cemetery of the Salesian community in the catacomb of S. Callisto in Rome. His remains will be transferred to his deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro when the building of the definitive tomb is finished.
Bibliography. Dias, João S. Clá. Cardinal Stickler: Salesian, erudite and librarian of the Holy Catholic Church. Mount Kisco, N.Y.: The Foundation for a Christian Civilization, 1987; Mejía, Jorge María. "Alfons Maria Stickler.: in I cardinali bibliotecari di Santa Romana Chiesa : la quadreria nella Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. Città del Vaticano : Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 2006. (Documenti e riproduzioni ; 7), p. 343.
Link. His arms.
Birth. August 17, 1887, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America. Son of Garret Stritch, manager of Sycamore Mills in Nashville, and Katherine O'Malley. He had two brothers, Robert and Eugene, and five sisters
Education. Saint Gregory's Preparatory Seminary, Cincinnati; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome; resided at the Pontifical North American College, Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 21, 1910, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, vicar of Rome. Pastoral work in the diocese of Nashville, 1910-1916. Secretary to the bishop of Nashville, 1916-1917. Diocesan chancellor of Nashville, 1917-1921. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, May 10, 1921.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Toledo, Ohio, August 10, 1921. Consecrated, November 30, 1921, cathedral of St. Francis de Sales, Toledo, by Henry Moeller, archbishop of Cincinnati, assisted by John Baptist Morris, bishop of Little Rock, and by Thomas Edmund Molloy, bishop of Brooklyn. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Milwaukee, August 26, 1930. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Chicago, December 27, 1939.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Agnese fuori le mura, February 22, 1946. President of the 9th National Catechetical Congress, Chicago, September 14, 1951. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for Propagation of Faith, March 1, 1958 until his death. Because his right arm had an occlusion of its main artery, it had to be amputated above the elbow; after the operation, he suffered a stroke on May 18, 1958, and died eight days later.
Death. May 26, 1958, Rome. His body was flown to the United States of America and buried on June 3, 1958, in the bishops' chapel, Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, archdiocese of Chicago. His successors Cardinals John Patrick Cody and Joseph Louis Bernardin are also buried in that chapel.
Bibliography. Buehrle, Marie Cecilia. The Cardinal Stritch story. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1959; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 278-279; Thornton, Francis Beauchesne. Our American princes. The story of the seventeen American cardinals. New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1963, pp. 186-200.
Birth. January 9, 1927, San Cristóbal de las Casas, México. Son of Adolfo Suárez Solórzano and Alicia Rivera. He had five brothers and sisters.
Education. Conciliar Seminary of Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas (humanities, for four years); Archdiocesan Seminary of Xalapa, Xalapa (philosophy, for one year); Pontifical Seminary, Montezuma, New Mexico, United States of America (philosophy, for three years); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (theology, for four years; licenciate in theology); Latinamerican Catechetical Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile, 1962 (catechesis, for one year).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 8, 1952, chapel of the Pontifical Collegio Pio Latinoamericano, Rome, by Alfonso Carinci, titular archbishop of Seleucia di Isauria, secretary of the S.C. of Rites. Successively, further studies, Rome; in Chiapas: spiritual director and faculty member, diocesan seminary; major official and secretary of episcopal curia; diocesan assessor of the Christian Family Movement and of the Catholic Action Youth; director of the diocesan office for catechesis; pastoral work; vicar general.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tepic, May 14, 1971. Consecrated, August 15, 1971, by Carlo Martini, titular archbishop of Abari, apostolic delegate in México, assisted by José Salazar López, archbishop of Guadalajara, and by Samuel Ruiz García, bishop of Chiapas. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Transferred to the see of Tlalnepantla, May 8, 1980. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Monterrey, November 8, 1983. President of the Mexican Episcopal Conference, 1988-1991 and 1991-1994; during his presidency the Church obtained juridical recognition; and the diplomatic relations between México and the Holy See were reestablished. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Apostolic administrator sede vacante of Ciudad Victoria, November 3, 1994 to December 1995.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario, November 26, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, January 25, 2003. Did not participate in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI, for reasons of health. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years old, January 9, 2007.
Death. March 23, 2008, at 1:25 a.m., of a brain hemorrhage, Hospital Murguerza, Monterrey. His body was exposed in the Minor Seminary of Monterrey, where hundreds of faithful paid their respects. On March 24, 2008, a funeral mass was celebrated in the basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Monterrey and later, he was buried in the area of the crypts of the metropolitan cathedral of Monterrey, which is under the main altar; it was built in the 1970s and there repose the remains of all the bishops and archbishops of Monterrey as well as the remains of Fr. Raymundo Jardón, whose process of beatification was initiated by Cardinal Suárez Rivera; the remains of the cardinal were placed at 6:30 p.m. in the crypt next to the one of the 8th archbishop of Monterrey, Alfonso Espino y Silva, who ordered the construction of the crypts. On March 31, 2008, the municipality of San Cristóbal de las Casas granted him the medal of merit "Manuel Velasco Suárez".
Birth. July 16, 1904, at 6:30 a.m., in the clinic of the Sisters of Maternal Charity, Ixelles, archdiocese of Mechelen, Belgium. Son of Jean-Baptiste Suenens and Jeanne Jannsens. He was baptized in the church of Sainte-Croix, the parish of the maternity clinic, by a priest-uncle. He was an only child and lost his father when he was four. From 1911 to 1912, he lived with his mother in the parish house of the uncle who had baptized him at Klein-Villebroek.
Education. "Institut Sainte-Marie", Schaerbeek; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1920-1927; 1927-1929 (doctorates in theology and philosophy; master's degree in canon law); resided in the Pontifical Belgian College, Rome 1920-1927; he was a college's librarian.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 4, 1927, Mechelen, by Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey, archbishop of Mechelen. Further studies in Rome, 1927-1929. Professor at the "Institut Sainte-Marie", Schaerbeek, 1929. Professor of philosophy at the Minor Seminary of Mechelen, 1930-1940. Military chaplain with the 9th artillery regiment of the Belgian Army in southern France, May-August 1940. Vice-rector of the University of Louvain, August 1940; acting rector when Msgr. Honoré van Waeyembergh, the rector, was arrested by the Gerrmans on June 5, 1944, just before the liberation of Belgium; the Germans included Msgr. Suenens' name on a list of thirty hostages who were to be executed; the Allies arrived just before the order was carried out. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, October 2, 1941.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Isinda and appointed auxiliary of Mechelen and vicar general, November 12, 1945. Consecrated, December 16, 1945, metropolitan cathedral of Mechelen, by Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey, archbishop of Mechelen, assisted by Étienne Joseph Carton de Wiart, bishop of Tournai, and by Jan van Cauwenbergh, titular bishop of Sinao, auxiliary of Mechelen. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Mechelen, November 24, 1961. The name of the see was changed to Mechelen-Brussels, December 8, 1961.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 19, 1962; received the red hat and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, March 22, 1962. Military vicar of Belgium, February 2, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965; member of its board of presidency, 1963-1965. President of the Episcopal Conference of Belgium. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, l967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Extraordinary papal envoy to the millennium celebrations of Saint Ulderich's death, Augsburg, Germany, June 10, 1973. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, October 4, 1979. Participated in the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, July 16, 1984. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; special guest.
Death. May 6, 1996, of a thrombosis, in a clinic of Brussels. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Mechelen.
Bibliography. Hamilton, Elizabeth. Suenens : a portrait. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1975; Lesourd, Paul ; Ramiz, Jean-Marie. Leon Josef Cardinal Suenens. Notre Dame, IN : University of Notre Dame Press, 1964. (The men who make the council); Suenens, Leon-Joseph. Memories and hopes. Translated by Elena French. Dublin : Veritas, 1992. Note: First published in 1991 by Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, France.
Birth. April 5, 1874, Brains-sur-les-Marches, diocese of Laval, France. Son of Emmanuel Suhard and Jeanne Marsollier; his father died a month after his birth. He was baptized the same day of his birth by Abbé Lambert in the parish church of Brains; the godfather was Célestin Marsollier and the godmother, Anne Suhard. He received his first communion on June 1, 1884; and was confirmed in 1885 in the church of La Roë.
Education. Minor Seminary of Mayenne, diocese of Laval; Grand Seminary, Laval; Pontifical French Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in philosophy and theology; licentiate in canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, December 18, 1897, in the private chapel of Cardinal Lucido Maria Parocchi, vicar of Rome. Further studies, 1897-1899; returned from Rome in June 1899. Named professor of philosophy at the Grand Seminary of Laval, September 30, 1899; professor of theology, 1912 until his promotion to the episcopate; its vice-rector, 1917-1928. Titular canon of the cathedral chapter of Laval, 1919.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Bayeux and Lisieux, July 6, 1928. Consecrated, October 3, 1928, cathedral of Laval, by Eugène-Jacques Grellier, bishop of Laval, assisted by Florent de La Villerabel, bishop of Annecy, and by Constantin Chauvin, bishop of Évreux. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Reims, December 23, 1930.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1935; received the red hat and the title of S. Onofrio, December 19, 1935. Papal legate to the inauguration of the cathedral of Reims restored after the First World War, June 29, 1938. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Paris, May 11, 1940. The Germans searched the archiepiscopal palace and detained the cardinal in it, June 26 to 29, 1940. The Assembly of Cardinals and Archbishops of France established the "Mission de France" on July 24, 1941, which had been planned by the cardinal. On July 1, 1943, he founded the "Mission de Paris". On Christmas Day 1948, he celebrated the first televised mass from Notre Dame cathedral, Paris, in the program "Le Jour du Seigneur".
Death. May 30, 1949, at 2:20 a.m., Paris. The funeral took place in the metropolitan cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris. His remains were buried in the crypt of the archbishops in that metropolitan cathedral on June 8, 1949.
Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 497-498; Vinatier, Jean. Le Cardinal Suhard (1874-1949), l'évêque du renoveaux missionaire en France. Paris : Centurion, 1984.
Birth. October 2, 1916, Zaldivia, diocese of San Sebastián, Spain. One of the thirteen children of José Ignacio Suquía y Justa Goicoechea.
Education. School of the Brothers of Christian Schools (La Salle), Beasain, 1925-1927; Minor Seminary of Saturrarán, Motrico, Guipúzcoa, 1927-1931; Major Seminary of Vitoria, Vitoria, 1931-1936; when the Civil War started in 1936, he was destined to the fort of Guadalupe as soldiers' instructor; in 1939, he travelled to the Benedictine monastery of Maria Laach, Germany, to study liturgy but when the Second World War started in that same year, he quickly returned to Spain; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1946-1949 (obtained a doctorate in theology with the highest grades; thesis: "La santa Misa en la espiritualidad de San Ignacio de Loyola".
Priesthood. Ordained, July 7, 1940, chapel of the Seminary of Vitoria. Successively, 1940-1946, pastoral work in the diocese of Vitoria; counselor of the Young Men Catholic Action; director of houses of spiritual exercises in Madrid and Bilbao. Further studies, Rome, 1946-1949. Pastoral work in the diocese of Vitoria, 1949-1951; faculty member of its seminary, 1951-1955; rector, 1955-1965. Faculty member of the School of Social Assistants and of the Center of Superior Religious Studies; counselor of the Catholic National Association of Propagandists; director of the Diocesan Secretariat for spiritual development of the city of Vitoria; canon penitentiary of the cathedral of Vitoria, 1954-1966; vice-president of the Institute of Spirituality, Pontifical University of Salamanca; pastoral work in Cuba as chaplain of the Brothers of Christian Schools (La Salle) and director of the house of spiritual exercises of Santa María del Rosario, in the province of Havana.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Almería, Spain, May 17, 1966; consecrated, July 16, 1966, in an open esplanade, Almaerí, by Antonio Riberi, titular archbishop of Dara, nuncio in Spain, assisted by Lorenzo Bereciartúa, bishop of San Sebastián, and by Francisco Peralta y Ballabriga, bishop of Vitoria. Transferred to the see of Málaga, November 28, 1969. Promoted to metropolitan see of Santiago de Compostela, April 13, 1973. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Transferred to the archbishopric of Madrid, April 12, 1983.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of Gran Madre di Dio, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. President of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, 1987-1993. Special papal envoy to the Bolivarian Marian Eucharistic Congress, Lima, Perú, May 7-15, 1988. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebration of St. John of God's death, Segovia, Spain, December 14, 1990. Named metropolitan archbishop of Madrid, when the archbishopric was established as a metropolitan see. July 23, 1991. Papal legate to the closing ceremonies of the Ignatian Year, shrine of Loyola, San Sebastián, Spain, July 31, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 28, 1994. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 2, 1996.
Death. July 13, 2006, at 1:45 a.m., after a long illness, at his home in San Sebastián, Spain. His burial took place on Saturday July 15, 2006, in the chapel of San Isidro in the metropolitan cathedral of Santa María la Real de la Almudena, Madrid.
Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 127.
Birth. October 21, 1914, Walga, apostolic administration of Estonia. Son of Jana Świątek and Weronicki Kromplewskich. Son of Jan Świątek and Weronika Kromplewska. He was baptized in Riga. In 1917, when he was three years old, his family was deported to Siberia.
Education. Enetred the Major Seminary, Pinsk, Byelorussia, Soviet Union, on September 8, 1933.
Priesthood. Ordained, April 8, 1939, Pinsk, by Kazimierz Bukraba, bishop of Pinsk, a few months before invading German forces occupied eastern Poland, where his parish was located. Incardinated in diocese of Pinsk. From April 21, 1939 to April 21, 1941 he was curate and later administrator of the parish in Pruzana, diocese of Pinsk. Arrested and and kept in the Brzesc prison, where in the course of two months he was interrogated fifty-nine times. On June 21, 1941, he was released by the people of the town, taking advantage of the disorder caused by the German offensive. Father Swiatek walked back to his parish, but found it occupied by the Gestapo, which made it difficult for him to exercise his priestly ministry. When the offensive of the Soviet Red Army was approaching in 1944, he stayed with his parishioners. He was arrested and sent to prison in Minsk, where he spent five months. Arrested and sentenced to ten years of forced labor. In September 1945, he was interned in the Marwinsk labor camp in eastern Siberia, where he stayed for two years; seeing that he was able to hold the work and the cold, they transferred to him to the field of Workuta, in the Arctic, where he worked in construction sites, with a terrible cold and very little food. He was freed, June 16, 1954. Pastor of the cathedral of Pinsk, December 1, 1954 until 1989. Chaplain of His Holiness, February 2, 1988. Vicar general of the diocese of Pinsk, April 11, 1989.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Minsk-Mohilev and named apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Pinsk, April 13, 1991. Consecrated, May 21, 1991, cathedral of Pinsk, by Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, titular archbishop of Ippona Zarito, apostolic administrator of European Russia, assisted by Wladyslaw Jedruszuk, titular bishop of Clisma, apostolic administrator of the Polish territory of the diocese of Pinsk, and by Edward Kisiel, titular bishop of Limata, apostolic administrator of the Polish territory of the archdiocese of Vilnius. Attended the Special Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gerardo Maiella, November 26, 1994. He was older than 80 years when created a cardinal and, therefore, never had the right to participate in the conclave. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. On September 27, 2004, Pope John Paul II awarded him the Fidei Testis (Witness of Faith) prize, conferred by the "Pope Paul VI Institute" in recognition of heroism in living the faith. On June 14, 2006, the pope accepted the resignation from the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev that he had presented in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law. He continued to carry out the office of apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis of Pinsk. The cardinal resigned the presidency of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Belarus on June 14, 2006, since he is no longer a diocesan bishop; he was elected for the first time on February 11, 1999, and served for three year terms until his resignation. He is the first cardinal of Belarus.
Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Revue des ordinations épiscopales. Mango, Fla. : Charles N. Bransom, 1994, no. 1-2, p. 9; Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 423-426.
Link. Photograph, arms and biography, in English; and his arms.
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Birth. September 14, 1927, Grand Rapids, United States of America. Son of Casimir Szoka and Mary Wolgat, Polish immigrants.
Education. St. Paul's Seminary, Grand Rapids; St. John's Interdiocesan Seminary, Plymouth (bachelor of arts); Sacred Heart Seminary, Detroit (theology); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (licentiate in canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained, June 5, 1954, St. Peter cathedral, Marquette, by Thomas Lawrence Noa, bishop of Marquette. Pastoral work in the diocese of Saginaw and secretary to its bishops, 1954-1962; accompanied Bishop Thomas Lawrence Noa to the first session of the II Vatican Council, 1962; chaplain at the Sawyer Air Force base, 1956. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1959. In Saginaw, official of the diocesan ecclesiastical tribunal, 1960-1971; assistant to the chancellor secretary, 1962-1969; pastoral work, 1962-1971. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, November 14, 1963. Vicar for religious and vicar general of Marquette, 1968-1971; chancellor, 1971.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gaylord, June 11, 1971. Consecrated, July 20, 1971, Our Lady of Mount Carmel cathedral, Gaylord, by Cardinal John Francis Dearden, archbishop of Detroit, assisted by Charles Alexander Salatka, bishop of Marquette, and by Joseph Crescent McKinney, titular bishop of Lentini, auxiliary of Grand Rapids. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Detroit, March 21, 1981. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, June 28, 1988. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See, 1989. President of the Prefecture for Economic Affairs of the Holy See, January 22, 1990 to October 15, 1997. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, April 28, 1990. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Special papal envoy to the National Catechetical Congress, Manila, Philippines, December 5 to 8, 1990. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Special papal envoy to the Holy See's Day, International Exposition, Taejon, South Korea, September 19, 1993. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the martyrdom of 26 Japanese saints, Nagasaki, Japan, February 5, 1997. President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City, October 14, 1997. Special papal envoy to the ceremonies of the reconsecration of the cathedral of Minsk, Belarus, October 21, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 13, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Special papal envoy to the concluding celebrations for the 450th anniversary of the first evangelization of Japan, in Kagoshima, October 11, 1999. Special papal envoy to the millennial celebrations of archdiocese of Wrocław, Poland, June 24, 2000. President of the Governatorato for the State of Vatican City, February 22, 2001. Papal delegate to the inauguration of the "Pope John Paul II Cultural Center" in Washington, United States, March 21-22, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed president of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005; by papal appointment. On June 22, 2006, the pope accepted, according to canon 354 of the Code of Canon Law, his resignation as president of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City and president of the Governatorato of the same state, asking him to remain in the post until September 15, 2006, with all inherent faculties of those offices. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years old on September 14, 2007.
Bibliography. Carson, Thomas. "Szoka, Edmund Casimir." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, p. 417-418.
Link. His arms.
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