SABADEL, O.F.M.Cap., Armando Pietro (1850-1914)

Birth. November 14, 1850, Langogne, diocese of Lozère, France. His baptismal name was Blaíse Armand.

Education. Initial education in Langogne. Joined the Order of the Friars Minor Capuchin in the province of Lyon, February 2, 1873; he took the name Pie de Lagogne; professed in 1874. Obtained a doctorate in philosophy in the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1881.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1875. Lector of philosophy in his province. Secretary to the general procurator of his order in Rome, October 20, 1880. Qualificatore of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, May 30, 1892; consultor, June 21, 1900. Consultor of the S.C. of the Index, June 21, 1895. Consultor of the S.C. of the Council, March 31, 1898. Consultor of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars, June 30, 1898. Participated in the reform of the Roman congregations in 1908. Spiritual director of the French community in Rome as well as of the Roman aristocracy. He was a friend of La Sapinière, the quasi-secret society which denounced presumed modernists to the Holy See under Pope Pius X.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Corinto, November 27, 1911. Consecrated, December 17, 1911, Sistine chapel, by Pope Pius X, assisted by Augusto Silj, titular archbishop of Cesarea, secret almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness.

Cardinalate. According to Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1915, Pope Pius X revealed that he had offered the cardinalate to Archbishop Sabadel but that he had declined the promotion. Consultor of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Code of Canon Law. He published several works, among them Commento sul Decreto della S.C. dei Vescovi e Regolari Quemodmodium, December 17, 1899, (several editions); Vita del Beato Cipriano da Viterbo (three editions); and a translation in French of Diurno quotidiano di Maria, published in Latin by Cardinal José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó, O.F.M.Cap.

Death. May 4, 1914, Capuchin general curia, Rome. The funeral was celebrated on May 7, 1914. Buried (no information found).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 479-480; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, p. 141; Goichot, E. "Deux historiens à l'Académie." Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, XXVII (1983), 34-63; 373-396.

SABATTANI, Aurelio (1912-2003)

Birth. October 18, 1912, parish of Pieve S. Andrea, Casal Fiumanese, diocese of Imola, Italy. Son of Luigi Sabattani and Argia Casadio.

Education. Seminary of Imola, Imola, 1922-1925; received the clerical vestment in his native parish from Paolino Giovanni Tribbioli, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Imola; Regional Seminary Benedetto XV, Bologna, 1927-1934 (master's in dogmatic theology; Pontifical Institute "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorate in utroque iure; thesis: De vita et operibus Alexandri Tartagni de Imola, 1939); Sacred Roman Rota, Rome (diploma of lawyer).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 26, 1935, episcopal chapel, Faenza, by Antonio Scarante, bishop of Faenza. Brief service in the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1939-1940; had to return to his diocese because of family affairs. Successively, 1940-1955, in Imola, diocesan chancellor; faculty member of its seminary; diocesan counselor of Christian Teachers; cathedral canon; in Bologna, judge and official of the regional ecclesiastical tribunal; during the summer months of 1942-1947, worked at the Vatican Secretariat of State. Preivy chamberlain supra numerum, September 30, 1943. Named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, January 31, 1955. The cardinal vicar of Rome named him spiritual counselor of the Catholic Physicians Association of Rome, 1955-1965.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Giustiniana prima and appointed prelate of Loreto and pontifical delegate of its shrine, June 24, 1965. Consecrated, July 25, 1965, church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, by Cardinal Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Frascati, secretary of State, assisted by Francesco Carpino, titular archbishop of Sardi, secretary of the S.C. Consistorial, and by Benigno Carrara, bishop of Imola. President of the Episcopal Conference of the Marches. Secretary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, July 13, 1971. Resigned the pastoral government of the prelature, September 30, 1971. Vicar of the cardinal archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1971. Pro-prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature and pro-president of the Vatican Court of Appeal, May 17, 1982.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 2, 1983. Received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, February 2, 1983. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, February 3, 1983. Archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica and president of the Reverend Fabric of St. Peter's, February 8, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Resigned the prefecture, July 1, 1988. Cardinal protodeacon, November 26, 1990. Vicar general of Vatican City, January 14, 1991. Resigned the posts of archpriest, vicar and president, July 1, 1991. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 18, 1992. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, April 5, 1993.

Death. April 19, 2003, in the morning, in his residence at the Palace of the Tribunal, in piazza Santa Marta, Vatican City. Buried in his family's tomb in Riolo Terme.

Bibliography. Cárcel Ortí, Vicente. "Aurelius Cardinalis Sabattani. Nota biographica." in Dilexit iustitiam : studia in honorem Aurelii Card. Sabattani. Città del Vaticano : Libreria editrice vaticana, 1984. (Studi giuridici ; 5), pp. XV-XX.

SAIGH, M.S.S.P., Maximos IV (1878-1967)

Birth. April 10, 1878, Aleppo, Syria.

Education. Joined the Missionary Society of Saint Paul. Saint'Anna Seminary, Jerusalem; Paulist houses of studies.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 17, 1905. From 1905 to 1919, pastoral work and superior general of his religious society.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Tyre of the Melkites and consecrated, August 30, 1919, Damascus, by Joseph Dimitri Cadi, patriarch of Antioch of the Melkites, assisted by Ignace Homsi, titular bishop of Tarso of the Melkites, and by Flavien Khoury, archbishop of Homs of the Melkites. Patriarchal apostolic vicar, sede vacante, October 30, 1925 until June 21, 1926. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Beirut and Gibail of the Melkites, August 30, 1933. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 25, 1943. Elected Melkite patriarch of Antioch, October 30, 1947; confirmed by the pope, June 21, 1948. He had the title ad personam of the sees of Alexandria and Jerusalem of the Melkites. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal patriarch in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta, February 25, 1965. The church of S. Maria in Cosmedin was assigned to him for religious celebrations while in Rome, November 22, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967.

Death. November 5, 1967, Beirut. Buried in Damascus, Syria.

SALAZAR LÓPEZ, José (1910-1991)

Birth. January 12, 1910, Ameca, archdiocese of Guadalajara, México.

Education. Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 26, 1934, Guadalajara. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Guadalajara, 1934-1961. Charged with the construction of the Conciliar Seminary of Guadalajara; member of its faculty, and prefect of studies, 1934-1944; vice-rector, 1944-1950; rector, 1950-1961. Apostolic visitor to the Seminaries of Puebla and Durango, 1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Prusiade and appointed coadjutor of Zamora, May 22, 1961. Consecrated, August 20, 1961, Guadalupe, by Cardinal José Garibi Rivera, archbishop of Guadalajara, assisted by Francisco Javier Nuño Guerrero, titular archbishop of Garella, coadjutor of Guadalajara, and by José Gabriel Anaya y Diez de Bonilla, bishop of Zamora. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Transferred to the diocese of Zamora, September 15, 1967. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Guadalajara, February 21, 1970. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza, March 5, 1973. President of the Episcopal Conference of México. Attended the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Attended the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 15, 1987. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 12, 1990.

Death. July 9, 1991, Guadalajara. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara.

SALDARINI, Giovanni (1924-

Birth. December 11, 1924, Cantù, archdiocese of Milan, Italy.

Education. St. Peter Martyr Seminary, Venegono; Theological Faculty, Milan; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 31, 1947, Milan, by Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, O.S.B., archbishop of Milan. Faculty member, archiepiscopal school, Desio, 1947-1949. Further studies, Rome, 1949-1952. Faculty member, Seminary of Venegono, 1952-1967. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Milan, 1967-1982. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, April 24, 1979. In the archdiocese of Milan, episcopal vicar for the first pastoral zone, March 17, 1982; pro-vicar general, June 18, 1983; major canon of the metropolitan chapter, September 22, 1983.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Gaudiaba and appointed auxiliary of Milan, November 10, 1984. Consecrated, December 7, 1984, Milan, by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, S.J., archbishop of Milan, assisted by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, archbishop emeritus of Milan, and by Giulio Oggioni, bishop of Bergamo. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, January 31, 1989.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio, deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title, June 28, 1991. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese because of bad health, June 19, 1999. Since his resignation he resides in the parish of S. Francesco di Paola, via Montenapoleone 22, Milan. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, December 11, 2004.

SALES, Eugênio de Araújo (1920-

Birth. November 8, 1920, Acari, diocese of Caico, Brazil. Son of Celso Dantas Sales, judge of the High Court, and Josefa de Araújo Sales. He was baptized on the day of his birth in the parish of N.S.da Guia in Acari.

Education. Minor Seminary, Natal (1936); Major Seminary, Fortaleza (1937-1943).

Priesthood. Ordained, November 21, 1943, Natal, by Marcolino Esmeraldo de Souza Dantas, bishop of Natal. Pastoral work, Natal, 1943-1954.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tibica and appointed auxiliary of Natal, June 1, 1954. Consecrated, August 15, 1954, Natal, by José de Medeiros Delgado, archbishop of São Luis do Maranhão, assisted by Elizeu Simões Mendes, bishop of Mossoró, and by José Adelino Dantas, bishop of Caicó. Apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Natal, January 6 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Apostolic administrator of the archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia, July 6, 1964. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of São Salvador da Bahia, October 29, 1968.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gregorio VII, April 30, 1969. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Brasília, May 5, 1970. Transferred to the metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, March 13, 1971. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Ordinary for the faithful of Oriental rite without their own ordinary, June 22, 1972. Participated in the conclave of August 25 - 26, 1978. Participated in the conclave of October 14 - 16, 1978. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; I Plenary Meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 - 9, 1979; V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See, May 31, 1981. Attended the II Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 23 - 26, 1982; VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; III Plenary Meeting of the College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 21 - 23, 1985; II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Special papal envoy to the 12th National Eucharistic Congress, Natal, October 6-13, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 - 28, 1992. President delegate of the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, November 16 to December 12, 1997, Vatican City. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, November 8, 2000. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 25, 2001. Apostolic administrator of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, July 25, 2001 to September 22, 2001. Resigned the office of ordinary for the faithful of Oriental rite without their own ordinary, October 3, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the coronation of the statue of "Nossa Senhora Aparecida" and the 150th anniversary of the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception that took place in Aparecida, Brazil, September 8, 2004. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the centennial of the coronation of the image of "Nossa Senhora do Sameiro" and of the 150th anniversary of the definition of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. The celebrations took place in Braga, Portugal, on December 8, 2004.

Link. Curriculum vitae, in Portuguese.

SALIÈGE, Jules-Géraud (1870-1956)

Birth. February 24, 1870, Crouzy-Haut, diocese of Saint-Flour, France.

Education. Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 21, 1895. Faculty member of the Minor Seminary of Pleaux, 1895-1903. Faculty member of the Seminary of Saint-Flour, 1903-1907; its rector, 1907-1925. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Saint-Flour, September 14, 1905; honorary vicar general, March 31, 1918. Military chaplain in the First World War, 1914-1918.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gap, October 29, 1925. Consecrated, January 6, 1926, cathedral of Saint-Flour, by Paul-Augustine Lecoeur, bishop of Saint-Flour, assisted by Benjamin Roland-Gosselin, titular bishop of Mosinopoli, auxiliary of Paris, and by Hippolyte de La Celle, bishop of Nancy. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Toulouse, December 17, 1928. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, October 15, 1945.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Pudenziana, May 17, 1946.

Death. November 5, 1956, Toulouse. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Toulouse.

Bibliography. Guitton, Jean. Le Cardinal Saliège. Paris : Bernard Grosset, 1957. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 483-484; Clément, Jean-Louis. Monsigneur Saliège: Archevêque de Toulous, 1929-1956. Paris : Beauchesne, 1994. (Bibliothèue Beauchesne: Religions, Societé, Politique, v. 23.)

SALOTTI, Carlo (1870-1947)

Birth. July 25, 1870, Grotte di Castro, diocese of Montefiascone, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Orvieto, Orvieto; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, Rome; Royal University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 22, 1894, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1894-1897. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, 1897-1912. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", 1902-1912. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, July 20, 1915. Assessor of the S.C. of Rites and subpromoter of the Faith, July 10, 1915; promoter, 1925.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippopoli di Tracia, June 30, 1930. Consecrated, July 6, 1930, basilica of S. Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio, Rome, by Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum, C.SS.R., prefect of S.C. for Propagation of Faith, assisted by Luigi Olivarès, S.D.B., bishop of Nepi e Sutri, and by Giovanni Rosi, bishop of Montefiascone. Named secretary of the S.C. for Propagation of Faith and rector of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," July 3, 1930. Founder of the Scientifical Missionary Institute of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide."

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest and reserved in pectore, March 13, 1933; published, December 16, 1935; received the red hat and the title of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, December 19, 1935. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites, September 14, 1938. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, December 11, 1939.

Death. October 24, 1947, Rome. Buried in Grotte di Castro.

Bibliography. Sturzo, Luigi. Il Cardinale Carlo Salotti, nelle sue memorie. Alba : Edizione Paoline, 1951.

SAMASSA, József (1828-1912)

Birth. September 30, 1828, Aranyosmarót, archdiocese of Esztergom (Gran), Austria-Hungary (now Zlazé Moravce, archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava, Slovakia). Received the sacrament of confirmation, May 23, 1836.

Education. Seminary of Presbourg, Presbourg; Pazmaneum College, Vienna; University of Vienna, Vienna (doctorate in theology, June 13, 1862). Received the insignias of the clerical character and the minor orders, 1846; subdiaconate, July 20, 1852; diaconate, July 22, 1852.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 23, 1852, Esztergom. Faculty member of the Tyrnau archiepiscopal gymnasium, 1852-1855. Prefect of studies of the Central Seminary of Pest, 1855-1859. Professor of theology, Seminary of Esztergom, 1859-1861. Ordinary public professor of biblical studies of the New Testament, University of Pest, 1861-1867. Member of the Hungarian parliament; counselor of the Ministry of Cult and Public Education; and abbot of St. Helena de Földovár, 1869. Canon of of the metropolitan cathedral of Esztergom, 1870-1871. Belonged to the Deák Party.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Szepes (Spis, now Slovakia), June 26, 1871. Consecrated, July 30, 1871, Esztergom, by János Simor, archbishop of Esztergom, assisted by Janos Zalka, bishop of Györ, and by Jozsef Szabó, titular bishop of Nilopoli, auxiliary of Esztergom. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Eger, July 25, 1873. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, July 30, 1886. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1892.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 11, 1905 (1); received the red hat and the title of S. Marco, December 6, 1906.

Death. August 20, 1912, Eger. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Eger.

Bibliography. Melloni, Alberto. Il conclave. Storia di una istitutzione. Bologna : Il Mulino, 2001, p. 79, n.45.

Link. Picture and brief biographical data, in Hungarian.

(1) According to Melloni, Il conclave. Storia di una istitutzione, p. 79, n.45, on September 19, 1894, he had defended the right of Austria-Hungary to use the veto in the conclave and, because of this, he had not received the red hat despite the strong pressure of the court of Vienna. Melloni cites as sources of this information, M. Scaduto, "I precedenti di una riforma e le leggi di Pio X sul Conclave" in La Civiltà Cattolica, XCV, 2 (1944), pp. 140-149 and 236-246; and Friedrich Engel-Jánosi, Österreich und der Vatikan 1846-1918, II, Die Pontifikat Pius X. und Benedikts XV. (1903-1918), Graz : Verlag Styria, 1958-1960, pp. 79-91.

SAMORÈ, Antonio (1905-1983)

Birth. December 4, 1905, Bardi, diocese of Piacenza, Italy. Son of Gino Samorè and Giuseppina Basini. He had a sister, Jolanda, who was two years older than him.

Education. Seminary of Piacenza, Piacenza; Pontifical Lateran Athenaeum, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1928, Piacenza, by Ersilio Menzani, bishop of Piacenza. Pastoral work in the diocese of Piacenza, 1929-1932. Attaché and secretary of the nunciature in Lithuania, 1932-1936. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, February 28, 1935; reappointed, March 3, 1939. Secretary of the nunciature in Switzerland, 1938. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1938-1947. Counselor of the apostolic delegation in United States of America, 1947-1950. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, February 27, 1947.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tirnovo and appointed nuncio in Colombia, January 30, 1950. Consecrated, April 16, 1950, basilica of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome, by Cardinal Clemente Micara, bishop of Velletri, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Filippo Bernardini, titular archbishop of Antiochia di Pisidia, nuncio in Switzerland, and by Alberto Carinci, bishop of Boiano-Campobasso. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, February 7, 1953. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, June 29, 1967. President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, September 25, 1967. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Prefect of the S.C. for the Discipline of the Sacraments, November 1, 1968. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Resigned the prefecture and appointed librarian and archivist of the Holy Roman Church, January 25, 1974; occupied the post until his death. Named bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, December 12, 1974. Special papal representative before Argentina and Chile to peacefully resolve the border controversy between them, December 24, 1978.

Death. February 3, 1983, of a heart attack, Rome. Buried in the church of the Carmelite monastery of Vetralla, Viterbo.

Bibliography. Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 437.

SÁNCHEZ, José Tomás (1920-

Birth. March 17, 1920, Pandan, diocese of Virac, Philippines.

Education. Holy Rosary Seminary, Naga; St. Thomas University, Manila (doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 12, 1946. Successively, 1946-1968, pastoral work in Sorsogon and Legazpi; vicar general of Legazpi; Faculty member, minor seminary of Sorsogon; St. Agnes Academy; lyceum of Albay; St. Thomas University, Legazpi; Holy Rosary Seminary, Naga.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lesvi and appointed auxiliary of Cáceres, February 5, 1968. Consecrated, May 12, 1968, cathedral of San Jorge, Legazpi, by Carmine Rocco, titular archbishop of Iustinianopolis in Galatia, nuncio to the Philippines, assisted by Flaviano Ariola, bishop of Legazpi, and by Arnulfo Arcilla, bishop of Sorsogon. Named coadjutor, with right of succession, of Lucena, December 12, 1972. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Successor to the see of Lucena, September 25, 1976. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Nueva Segovia, January 12, 1982. Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, October 30, 1985. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, March 22, 1986.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Pio V a Villa Carpegna, June 28, 1991. Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and president of the Pontifical Commission for the Preservation of the Artistic and Historical Patrimony of the Church, July 1, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Cebú, Philippines, April 21-28, 1995; to the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Nueva Segovia, Philippines, June 4 to 11, 1995; to the closing of the 4th centennial celebration of the establishment of the diocese of Caceres, September 15, 1995. Resigned the prefecture, June 15, 1996. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, March 17, 2000. Opted for the order of priests and his deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title, February 26, 2002.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles. "Philippine episcopology (IV)." Boletín Eclesiástico de Filipinas, LXV, 718-719 (September-October 1989), 674.

SANDOVAL ÍÑIGUEZ, Juan (1933-

Birth. March 28, 1933, Yahualica, diocese of San Juan de los Lagos, México. His parents were Esteban Sandoval and María Guadalupe Íñiguez; they had twelve children; one of his brothers was a Guadalupan missionary in Korea.

Education. Initial studies at Colegio Amado Nervo, Yahualica; Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, November 11, 1945-1952 (secondary studies, humanities and first year of philosophy); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1952-1961 (licentiate in philosophy and doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 27, 1957, Rome, by Antonio Samorè, titular archbishop of Tirnovo, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1961. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Guadalajara, 1961. In the Seminary of Guadalajara, 1961-1971, spiritual director; prefect of discipline; prefect of philosophy faculty; faculty member and prefect of students in Tapalpa. Vice-rector, with functions of rector, 1971-1980; named rector, August 22, 1980, occupied the post until 1988. Also, member and president of the presbyteral council; member of the archdiocesan board of goverment; member of the archdiocesan clergy commission.

Episcopate. Elected coadjutor bishop of Ciudad Juárez, March 3, 1988. Consecrated, April 30, 1988, by Manuel Talamás Camandari, bishop of Ciudad Juárez, assisted by Girolamo Prigione, titular archbishop of Lauriaco, apostolic delegate in México, and by Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, archbishop of Guadalajara. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Succeeded to the see of Ciudad Juárez, July 11, 1992. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Guadalajara, April 21, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe e S. Filippo Martire in Via Aurelia, November 26, 1994. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, November 6, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; its relator general. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. President-delegate of the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Spanish.

SANTOS, O.F.M., Alexandre José María dos (1924-

Birth. March 18, 1924, Zavala, diocese of Inhambane, Moçambique.

Education. Franciscan Minor Seminary, Amatongas; Missionaries of Africa's Seminary of Nyassaland, Malawi; Franciscan Seminary of Varatojo, Lisbon. Joined the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans); temporary profession, 1948; solemn profession, 1951.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 25, 1953, Lisbon. Pastoral work in the Franciscan missions of Inhabane, Moçambique, 1954-1972. Counselor, Franciscan custody of Moçambique and rector of the minor seminary in Vila Pery (Chimoio), 1972-1974.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Maputo, December 23, 1974. Consecrated, March 9, 1975, Sports Palace, Lourenço Marques, by Cardinal Agnelo Rossi, prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, assisted by Cardinal Laurean Rugambwa, archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam, and by Eduardo Muaca, bishop of Malanje.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of S. Frumenzio ai Prati Fiscali, June 28, 1988. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 22, 2003. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, March 18, 2004.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B., André and Charles N. Bransom. "Franciscan bishops." Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), 315.

SANTOS, Rufino Jiao (1908-1973)

Birth. August 26, 1908, Guagua, Pampanga, diocese of San Fernando, Philippines.

Education. Seminary of Manila, Manila; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 25, 1931, Rome. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Manila, 1932-1934. Vice-chancellor of the archdiocese of Manila, 1934-1938; superintendent of religious instruction, 1934-1938; member of the Executive Committee of the International Eucharistic Congress, Manila, 1937; canon bursar, 1939. Imprisoned during the Second World War, February 4, 1944 to February 4, 1945, when he was freed by the United States troops the day before he was going to be executed. Vicar general of Manila, 1945-1947.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Barca and appointed auxiliary of Manila, August 19, 1947. Consecrated, October 24, 1947, University of Santo Tomás, Manila, by Michael James O'Doherty, archbishop of Manila, assisted by Gabriel Martelino Reyes, archbishop of Cebú, and by Mariano Madriaga, bishop of Lingayen. Reappointed vicar general of Manila, September 29, 1949. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Lipa, December 10, 1949. Received the Grand Cross of the Magistral Grace of the Military Sovereign Order of Malta, February 1950. Apostolic administrator of Infanta, March 1950. Auxiliary bishop of Manila, December 2, 1950. Military vicar of the Philippines, December 10, 1951. Apostolic administrator of Manila, October 17, 1952. Secretary general of the I Plenary Council of Philippines, Manila, January 1953. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Manila, February 10, 1953.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 28, 1960; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria ai Monti, March 31, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. He was the first cardinal from the Philippines.

Death. September 3, 1973, Manila. Buried, crypt of the metropolitan cathedral, Manila.

Bibliography. Acosta, Carmencita H. The life of Rufino Cardinal Santos. Manila: Printed at Kayumanggi Press, Quezon City, Philippines, 1973; Bransom, Charles. "Philippine episcopology (III)." Boletín Eclesiástico de Filipinas, LXV, 716-717 (July-August 1989), 576.

SANZ DE SAMPER Y CAMPUZANO, Ricardo (1873-1954)

Birth. December 19, 1873, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. Son of Rodolfo Sanz de Samper and Teresa Campuzano. His first name is also listed as Riccardo; and his last name only Sanz de Samper and as de Samper.

Education. Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1896-1899.

Early life. Lieutenant of artillery. Secretary of the legation of Colombia in Paris. Received the clerical habit, June 21, 1895, Paris; the homily was delivered by Msgr. Alfredo Peri-Morosini, secretary of the nunciature in Paris and future bishop apostolic administrator of Canton Ticino, Switzerland.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1898, Rome. Privy chamberlain participantium of Pope Leo XIII, September 26, 1899. Prelate of His Holiness, February 11, 1902. He was sent to México to try to established an apostolic delegation; arrived in México on March 18, 1902 and departed on July 10 of the same year. Named secretary of embassy, August 5, 1903. Privy chamberlain participantium of Pope Pius X, 1903-1914; for six years, interim master of chamber. Coppiere of His Holiness, 1905. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1910. In May 1910, with Msgr. Rodolfo Caroli, he participated in the reopening of the cathedral of Canton Ticino after its repair was finished. Protonotary apostolic supernumerary, July 10, 1910. Secretary of the S.C. Ceremonial, November 2, 1911. Master of Chamber of His Holiness, 1914-1921. Majordome of His Holiness and prefect of the Sacred Apostolic Palace, June 16, 1921 to October 1926; as majordome, he was one of the four prelati di fiocchetti and had ordinary audiences with the pope the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Governor of the conclave of 1922; he heard, from the outside, that in the Sistine Chapel the pope had been elected and ran to give the news to the Pontifical Family; as governor, he was the first, after the cardinals, to pay homage to the new Pope Pius XI. President of the Heraldic Commission of the Pontifical Court. President of the Ospizio dei Convertendi, Rome.

Cardinalate. According to Yves Chiron, Pie XI : 1857-1939 (Paris : Perrin, 2004), p. 130, in 1923 Pope Pius XI wanted to promote him to the cardinalate, but changed his mind when King Alfonso XIII of Spain insisted that he appoint cardinals from South America. The pope did not wish to appear to have been influenced by political considerations (1). In 1926, he was abruptly suspended from his position (2). Majordome emeritus (3) .He testified for the Positio Summarium during the beatification process of Pope Pius X, which was published in 1949. He moved to Sanremo because of his deteriorating health.

Death. February 22, 1954, Sanremo. Buried in the Armea Cemetery of Sanremo.

Bibliography. Bravo Ugarte, José. Diócesis y obispo de la iglesia mexicana (1519-1965). Con un apéndice de los representantes de la S. Sede en México y viceversa. 2d ed. México : Editorial Jus, 1965. (Colección México Heorico, 39); Bravo Ugarte, José. Historia de México. México : Jus, 1941-1944, 3, II, 432. Contents: v. 1. Elementos prehispanicos.--v. 2. La Nueva Espaqa.--v. 3, I. Independencia, caracterización politica e integracisn social.--v. 3, II. Relaciones internacionales, territorio, sociedad y cultura; Gillow, Eulogio. Apuntes históricos. México : Impr. del. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, 1899; "Liste générale alphabétique des protonotaires apostoliques, prélates de Sa Santité, camériers secrets et d'honneur, d'honneur 'extra urbem', chapelains communs, secrets, d'honneur'extra urbem', et autres collèges prélatices." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, XIV année, 1911, p. 633; and XXXIX année, 1936, p. 787.

Link. Portait, medals of the Sede vacante 1922 and biographical data, in Italian (nos. 77-79); Château of Middes, Switzerland, which he bought in 1914 and where he resided until 1930; another site of Château of Middes.

(1) This the text of Chiron's book: En 1923, le roi d'Espagne, Alphonse XIII, au cours de la visite officielle qu'il fit au Vatican, demanda au pape de créer des cardinaux en Amérique du Sud, cette partie du confinent américain n'ayant qu'un représentant au sein du Sacré Collège (le cardinal Arcoverde). Pie XI prit mal cette ingérence. Alors qu'il envisageait de créer cardinal un autre Sud-Américain, Mgr Richard Sanz de Samper, son majordome du palais, prélat de la famille pontificale, il changea d'avis " pour ne pas paraître subir une pression d'un souverain ...". Ce n'est qu'en 1930 qu'un Sud-Amiricain sera cré cardinal. Il s'agira de Mgr Sebastian Leme da Silveira Cintra, archevêque de Rio de Janeiro.
(2) According to Chiron, Pie XI : 1857-1939, p. 130, note in note 2 : Dépêche de Doulcet, le 11 janvier 1924, AMAE, Saint-Siège, vol. 5, f. 69. Peut-être y avait-il aussi d'autres raisons ? Près de cinq ans plus tard, Mgr Sanz de Samper sera " brusquement " éloigné de sa charge, " sans aucune compensation ", et sans le traditionnel chapeau cardinalice attaché à la fonction au bout d'un certain nombre d'années de service (cf. dépêche de Fontenay, le 17 dicembre 1928, AMAE, Saint-Siège, vol. 5, f. 279-280).
(3) With the papal brief Provvida cura dei nostri Predecessori of December 16, 1926, Pope Pius XI suppressed the post of majordome and prefect of the Sacred Palace, dividing the duties between the master of chamber and the Administration of the Wealth of the Holy See (Niccolò Del Re, Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 681). In spite of this, Msgr. Samper's name continued to appear in Annuario Pontificio until 1954, as majordome emeritus of His Holiness; the post was never filled during those years; after his death in 1954, the post continued to be listed and remained vacant until October 29, 1958, when Pope John XXIII named Msgr. Federico Callori di Vignali, future cardinal, to occupy it; the appointment took place the day after the election of the pope; when Pope Paul VI reformed the Pontifical Household by the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of March 28, 1968, the office was definitively suppresed and replaced by that of prefect of the Pontifical Household.

SAPIEHA, Adam Stefan (1867-1951)

Birth. May 14, 1867, castle of Krasiczyn, diocese of Przemysl, Poland, of a noble family. Youngest of the seven children of Adam Stanisław Count Sapieha-Kodeński and Princess Jadwiga Klementyna Sanguszko-Lubartowicza. His baptismal name was Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonfatiusz Józef. His last name is also listed as Sapieha-Kodeński. Relative of Cardinal Włodzimierz Czacki (1882).

Education. Wyźszym Gimnasium, Lwow, 1886; Jagielloński University, Kraków; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (obtained a doctorate on July 10, 1896). Received the subdiaconate, May 27, 1893; and the diaconate, July 15, 1893.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 1, 1893, Rome by Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko, titular bishop of Memphis, auxiliary of Leopolis of the Latins. Pastoral work in diocese of Lemberg, faculty member of its seminary, 1893-1897; vice-rector, September 23, 1897 to October 27, 1910. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Lemberg, 1902. Privy chamberlain participantium, February 23, 1906.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Kraków, November 27, 1911. Consecrated, December 17, 1911, Sistine Chapel, Vatican apostolic palace, by Pope Pius X, assisted by Augusto Silj, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Capadocia, secret almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, papal sacristan. Promoted to archbishop when Kraków was elevated to metropolitan see, October 28, 1925.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova e S. Francesca Romana, February 22, 1946.

Death. July 23, 1951, at 7:15 a.m., archbishop's palace, Kraków. Buried in Wawel cathedral, Kraków, near the altar of the confession of Sw. Stanisław.

Bibliography. Bogacz, Roman. Ksiaze niezlomny : kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Kraków : Wydawn. UNUM, 2001; Boron, Piotr ; Kosior, Boleslaw ; Laszczak, Kazimierz. Adam Stefan ksiaze Sapieha 1867-1951 - kardynal, metropolita krakowski. Kraków : Komitet Obywatelski miasta Krakowa, 2001; Czajowski, Jacek. Kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Wroclaw : Ossolineum, 1997; Machay, Ferdynand. Dwadziescia piec lat pasterzowania Ksiecia Metropolity Adama Stefana Sapiehy. Kraków : nakl. Komitetu Jubileuszowego, 1937. Other titles: 25 lat pasterzowania Ksiecia Metropolity Adama Stefana Sapiehy : 1912-1937; Jubileuszowa Ksiega Pamiatkowa 1912-1937; Pawlikowski, Tomasz. Adam Stefan Kardynal Sapieha. Lublin : Wydawn. "Test", 2004. (Ludzie niezwykli; Biblioteka im. sw. Jadwigi Królowe); Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 251-264; Przybyszewski, Bolesław. Adam Syefan Kardynal Sapieha : pasterz dobry, ksiaze niezlomny, 1867-1951. Lancut : Wydawn. De arte, 2002; Stepien, Stanislaw. Kardynal Adam Stefan Sapieha : srodowisko rodzinne, zycie i dzielo : praca zbiorowa. Przemysl : Poludniowo-Wschodni Instytut Nauk. w Przemyslu, 1995; Urban, Jacek. Pierwsze lata poslugi ksiecia-biskupa Adama Stefana Sapiehy w diecezji krakowskiej. Kraków : Wydaw. Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej, 2003; Wielopolska, Maria Jehanne. Biskup Sapieha w zupelnej zgodzie z prawem i co z tego za wniosek. [s. l.] : nakl. aut., Druk. Rotacyjna, 1937; Wolny, Jerzy ; Zawadzki, Roman Maria. Archidiecezja Krakowska za pasterzowania Adama Stefana Sapiehy : praca zbiorowa. Kraków : Polskie Towarzystwo Teologiczne, 1982. (Ksiega Sapiezynska; t. 1); Corporate name: Ecclesia Catholica. Archidiecezja Krakowska; Wolny, Jerzy ; Zawadzki, Roman Maria. Ksiega Sapiezynska : praca zbiorowa. 2 vols. Kraków : Polskie Tow. Teologiczne, 1982. Contents: t. 1. Archidiecezja krakowska za pasterzowania Adama Stefana Sapiehy -- t. 2. Dzialalnosc koscielna i narodowa Adama Stefana Sapiehy; Wróbel, Wieslaw. Troska biskupa Adama Sapiehy o wysiedlonych i uchodzcsw w latach 1914-1916. Kraków : Wydaw. Sw. Stanislawa BM Archidiecezji Krakowskiej, 1999.

Link. Genealogy, Section II, 7a.

SARAIVA MARTINS, C.M.F., José (1932-

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore, February 21, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the XIV National Eucharistic Congress of Brazil, Campinas, July 19 to 22, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as prefect of Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, April 21, 2005. Presided at a Eucharistic celebration at the patriarchal Vatican basilica and, as charged by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, read the Apostolic Letter with which the pope has inscribed in the book of Blesseds the Servants of God: Ascensión Nicol Goñi, virgin and co-foundress of the Dominican Missionary Sisters of the Rosary, and Marianne Cope, virgin, of the Sisters of St. Francis, Syracuse, United States of America, May 14, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Presided at a Eucharistic celebration at the patriarchal Vatican basilica and, as charged by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, read the Apostolic Letter with which the pope has inscribed in the book of Blesseds the Servant of God Cardinal Clemens August von Galen, October 9, 2005.

SATOWAKI, Joseph Asajirô (1904-1996)

Birth. February 1, 1904, Shittsu, archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan.

Education. Seminary of Nagasaki, Nagasaki; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum, Rome; Catholic University of America, Washington, United States.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1932, Rome. Successively, 1933-1941, in diocese of Nagasaki, pastoral work, procurator and episcopal chancellor. Apostolic administrator of Taiwan, 1941-1945. Rector, Seminary of Nagasaki, 1945-1947. Successively, 1945-1955, in the diocese of Nagasaki, pastoral work, vicar general, director of diocesan journal, faculty member of "Junshin School ".

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Kagoshima, February 25, 1955. Consecrated, May 3, 1955, church of Our Lady of the Martyrs, Nagasaki, by Maximilien de Furstenberg, titular archbishop of Palto, apostolic delegate in Japan, assisted by Paul Aijiro Yamaguchi, bishop of Nagasaki, and by Paul Yoshigoro Taguchi, bishop of Osaka. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Nagasaki, December 19, 1968. President of the Episcopal Conference of Japan. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1979; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria della Pace, June 30, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 1, 1984. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 8, 1990.

Death. August 8, 1996, Nagasaki. Buried, Akagi no bochi (cemetery of Akagi), Nagasaki, with the deceased priests of the archdiocese.

SBARRETTI, Donato Raffaele (1856-1939)

Birth. November 12 (1), 1856, Montefranco, archdiocese of Spoleto, Italy. Of a notable family. Son of Agostino Donato Flavio Sbarretti, a landowner, and Caterina Tazza. Nephew of Cardinal Enea Sbarretti (1877).

Education. Seminary of Spoleto, Spoleto (classics); Pontifical Roman Seminary "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorates in theology and in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 12, 1879, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valetta. Successively, from 1879 to 1893, further studies in Rome; pastoral work in Spoleto; minutante of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, section of affairs of the Americas; professor of moral theology and canon law at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide", from 1885; and staff member of the Secretariat of State. Canon of the chapter of the church of S. Maria ad Martyres, the Pantheon, Rome, 1893. Auditor in the apostolic delegation in United States, 1893-1900. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, November 11, 1895.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of San Cristóbal de La Habana, Cuba, January 9, 1900. Consecrated, February 4, 1900, Washington, by Sebastiano Martinelli, O.S.A., titular archbishop of Efeso, apostolic delegate in United States, assisted by Alfred Allen Paul Curtis, titular bishop of Echino, former bishop of Wilmington, and by John James Joseph Monaghan, bishop of Wilmington. Promoted to titular archbishop of Gortina, September 16, 1901. Transferred to titular see of Efeso, December 16, 1901. Apostolic delegate extraordinary in Philippines to negotiate the solution of the schismatic Iglesia Filipina Independiente of Fr. Gregorio Aglipay, February 15, 1902. The American government, wishing to negotiate the problems of the local church directly with the Holy See (which it did with the mission of William Howard Taft in 1902), declared him persona non grata and he never went to Manila. Apostolic delegate in Canada, December 26, 1902; he arrived in Ottawa in January 1903; travelled to Europe from September 1906 to June 1907; named also apostolic delegate to Terranove at the beginning of 1910. Left for Rome on April 7, 1910 to present the decrees of the First Plenary Council of Québec (2); never returned to Canada; submitted his official resignation on November 3, 1910. Secretary of S.C. of Religious, October 29, 1910. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, June 8, 1914.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 4, 1916; received the red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, December 7, 1916. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 21, 1926 until ?. Prefect of the S.C. of Council, March 28, 1919 to July 4, 1930. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 21, 1926. Papal legate to the Plenary Council of Povilles, Molfetta, Italy, April 5, 1928; to the Plenary Council of Loreto, Italy, August 15, 1928. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, December 17, 1928. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, July 4, 1930 until his death. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, December 16, 1935. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. April 1, 1939, Rome. Buried, temporarily in the cemetery church, Montefranco; later, according to his will, transferred to its parish church.

Bibliography. Code, Joseph Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Publishers Joseph Wagner, Inc., 1964, p. 437; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. Les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chornologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 254-257; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), pp. 143-144.

Link. Biography, in Spanish.

(1) This is according to Code, Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964), p. 437, and LeBlanc, Dictionnaire biographiques des évêques catholiques du Canada, p. 254. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 202, indicates that he was born on November 10, 1856.
(2) He convoked the council on May 2, 1909 and presided over its sessions that were held from September 10 to November 1, 1909; 40 members, 124 theologians and several counselors took part; 688 decrees were issued by the council; they were promulgated on April 25, 1925 by Apostolic Delegate Pellegrino Francesco Stagni, O.S.M.

SCAPINELLI DI LEGUIGNO, Raffaele (1858-1933)

Birth. April 25, 1858, Modena, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Reggio-Emilia, Reggio-Emilia; Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1887. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1884. Further studies, 1884-1887. Professor of canon law, Seminary of Reggio-Emilia, 1887-1889. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1889-1891. Secretary of the nunciature in Portugal, July 25, 1891 until 1894. Auditor of the nunciature in Holland, February 13, 1894 unmtil 1905. Privy chamberlain supernumerario, May 3, 1889. Privy chamberlain de numero participantium, December 29, 1899; reappointed, August 51 1903. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, April 11, 1902. Faculty member of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Secretary of the Commission for Administration of Wealth of Holy See, November 26, 1904. Domestic prelate, July 25, 1905. Protonotary apostolic supra numerum, August 29, 1905. In charge of the secretariat of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, December 16, 1907. Secretary of the Commission for Codification of Canon Law, 1908. Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesisatical Affairs, March 18, 1908. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, April 23, 1908. Consultor of the S.C. Consistorial, November 4, 1908. Named nuncio in Austria-Hungary, January 27, 1912.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Laodicea, January 30, 1912. Consecrated, February 25, 1912, Matilda chapel, Vatican Apostolic Palace, by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, secretary of State, assisted by Vittorio Amedeo Ranuzzi de' Bianchi, titular archbishop of Tiro, master of chamber of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, papal sacristan.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 6, 1915. Remianed in Vienna until the end of 1916. Received the red hat and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, December 7, 1916. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1916. Prefect of the S.C. of Religious, December 19, 1918 to March 6, 1920. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress, Piacenza, Italy, April 30, 1926. Papal Datary, July 22, 1930 until his death.

Death. September 16, 1933, Forte dei Marmi, Massa Carrara. Buried in the chapel of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith in Campo Verano Cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, pp. 244-246.

Link. Biography, in German.

SCHEFFCZYK, Leo (1920-2005)

Death. December 8, 2005, Münich. In the morning of Tuesday, December 13, the body of the cardinal was taken to the metropolitan cathedral of Münich. Members of the religious family Das Werk, to which the cardinal belonged, held an all day long prayer guard in the cathedral. Cardinal Friedrich Wetter celebrated a pontifical requiem mass on Wednesday, December 14, at 10.30 a.m. in the metropolitan cathedral. The day of the funeral was Thursday, December 15 at 11 a.m.; a pontifical requiem mass was celebrated in the parish church of Sankt Gallus in Bregenz, Vorarlberg, by Cardinal Joachim Meisner, archbishop of Cologne. The burial took place in the cemetery of the religious family "Das Werk" in the monastery of Thalbach, Bregenz, Austria.

Photograph, arms and bibliography on his homepage.

SCHEID, S.C.I., Eusébio Oscar (1932-

Birth. December 8, 1932, Luzerna, diocese of Joaçaba, Brazil. Son of Alberto Reinaldo Scheid and Rosália Joana Scheid. He was baptized on December 16, 1932.

Education. Joined the Congregation of Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Dehonians). Seminary of the Priests of the Heart of Jesus, Corupá; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology; specialty : Christology).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 3, 1960, Rome, by Inácio João Dal Monte, bishop of Guaxupé. Professor of theology, Christ the King Seminary and Northeast Regional Seminary, Recife, 1964-1965; of Dogma and Liturgy, Theological Institute of Taubaté, 1965-1981; of Religious Culture, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, 1966-1968. Coordinator of Catechesis, Taubaté, 1970-1974. Director of the Faculty of Theology in Taubaté.

Episcopate. Elected first bishop of São José dos Campos, February 11, 1981. Consacrated, May 1, 1981, São José dos Campos, by Carmine Rocco, titular archbishop of Giustinianopoli di Galazia, nuncio in Brazil, assisted by Geraldo de Morais Penido, archbishop coadjutor of Aparecida, and by Honorato Piazaera, bishop of Lages. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Florianópolis, January 23, 1991. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; by papal appointment. Transferred to the metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, July 25, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Special papal envoy to the 15th Brazilian National Eucharistic Congress celebrated in Florianópolis, May 18 to 21, 2006. Named member of of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, February 3, 2007. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Portuguese (click on his name under his photograph).

SCHERER, Alfredo Vicente (1903-1996)

Birth. February 5, 1903, Bom Princípio, archdiocese of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Second child of Pedro Scherer and Anna Opermann.

Education. Seminary of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 3, 1926, Rome. Secretary to the archbishop of Porto Alegre, 1926-1933. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Porto Alegre, 1933-1946.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Emeria and appointed auxiliary of Porto Alegre, June 13, 1946. Consecrated by Carlo Chiarlo, titular archbishop of Amida, nuncio in Brazil, assisted by José Baréa, bishop of Caxias, and by José Newton de Almeida Baptista, bishop of Uruguaiana. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Porto Alegre, December 30, 1946. Consecrated, February 23, 1947, Porto Alegre, by Carlo Chiarlo, titular archbishop of Amida, nuncio in Brazil. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora de La Salette, April 30, 1969. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of Latin American Episcopal Council, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Stabbed and robbed by unknown assailants, who left him in a ditch outside the city when he could not meet their demands for more money, January 1980. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, August 29, 1981. Provedor of the Fraternity of the Santa Casa de Misericordia until his death. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 5, 1983. Attended the IV General Conference of Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12-28, 1992. Member of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul.

Death. March 9, 1996, Aparecida. Buried at the right side of the altar of the metropolitan cathedral Nossa Senhora Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre.

SCHÖNBORN, O.P., Christoph (1945-

Birth. January 22, 1945, Skalsko, diocese of Litomerice, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Son of Maria Hugo Damian Adalbert Josef Hubertus von Schönborn and Eleonore von Doblhoff. His baptismal name is Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert. His family moved to Austria in September 1945. Besides his native German, he speaks English, French and Italian.

Education. Joined Order of Preachers, 1963. Dominican houses of studies in Walberberg, Bonn, Germany; Le Saulchoir, Paris (doctorate in theology; thesis on the Byzantine iconoclastic debate about whether sacred images should be forbidden or allowed); "École Practique de Hautes Études", La Sorbonne University, Paris; "Institute Catholique", Paris. His thesis to fulfill the post-doctoral lecturing requierement as a professor was "The Icon of Christ or the Human Face of God".

Priesthood. Ordained, December 27, 1970, Vienna, by Cardinal Franz König, archbishop of Vienna. Further studies, 1970-1974. Chaplain to university students, Graz, Austria, 1973-1975. Faculty member, University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 1976-1991. Member of the International Theological Commission, 1980-1991; of the Foundation "Pro Oriente", 1984-1991. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; assistant to the special secretary. Faculty member, Superior Philosophical School of the Cisterciense Abbey of Heiligenkreuz, Vienna, Austria. Secretary of the commission of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to edit the new Catechism of the Catholic Church (1987-1992).

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sutri and appointed auxiliary of Vienna, July 11, 1991. Consecrated, September 29, 1991, metropolitan cathedral of Vienna, by Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër, O.S.B., archbishop of Vienna, assisted by Cardinal Franz König, archbishop emeritus of Vienna, and by Vojtech Cikrle, bishop of Brno. Promoted to archbishop coadjutor with right of succession of Vienna, April 13, 1995. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Vienna, September 14, 1995. Preached the spiritual exercises for the pope and the Roman Curia, Lent 1996. Almoner of the Knights of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the title of Gesù Divin Lavoratore, February 23, 1998. President of the Austrian Episcopal Conference, 1998-. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. He will preside the First World Apostolic Congress on Mercy , which will be held in Rome from April 2 to 6, 2008.

Links. Photo, arms and biography, in German; his genealogy, 8a, 2g; and The Schönborn Site, in English.

SCHOTTE, C.I.C.M., Jan Pieter (1928-2005)

Birth. April 29, 1928, Beveren-Leie, diocese of Brugge, Belgium.

Education. Joined the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Missionaries of Scheut), Brussels, 1946. Houses of studies of his congregation; Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium; The Catholic University of America, Washington, United States of America.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 3, 1952. Further studies, Louvain and Washington, 1953-1956; 1962-1963. Form 1963 to 1967, faculty member of the seminary of his congregation, Louvain, and assistant in the Superior Institute of Religious Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain; vice-rector of the theologate of his congregation in Belgium; rector of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary, Washington. Secretary general of his congregation, Rome, 1967-1972; vice-president of the Commission of superiors general. Secretary of the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax, June 27, 1980. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; assistant to the French language group.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Silli and appointed vice-president of the Pontifical Commission Iustitia et Pax, December 20, 1983. Consecrated, January 6, 1984, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, titular archbishop of Tagora, substitute of the Secretariat of State, and by Durasamy Simon Lourdusamy, archbishop emeritus of Bangalore, secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. In the same ceremony was consecrated Polycarp Pengo, bishop of Nachingwea, future cardinal. Promoted to archbishop and appointed secretary general of the World Synod of Bishops, April 24, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; secretary general. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987; secretary general. President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See, April 14, 1989. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; secretary general. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Giuliano dei Fiamminghi, November 26, 1994. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the elevation of the diocese of St. Louis, United States of America, to metropolitan archdiocese, October 19, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, Aporil 29 to May 14, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998; the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; secretary general. Special papal envoy for the consecration in Irkutsk, Russia, of the cathedral church of the Apostolic Administration of Oriental Siberia, September 8, 2000. Special papal envoy to the centennial celebrations of the National Eucharistic Congress of St. Louis, United States of America, June 15 to 16, 2001. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the reestablishment of the Catholic hierarchy in the Netherlands that took place in Utrecht, June 7, 2003. Resigned the post of secretary general upon reaching the age limit, February 11, 2004. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebrations of the 17th centennial of the martyrdom of St. Domnio, bishop, patron of the archdiocese of Split-Makarsk, Croatia, that took place in Split, May 6 and 7, 2004. Special papal envoy to the solemn closing celebrations of the year dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception, that took place in the National Shrine in Washington, D.C., United States of America, on December 8, 2004.

Death. January 10, 2005, Policlinic "Agostino Gemelli", Rome. Exposed in the chapel of S. Stefano degli Abissini, at the Vatican. Buried, temporarily, in the chapel of the canons of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. In the first week of January 2008, the mortal remains of the cardinal to his definitive tomb in the church of S. Giuliano dei Fiamminghi, his deaconry. The transfer and burial were done privately. A mass for the eternal repose of his soul was celebrated on Sunday Janury 13, 2008 in that church.

SCHRÖFFER, Joseph (1903-1983)

Birth. February 20, 1903, Ingolstadt, Germany.

Education. Seminary of Eichstätt, Eichstätt; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 28, 1928, Rome. Further studies, 1928-1931, Rome. Pastoral work among German exiles, 1931-1933. Faculty member, Superior School of Philosophy and Theology, Eichstätt, 1933-1941. Vicar general of Eichstätt, 1941-1948.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Eichstätt, July 23, 1948. Consecrated, September 21, 1948, Eichstätt, by Joseph Kolb, archbishop of Bamberg, assisted by Joseph Wendel, bishop of Speyer, and by Arthur Michael Landgraf, titular bishop of Eudocia, auxiliary of Bamberg. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Secretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities, May 17, 1967. Promoted to the titular see of Voturno, January 2, 1968.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Saba, May 24, 1976. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979, Vatican City. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the jubilee of the cathedral of Cologne, Germany, August 15, 1980. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 20, 1983.

Death. September 7, 1983, Nürenberg, Germany. Buried in the cathedral of Eichstätt.

SCHULTE, Karl Joseph (1871-1941)

Birth. September 14, 1871, Haus Valbert, diocese of Paderborn, Germany. Son of Oswald Schulte and Antonetta Schlünder. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 24, 1887.

Education. Seminary of Essen, Essen; University of Tübingen, Tübingen (doctorate in theology, March 5, 1903).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 22, 1895, Paderborn, by Hubert Theophil Simar, bishop of Paderborn. Pastoral work in the diocese of Paderborn: vicar in Witten, 1895-1901; repetitor in Collegio Leonino and in the Major Seminary of Paderborn, 1901-1905; professor of theology, canon law, and apologetics in the Theological Faculty of Paderborn, 1905; official episcopal counselor, 1908.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Paderborn by its chapter, November 30, 1909; confirmed by the pope, February 7, 1910. Consecrated, March 19, 1910, cathedral of Paderborn, by Cardinal Anton Hubert Fischer, archbishop of Cologne, assisted by Michael Korum, bishop of Trier, and by Hermann Dingelstadt, bishop of Münster. Apostolic vicar of Anhalt, April 12, 1910. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Cologne, March 8, 1920.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 7, 1921; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Quattri Coronati, March 10, 1921. Participated in the conclaves of 1922 and 1939.

Death. March 11, 1941, Cologne. Buried in thr crypt of the archbishops in the metropolitan cathedral of Cologne.

Bibliography. Feckes, Carl. Scientia sacra : theologische Festgabe zugeeignet Seiner Eminenz dem hochwürdigsten Herrn Karl Joseph Kardinal Schulte, Erzbischof von Köln, zum fünfundzwanzigsten Jahrestage der Bischofsweihe 19. März 1935. Köln : J.P. Bachem ; Düsseldorf : L. Schwann, 1935. Contents : I. Beiträge zur historischen Theologie: ein Kirchenkalender aus der römischen Titelkirche der heiligen Vier Gekrönten / T. Klauser. Der griechisch-lateinische Text des Galaterbriefes in der Handschriftengruppe DEFG / K.T. Schäfer. Die Umwandlung des heidnischen in das christliche römische Stadtbild / A. Kalsbach. Alberts des Grossen Kommentar zum Hohenliede / H. Ostlender. Thomas von Aquin über Teilhabe durch Berührung / G. Söhngen. Das Gutachten des Aegidius Romanus über die Lehren des Petrus Johannis Olivi: eine neue Quelle zum Konzil von Vienne (1311 bis 1312) / J. Koch. Das Problem der Existenz in idealistischer und romantischer Philosophie und Religion / T. Steinbüchel. Notes : II. Beiträge zur systematischen Theologie: Der dogmatische Beweis aus der Liturgie / J. Brinktrine. Das Fundamentalprinzip der Mariologie: ein Beitrag zu ihrem organischen Aufbau / C. Feckes. Zur moraltheologischen Beurteilung der Tagträume / W. Schöllgen. Die iustitia socialis: ein Beitrag zur Klärung des Begriffes / W. Heinen. Modernes Rechtsdenken und kanonisches Recht / J. Klein; Hehl, Ulrich von. "Schulte, Karl Joseph (1871-1941)". Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1785/1803 bis 1945 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1983, pp. 680-682.

Links. Biography, in German; his portrait and brief biographical entry, in German; and his tomb in the metropolitan cathedral of Cologne.

SCHUSTER, O.S.B., Alfredo Ildefonso (1880-1954)

Birth. January 18, 1880, at Ospedale Santissimo Salvatore, Rome, Italy. Son of Giovanni Schuster and Maria Ana Tutzer. The father, twice a widower, was from Bavaria and thirty years older than the mother. He had a sister, Giulia, who entered the Order of Sisters of Charity of S. Vincenzo di Paul; and three half siblings from his father's second marriage. His baptismal name was Alfredo Ludovico. He was kidnapped when he was a small child and returned quickly; the kidnapper was immediately arrested. As a boy, he served mass at the church of Teutonic Cemetery, next to St. Peter's basilica.

Education. Initial studies, ginnasiali and liceali at S. Paolo fuori le mura, November 1891; joined the order of St. Benedict at the novitiate of the monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, and took the name Ildefonso, November 13, 1898; professed, November 13, 1900; Pontifical Academy of S. Anselmo, Rome obtained a doctorate in philosophy, June 14, 1903; and shortly after, a doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 19, 1904, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, archpriest of that basilica and vicar general of Rome. Community member of S. Paolo fuori le mura, 1904-1908; master of novices, 1908-1916; prior, 1916-1918. Procurator general of the Congregation of Monte Cassino, 1914-1929. Elected abbot-ordinary of the abbey nullius of S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome, April 6, 1918; received the abatial blessing from Cardinal Basilio Pompilj, bishop of Velletri, vicar general of Rome, April 14, 1918, S. Paolo fuori le Mura. President of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, October 7, 1919 to July 4, 1922. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Lombardy Campania and Calabria, 1924-1928; recommended to Pope Pius XI the foundation of a major seminary for the archdiocese of Milan in Venegono. Between the end of November and beginning of December 1926, Abbot Schuster preached the spiritual exercises to Archbishop Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, future cardinal, pope and blessed, at S. Paolo fuori le mura.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Milan, June 26, 1929. On July 13, 1929, he took the oath of loyalty to the Italian State before King Vittorio Emmanuele III, according to the new concordat between Italy and the Holy See; he was the first Italian bishop to take the oath.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of July 15, 1929; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, July 18, 1929. Consecrated, July 21, 1929, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. Papal legate to the centennial celebration of Our Lady of Caravaggio, August 15, 1932; to the 10th centennial celebration of Einsiedeln Abbey, Switzerland, March 21, 1934; to the inauguration of the new facade of Desio's cathedral, September 15, 1937. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Assisi, Italy, August 2, 1951.

Death. Monday August 30, 1954, at 4:15 a.m., Archiepiscopal Seminary Pio XI, Venegono Inferiore, near Milan. The funeral was celebrated by Cardinal Roncalli, patriarch of Venice, future pope and blessed. Buried on September 2, 1954 in the metropolitan cathedral of Milan, next to his two immediate predecessors, Cardinals Andrea Carlo Ferrari and Eugenio Tosi, O.SS.C.A..

Beatification. The diocesan process was opened, August 30, 1957, by Giovanni Battista Montini, archbishop of Milan, future Pope Paul VI; it was concluded on October 31, 1963. When his tomb was opened for the recognition of the body, on January 28, 1985, it was found to be intact. He was beatified on May 12, 1996 by Pope John Paul II.

Bibliography. Basadonna, Giorgio. Cardinal Schuster. Un monaco vescovo nella dinamica Milano. Milan: Edizione Paoline, 1996; Belski Lagazzi, Ines. Il Cardinale Schuster. Torino Edizioni Paoline 1965; Il Cardinale Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster : avvio allo studio. Milano : Nuove edizioni Duomo, 1979. (Archivio ambrosiano; 38.); Il Cardinale Ildefonso Schuster, cenni biografici. Milano: Abbazia di Viboldone 1954; Cavaterra, Emilio. Salvate Milano : la mediazione del cardinale Schuster nel 1945. Milan : Mursia, 1995. (Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia ; 223); Crippa, Luigi. Il servo di Dio A. Ildefonso Card. Schuster O.S.B. nel quarantesimo della morte, 1954-1994. Roma : Benedictina Editrice, 1994. (Sezione monastica ; 8; Variation: Serie monografica di Benedictina. Sezione monastica ; 8). Contents: Alfredo Ildefonso Card. Schuster O.S.B saggio bibliografico / Luigi Crippa -- In margine alla biografia schusteriana: l'Abate Ildefonso Schuster nei ricordi di D. Anselmo Lentini monaco di Montecassino, novizio a S. Paolo fuori le mura (1919-20) / Mariano Dell'Omo -- Schuster-Lazzati: un esemplare rapporto spirituale / Armando Oberti -- Ritratto monastico di Ildefonso Schuster allo specchio delle sue "Lettere dell'amicizia" / Giuseppe Anelli -- Uso e ruolo della S. Scrittura nel pensiero del Card. Schuster / Agostino Rznzato -- La prima e la seconda dedicazione dellas Chiesa monastica delle Benedettine del SS. Sacramento di Milano nell'esperienza spirituale del Card. A. Ildefonso Schuster / Annamaria Valli -- Vita monastica, studio e lavoro nel pensiero del Card. Schuster / Massimo Lapponi -- L'opera del Cardinale Schuster nella storiografia monastica del novecento / Gregorio Penco -- Ildefonso Schuster storico di Farfa e della Sabina / Tersilio Leggio -- Il Card. Ildefonso Schuster: Santa Vittoria e Farfensi nel Piceno / Giuseppe Crocetti; Crivelli, Luigi. Schuster : un monaco prestato a Milano. Prefazione di Indro Montanelli. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan : San Paolo, 1996. (Tempi e figure ; 25); Garzonio, Marco. Schuster. Casale Monferrato : Piemme, 1996; Judica Cordiglia, Giovanni. Il mio cardinale. Milan: Istituto de Propaganda Libraria, 1955; Leccisotti, Tommaso. Il Cardinale Schuster. 2 vols. Milan: Scuola Tipografica S. Benedetto, 1969; Rumi, Giorgio and Majo, Angelo. Il cardinal Schuster e il suo tempo. Introduzione di Virginio Rognoni. Milan : Massimo, 1979. (Collana Problemi del nostro tempo ; n. 44).

SCHWERY, Henri (1932-

Birth. June 14, 1932, Saint-Léonard, diocese of Sion, Switzerland.

Education. Minor Seminary, Sion; College-Institute, Sion; Major Seminary, Sion; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; University of Fribourg, Fribourg (mathematics and theoretical physics).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 7, 1957, Saint-Léonard, by Nestor François Adam, bishop of Sion. Further studies, 1957-1961. Pastoral work in the diocese of Sion, 1961-1977. Chaplain of the Student Youth of Catholic Action, 1958-1966. Military chaplain, 1958-1977. Faculty member, College-Institute, Sion, 1961-1972; rector, 1972-1977. Director, minor seminary, Sion, 1968-1972. Moderator of the diocesan synod, 1973-1976.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Sion, July 22, 1977. Consecrated, September 17, 1977, Sion, by Nestor François Adam, bishop emeritus of Sion, assisted by Pierre Mamie, bishop of Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg, and by Otmar Mäder, bishop of Sankt Gallen. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Honorary canon of the territorial abbey of Saint-Maurice d'Agaunne. President of the Episcopal Conference of Switzerland, 1983-1988.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica, June 28, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, December 2, 1993. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese, April 1, 1995. Special papal envoy to the 9th centennial celebration of the cathedral of Valence, France, August 5, 1995; to the celebration of the 750th anniversary of the Council of Lyon, Lyon, France, October 20 to 22, 1995; to the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the apparition of "Notre Dame de la Salette," Grenoble, France, September 19, 1996. Grand prior of the Swiss Lieutenancy and chevalier de Grand Cross of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.

SCOLA, Angelo (1941-

Birth. November 7, 1941, Malgrate, archdiocese of Milan, Italy. Son of Carlo Scola, (1903-1996), truck driver, and Regina Colombo, (1901-1992), housewife. The youngest of two sons; his brother Pietro died in 1983. Besides his native Italian, he also speaks French and German.

Education. Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan (doctorate in philosophy; thesis on Christian philosophy, 1967); Seminary of Saronno, Milan (theology); Seminary of Venegono, Milan (theology); University of Fribourg, Switzerland (doctorate in theology; thesis on St. Thomas Aquinas).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 18, 1970, Teramo, by Abele Conigli, bishop of Teramo-Atri. Further studies, Fribourg, Switzerland; Monaco; and Paris, France. Successively, until 1991, active collaborator of Comunione e Liberazione; director of the Institute of Studies for the Transition (ISTRA), Milan; collaborator in the establishment and member of the executive committee of the Italian edition of Rivista Internazionale Communio; pastoral work in Italy and abroad; from 1979, research assistant to the chair of Political Philosophy, and later, assistant to the chair of Fundamental Moral Theology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland; in 1982; later, professor of theological anthropology at the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family at the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; and later, professor of Contemporary Christology at the Faculty of Theology, Pontifical Lateran University, Rome. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30,1987, as an assistant to the special secretary.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Grosseto, July 20, 1991. Consecrated, September 21, 1991, patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, assisted by Adelmo Tacconi, bishop emeritus of Grosseto, and by Abele Congli, bishop emeritus of Teramo-Atri. Named rector magnifico of the Pontifical Lateran University and president of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and the Family, July 1995. Resigned pastoral government of the diocese, September 14, 1995. Promoted to the patriarchate of Venice, January 5, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. XII Apostoli, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Relator general of the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Italian.

SEBASTIANI, Sergio (1931-

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Eustachio, February 21, 2001. Attended X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as president of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Participated in the 40th meeting of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, July 4, 2006. The pope accepted his resignation, presented for reason of limit of age, to the office of president of the Prefecture of the Economic Affairs of the Holy See on April 12, 2008.

SEGURA Y SÁENZ, Pedro (1880-1957)

Birth. December 4, 1880, Carazo, diocese of Osma, Spain.

Education. Seminary of Burgos, Burgos; Pontifical University of Comillas, Comillas.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 9, 1906. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Burgos and faculty member of its seminary, 1906-1912. Faculty member of the Pontifical University of Valladolid, 1912-1916; prefect of studies. Director of Works; official of the archdiocesan curia; and canon of the cathedral chapter of Valladolid, 1912-1916.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Apollonia and appointed auxiliary of Valladolid, March 14, 1916. Consecrated, June 13, 1916, Comillas, by Cardinal José María Cos Macho, archbishop of Valladolid, assisted by Vicente Santiago Sánchez de Castro, bishop of Santander, and by Julián de Diego y García Alcolea, bishop of Salamanca. Transferred to the see of Coria-Cáceres, July 10, 1920. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Burgos, December 20, 1926. Transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo, December 19, 1927.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 19, 1927; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, October 28, 1929. Expelled from Spain by the Republican government, July 1931. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, September 26, 1931, France. Arrived in Rome, December 20, 1931. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Sevilla, September 14, 1937. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. April 8, 1957, Madrid. Buried, Cerro del Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla.

Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 78; Garriga, Ramón. El Cardenal Segura y el Nacional-Catolicismo. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1977. (Espejo de España, 37); Martínez Sánchez, Santiago. Los papeles perdidos del Cardenal Segura, 1880-1957. Pamplona : Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2004. (Histórica / Ediciones Universidad de Navarra).

SENSI, Giuseppe Maria (1907-2001)

Birth. May 27, 1907, Cosenza, Italy. Sixth of the ten children of Hon. Francesco Sensi and Marchioness Andreotti-Loria.

Education. Ginnasio of the Seminary of Cosenza, Cosenza, 1922-1929 (liceale studies); Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Lateran Athenaeum, Rome (doctorate in theology); Pontifical Athenaum "S. Apollinare, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1932; thesis on Catholic cooperativism); Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1933 (diplomacy).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1929, Rome. Further studies, 1930-1932. Minutant in the S.C. of the Council, 1933-1934. Joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See, 1934. Secretary of the nunciature in Romania, 1934-1938. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, March 14, 1935. Secretary of the nunciature in Hungary, 1939. Auditor of the nunciature in Switzerland, 1940-1946. Counselor of the nunciature in Belgium 1946-1947. Domestic prelate of His Holiness (no date found). Attached to the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1947. Counselor of the nunciature in Czechoslovakia, 1947-1949. In charge of international Catholic organizations in the international section of the Vatican Secretariat of State, 1949-1953. Permanent observer of the Holy See before UNESCO, 1953-1956. Chief of the Holy See delegation to the UNESCO General Assembly, Montevideo, Uruguay, 1954.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Sardi and appointed nuncio in Costa Rica, May 21, 1955. Consecrated, July 24, 1955, Rome, by Cardinal Valerio Valeri, prefect of the S.C. for Religious, assisted by Carlo Confalonieri, titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto, secretary of the S.C.for Seminaries and Universities, and by Egidio Vagnozzi, titular archbishop of Mina, nuncio in Philippines. Apostolic delegate in Jerusalem and Palestine, January 12, 1957. Nuncio in Ireland, May 10, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Nuncio in Portugal, July 8, 1967.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Ss. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari, May 24, 1976. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1978. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 27, 1987. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of Regina Apostolorum, June 22, 1987.

Death. July 26, 2001, Rome. Buried in the family chapel, cemetery of Colle Mussano, Cosenza.

SEPE, Crescenzio (1943-

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Dio Padre misericordioso, February 21, 2001. Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, April 9, 2001. Ceased as president of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem, July 25, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebration of the 1950th anniversary of the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle in India and the 450 years of the beginning of the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Both celebrations took place in Ernakulam, India, November 16 to 17, 2002. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the Third National Eucharistic Congress of Benin, Dassa-Zoumé, November 22 to 24, 2002. Special representative of the pope to confer the episcopal consecration to Father Wenceslao Padilla, C.I.C.M., titular bishop of Tharros, first apostolic prefect of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, August 29, 2003; the following day, he consecrated the new cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul of Ulaanbaatar. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the II American Missionary Congress, Guatemala City, November 25 to 30, 2003. Member of the Special Council for Asia of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops, May 28, 2004. Received, at the Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome, the European prize "Stefano Borgia", November 11, 2004 (2). Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, April 21, 2005; occupied the post until May 20, 2006. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Named metropolitan archbishop of Naples, May 20, 2006. His deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title automatically when he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Naples. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the "Asian Mission Congress", that took place in Chang Mai, Thailand on October 19 to 22, 2006.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Italian.

(1) Among them, "La dimensione trinitaria del carattere sacramentale", published by the Pontifical Lateran University; and "Persona e storia. Per una teologia della persona", published by Edizioni Paoline.
(2) The prize is promoted by the diocese of Velletri-Segni and by the Center of Borgian Studies. Cardinal Stefano Borgia was the prefect of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide from 1802 to 1804; and in 2004, the bicentennial of his death was commemorated. As prefect, he valued the cultural aspect while constantly maintaining the missionary perspective.

ŠEPER, Franjo (1905-1981)

Birth. October 2, 1905, Osijek, diocese of Djakovo, Austria-Hungary, later Yugoslavia, now Croatia. In 1910, his family moved to Zagreb.

Education. Initial and ecclesiastical studies in Zagreb; in 1924, he went to Rome; resided in the Pontifical Collegio Germanico-Ungaricoand in Collegio di S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 26, 1930, patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, by Giuseppe Palica, titular archbishop of Filippi, vice-gerent of Rome; in the same ceremony was ordained Alojzije Stepinac, his predecessor in the see of Zagreb and future cardinal and blessed. Returned to Zagreb. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Zagreb and professor of religion in middle schools, 1930-1934. Secretary to the archbishop of Zagreb and diocesan official, 1934-1941. Rector of the Seminary of Zagreb, 1941-1951. Administrator of the parish of Christ the King, Zagreb, 1951-1954. When Cardinal Alojzije Stepinac was confined in his native town of Krašić, he was promoted to the episcopate.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Filippopoli and appointed coadjutor, sedi datus, of Zagreb, July 22, 1954. Consecrated, September 21, 1954, Zagreb, by Josip Antun Ujcić, archbishop of Belgrade, assisted by Franjo Salis-Seewis, titular bishop of Corico, auxiliary of Zagreb, and by Josip Lach, titular bishop of Dodona, auxiliary of Zagreb. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Zagreb, March 5, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Pietro e Paolo in Ostiense, February 25, 1965. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Doctrine of the Faith, January 8 to February 29, 1968; prefect, March 1, 1968 to November 25, 1981. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, August 20, 1969. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Papal legate to the 6th International Mariological and the 12th Marian Congresses, Zagreb, July 16, 1971. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinal, December 12, 1974 until May 24, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Special papal envoy to the commemoration of the 11th centennial of exchange of letters between Pope John VIII and Croat prince Branimiro, Nin, Zadar, Yugoslavia, September 2, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Special papal envoy to consecrate the new cathedral of the diocese of Mostar-Duvno, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, September 14, 1980. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Resigned the prefecture, November 25, 1981. Two weeks later, he had to be hospitalized; at the moment of his death, his sister and one of the auxiliary bishops of Zagreb were with him.

Death. December 30, 1981, early in the morning, of a heart attack, polyclinic "Agostino Gemelli", Rome. The following day, his mortal remains were transferred to the church of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni and exposed until Saturday January 2, 1982, when they were moved to the patriarchal Vatican basilica for the funeral; Pope John Paul II presided it and concelebrated with the cardinals present in Rome; after the mass, the body of the late cardinal was taken again to the church of S. Girolamo degli Schiavone, where, in the afternoon, Archbishop Franjo Kuharić presided over a liturgical ceremony; later, the body was transferred to Zagreb; on Tuesday January 5, the funeral was celebrated in the meropolitan cathedral and then, he was buried next to the tomb of his predecessor, Cardinal Stepinac.

Bibliography. Pavicic, Darko. Tajna kardinala vozaca, ili, Kako sam u noci vidio dugu. Zagreb : ITD, 1997. Biographies of Cardinals Stepinac, Alojzije, 1898-1960; Kuharic, Franjo, 1919-2002; and Seper, Franjo, 1905-1981. Other title: Tajna kardinala vozaca; Kako sam u noci vidio dugu.

SERAFINI, O.S.B.Cas., Domenico (1852-1918)

Birth. August 3, 1852, Rome, Italy. Of an ancient and noble family. His parents were Lugi Serafini and Costanza Di Pietro. His grandfather on his mother's side, Giovanni, was a consistorial lawyer; and having become a widower, he was ordained and named auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota by Pope Gregory XVI.

Education. Joined the Order of Saint Benedict Cassinese, 1871; professed, June 16, 1874, Subiaco. Benedictine houses of studies; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 21, 1877, Subiaco. Member of the community of the abbey of Subiaco, 1877-1882; master of novices, 1889-1891; lector of theology; prior of the monastery of St. Scholastica, Subiaco, 1891-1892. General procurator of his order in Rome, 1892-1896. Elected abbot of the two monasteries of Subiaco and general abbot of the Benedictine Cassinese Congregation a Primaeva Observantia (called now of Subiaco), June 5, 1896.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Spoleto, April 19, 1900. Consecrated, May 6, 1900, Rome, by Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli, bishop of Frascati, grand penitentiary, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, titular archbishop of Lepanto, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Tommaso Granello, O.P., titular archbishop of Seluecia in Isauria, commisary general of the Holy Office. Apostolic delegate in México, January 4 (1), 1904. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, November 30, 1911. Transferred to the titular see of Seleucia Pieria, March 2, 1912.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the title of S. Cecilia, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the S.C. of Religious, January 27, 1916. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of Faith, February 26 until March 24, 1916; prefect, March 24, 1916 until his death. President of the Pontifical Seminary of Ss. Pietro e Paolo for the Foreign Missions, Rome, March 29, 1916. Protector of the Pontifical North American College, Rome, 1916-1918.

Death. March 5, 1918, Rome. Buried, chapel of the S.C. for the Propagation of Faith, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Link. Biography, in German.

(1) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 12; the same source, VIII, 527, indicates that he was appointed on January 6, 1904.

SERAFINI, Giulio (1867-1938)

Birth. October 12, 1867, Bolsena, diocese of Orvieto, Italy.

Education. Minor Seminary of Orvieto, Orvieto; Roman-Pio Seminary, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law); Leonine College, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 6, 1890. Further studies, Rome, 1890-1895. Faculty member of the Seminary of Orvieto, 1895-1901; rector, 1897-1901 Rector of the Roman-Pio Seminary, June 14, 1901. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, 1901-1907. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, January 7, 1904. Canon of the chapter of S. Maria ad Martyres, the Pantheon, Rome.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Pescia, March 4, 1907. Consecrated, May 26, 1907, altar of the Chair of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Salvatore Fratocchi, bishop of Orvieto, and by Giovanni Battista Scotti, bishop of Osimo e Cingoli. Remained as rector of Roman-Pio Seminary, which was united in 1913 to the Roman Lateran Seminary. Transferred to the titular see of Lampsaco before taking possession of the diocese of Pescia, December 16, 1907. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Marches, 1908; of Fano and Fermo, 1912. Prefect of studies of the Pontifical Roman Seminary, October 20, 1908. Canonist of the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, December 21, 1915. Secretary of the S.C. of Council, October 28, 1923.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1930; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, July 3, 1930. Prefect of the S.C. of the Council, July 4, 1930 until his death. President of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of Code of Canon Law, 1930 until his death.

Death. July 16, 1938, Rome. Buried, basilica of S. Maria sopra Minerva, Rome.

Bibliography. Curotte, A. Le cardinale Serafini. Montréal, 1938; Franciolini, G. Il cardinale Giulio Serafini. Cortona, 1939; Re, Niccolò del. "I cardinali prefetti della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), pp. 144-145.

SERÉDI, O.S.B., Jusztinian Györg (1884-1945)

Birth. April 23, 1884, Deáki, archabbey of Saint Martin of the Sacred Pannonhalna, Hungary (now Diakovce, archdiocese Bratislava-Trnava, Slovakia).

Education. Joined the Order of Saint Benedict, August 6, 1901, Pannonhalna; professed, July 10, 1905. Benedictine houses of studies.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 14, 1908, Pannonhalna. Member of the community of the abbey of Pannonhalna; faculty member of the International College S. Anselmo, Rome; procurator general of his order in Rome; and counselor to the Hungarian legation in Rome, 1908-1927.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Esztergom, November 30, 1927. Consecrated, January 8, 1928, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almones of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 19, 1927; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, December 22, 1927. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Budapest, September 16, 1928. Prince primate and senator of Hungary by his own right. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. March 29, 1945, Esztergom. Buried in the metropolitan and primatial cathedral of Esztergom.

SÉVIN, Hector-Irénée (1852-1916)

Birth. March 22, 1852, Simandre, diocese of Belley, France.

Education. Minor Seminary of Belley; Major Seminary of Belley, Belley. Received the subdiaconate, December 19, 1874; diaconate, May 22, 1875.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1876, Belley. Subdirector of the institute for the deaf and mute, Bourg (Ain), 1875-1876. Professor of dogmatic theology, Sacred Scriptures, and ecclesiastical history, Seminary of Belley in Bourg, 1876-1889; its rector, 1889-1891. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Belley, 1888-1891; titular canon, 1891-1908. Director of the educational institutions and ecclesiastical conferences of the diocese of Belley, 1891-1908. Vicar general of the diocese of Belley, 1904.

Episcop