Birth. November 29, 1860, Viterbo, Italy. Son of Francesco La Fontaine, a watchmaker of Swiss origin, and Maria Bianchini, of the nobility of Lazio.

Education. Seminary of Viterbo, Viterbo.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 22, 1883, Viterbo, by Giovanni Battista Paolucci, archbishop-bishop of Viterbo. Successively, 1883-1905, pastoral work in the diocese of Viterbo; professor of literature and later of Sacred Scripture, law and ecclesiastical history of its seminary, 1882-1905; its spiritual director, 1893; its rector, 1896; apostolic missionary; and canon of the cathedral chapter, 1905-1906.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Cassano all'Ionio, with dispensation of degree, December 6, 1906. Consecrated, December 23, 1906, chapel of Collegio Capranica, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Respighi, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Antonio Maria Grasselli, O.F.M.Conv., archbishop-bishop of Viterbo e Tuscania, and by Raffaele Virili, titular bishop of Troas. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Calabria, 1907. Vicar of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, 1908. Consultor of the Commission for the Codification of the Code of Canon Law. Apostolic administrator of S. Marco e Brisignano, January 16, 1909. Transferred to the titular see of Caristo, April 1, 1910. Secretary of the S.C. of Rites and vicar of the archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, April 2, 1910. Promoted to patriarchate of Venice, March 5, 1915.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 4, 1916; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, December 7, 1916. Opted for the title of Ss. XII Apostoli, March 7, 1921. Papal legate to the centennial celebrations of Dante, Ravenna, September 13, 1921. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the Provincial Council of Venice, July 15, 1923; to the Eucharistic Congress of Chioggia, September 15, 1923; to the Regional Eucharistic Congress, Ancona, May 4, 1927; to the National Eucharistic Congress, Vienna, Austria. August 30, l933.

Death. July 9, 1935, Villa Fietta, see of the Minor Seminary of Venice, Paderno del Grappa, Treviso. Buried, crypt of the Votive Temple of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Lido, Venice. The chapel, built by him, is amid the tombs of the Italian soldiers killed in Piave. The tomb had the inscription Petrus cardinalis La Fontaine, Venetiarum Patriarca, ad pedes Dominae Suae written by him. Transferred to the patriarchal cathedral of Venice, July 1959.

Beatification. The diocesan informative process for the cause of beatification was opened by Cardinal Giovanni Urbani, patriarch of Venice (1958-1969).

Bibliography. Camozzo, Ugo. Il cardinale Pietro La Fontaine, patriarca di Venezia. 4a ed. riveduta. Venezia : Studium cattolico veneziano, 1961. (Collana biografica, 2); La Fontaine, Pietro. Il servo di Dio, Card. Pietro la Fontaine, patriarca di Venezia, e il suo seminario: lettere ai superiori; ai seminaristi, al popolo. Venezia : Studium cattolico veneziano, 1963. (Studium cattolico veneziano. Collana storica, n.5 ; Variation: Studium cattolico veneziano; Collana storica, n.5); Musolino, Giovanni. Pietro La Fontaine : patriarca di Venezia; (1915 - 1935). Venezia : Ed. Studium Cattolico Veneziano, 1988; Niero, A. I patriarchi di Venezia. Da Lorenzo Giustiniani ai nostri giorni. Venice : Studium Cattolico Veneziano, 1961. (Collana Storica, 3), pp. 207-213; Sparpaglione, Domenico. Il Cardinale Pietro La Fontaine, patriarca di Venezia. Alba : Edizioni Paoline, 1951.

Link. His photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. May 21, 1922, Castiglione, diocese of Forlì (now Forlì-Bertinoro), Italy. He was the youngest of the five children of a poor family from the countryside. In 1928, the family moved to Faenza. They lived in the parish of S. Stefano, where the pastors, Fathers Barisani and Balbi, helped the family economically and young Pio to continue his studies. In addition to studying, Pio worked as an attendant in the shop of Archimede, in piazza Faenza.

Education. After finishing his elementary studies, he entered in 1933 the Salesian Institute, Faenza (secondary studies); Seminary of Forlì, Forlì (philosophy); Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Theological Faculty, Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (doctorates in theology, 1942, thesis on San Guido, abbot of Pomposa; and canon, 1950); Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome (diplomacy, 1952).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 20, 1946, cathedral of Faenza, by Giuseppe Battaglia, bishop of Faenza. Further studies, Rome, 1946-1952. Entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See, March 1952. Secretary of the nunciature in Nicaragua, 1952-1955. Secretary and later auditor in the apostolic delegation in the United States of America, 1955-1961; auditor in the nunciature in India, 1961-1964. Official in the Council of Affairs of the Church, 1964-1969. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, December 21, 1965. In 1969, he formed part of the delegation of the Holy See to the conference of the United Nations on human rights in Teheran, Iran.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Mauriana and appointed apostolic delegate in Jerusalem and Palestine, May 24, 1969. Consecrated, June 22, 1969, cathedral of S. Pietro, Faenza, by Cardinal Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, bishop of title of suburbicarian see of Frascati, secretary of State emeritus, assisted by Agostino Casaroli, titular archbishop of Cartago, and by Giuseppe Battaglia, bishop of Faenza. Pro-nuncio in Chipre, May 28, 1973; and also, apostolic visitor to Greece. Nuncio in Argentina, April 27, 1974. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopal Council, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979. Apostolic delegate in the United States of America and permanent observer to the Organization of American States, with title of nuncio ad personam, December 10, 1980; pro-nuncio in the United States of America, when diplomatic relations were established, March 26, 1984. Pro-prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, April 6, 1990. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria Ausiliatrice in Via Tuscolana, June 28, 1991. Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University, July 1, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Named president of the Pontifical Oratory of St. Peter on December 5, 1992. Patronus of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, May 8, 1993. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; the Special Assembly for Lebanon of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 26 to December 14, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Cardinal protodeacon, January 9, 1999. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Resigned the prefecture, November 15, 1999. Special papal envoy to Israel and the Palestinian Authority to deliver a personal message from Pope John Paul II promoting a cease fire and the resumption of peace talks, May 30, 2001. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, February 26, 2002. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 21, 2002. Named special papal envoy to the president of the United States of America to carry a message from Pope John Paul II and to illustrate the position and the initiatives undertaken by the Holy See to contribute to the disarmament and peace in the Middle East, March 1, 2003.

Death. Sunday January 11, 2009, in the early hours of the morning, at San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, where he was recovering from a cardio-vascular insufficiency caused by a hematologic disease. The viewing took place at the hospital on that same day. On Monday, the body of the late cardinal was transferred to the Vatican. Upon learning the news of the death of the cardinal, Pope Benedict XVI prayed for the eternal repose of his soul and sent a telegram of condolence to his nieces and nephews. A Capella Papale took place for the exequies of the late cardinal. The mass, celebrated by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, bishop of the title of the suburbicarian sees of Ostia and Albano, and the other cardinals present, took place on Tuesday January 13, at 11 a.m., in the papal Vatican basilica. At the end of the Eucharistic celebration, Pope Benedict XVI addressed those in attendance and presided the rites of Ultima Commendatio and Valedictio. The cardinals that concelebrated were Roger Etchegaray, Giovanni Battista Re, Francis Arinze, Jozef Tomko, Paul Poupard, Bernard Francis Law, Eduardo Martínez Somalo, Achille Silvestrini, Giovanni Canestri, Camillo Ruini, Salvatore De Giorgi, Ivan Dias, Antonio Cañizares Llovera, Estanislao Esteban Karlic, Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Giovanni Cheli, Agostino Cacciavillan, Sergio Sebastiani, Zenon Grocholewski, Josi Saraiva Martins, Jorge Marma Mejma, Walter Kasper, Jean Louis Tauran, Renato Raffaele Martino, Francesco Marchisano, Julián Herranz, Attilio Nicora, Georges Marie Martin Cottier, Franc Rodé, Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, Leonardo Sandri, John Patrick Foley, Angelo Comastri, Raffaele Farina, Giovanni Coppa, Urbano Navarrete. Among the present were Cardinals Ignace Moussa I Daoud, Paul Augustin Mayer, O.S.B., José Sánchez, Virgilio Noè, and Carlo Furno; Archbishops Fernando Filoni, substitute of the Secretariat of State; Dominique Mamberti, secretary for the Relations with the States; Msgr. Fortunatus Nwachukwu; the grand master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Fra' Matthew Festing, with a delegation. In the first row were the nieces and nephews of the late cardinal. A representation of the Pontifical Oratory of San Pietro, led by Msgr. Bruno Guiotto also participated. At the altar served members of the Pontifical Roman Seminary. Italian president Giorgio Napolitano sent his condolences to the Vatican, "paying homage to (Cardinal Laghi's) passion for great international issues." The body of the late cardinal was buried in the cathedral basilica of Faenza, at the end of the eucharistic liturgy that was celebrated on Wednesday January 14, 2009, at 10 a.m.

Bibliography. Bedeschi, Lorenzo. Il Cardinale Pio Laghi : cittadino onorario di Betlemme, nel suo settantesimo anno di età. Roma : Istituto Grafico Editoriale Romano, 1992; Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 208; Casaretto, Jorge."El paso de Pio Laghi entre nosotros." In: Criterio: actualidad, fe y cultura, año 82, no. 2346 (mar. 2009), p. 93-94; Mejía, Jorge Mario. "El ejemplo del cardenal Laghi." In: Criterio: actualidad, fe y cultura, año 82, no. 2346 (mar. 2009), p. 90-92.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

LANDÁZURI RICKETTS, O.F.M., Juan
(1913-1997)

Birth. December 19, 1913, Arequipa, Perú. Son of Gustavo Landázuri and María Rosa Ricketts. Baptized with the names Guillermo Eduardo; took the name Juan when he joined the Order of the Friars Minor.

Education. Initial studies at Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones, Arequipa; Colegio Arévalo, Arequipa (middle studies) where he had as professor of church history Fr. Juan Gualberto Guevara, future first Peruvian cardinal; National College, Arequipa; Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, University of San Agustín, Arequipa; in his third year, he decided to become a friar. Joined the Order of Friars Minor, missionary province of San Francisco Solano, April 28, 1933; Franciscan house of study in Ocopa (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Athenaeum Antonianum, Rome, 1946-1949 (doctorate in canon law thesis: "De aleniatione bonorum Religiosorum").

Priesthood. Ordained, April 6, 1939, Ocopa, by Francisco Irazola, O.F.M., titular bishop of Flaviade, apostolic vicar of Ucayalí. From 1939 to 1943, professor of canon law and pastoral theology in the Franciscan schools of his province, as well as popular preacher in different cities and towns of the region. Secretary to the General Delegation of his order, constituted because of the Second World War, 1943-1946. In 1943, he was named by Archbishop Juan Gualberto Guevara of Lima ecclesiastical assistant of the Union Nacional de Estudiantes Católico: (UNEC); because of his post, he traveled to the United States of America, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, England, Holland and Germany. Further studies, 1946-1949. Faculty member of the Franciscan Theological Seminary, Ocopa, and master of novices, 1949-1950. Minister and provincial of the St. Francisco Solano missionary province, 1950-1951. In the general chapter of the order, celebrated in Assisi in 1951, he was elected general definitor for Latin America; he went to reside in Rome; named member of the commission for the redaction of the actas of the general chapter; of the commission for the redaction of the general constitutions of the order; and of the commission for the redaction of "Acta Ordinis Fratrum Minorum"; occupied the post until 1952.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Roina and appointed coadjutor sedi datus of Lima, May 18, 1952. Consecrated, August 24, 1952, metropolitan cathedral, Lima, by Cardinal Juan Gualberto Guevara, archbishop of Lima, assisted by Leonardo Rodríguez Ballón, O.F.M., archbishop of Arequipa, and by León Uriarte Bengoa, O.F.M., titular bishop of Madaura. Named vicar general of the archdiocese. Elected vicar capitular at the death of Cardinal Guevara, which occurred on November 27, 1954. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lima, May 2, 1955.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 19, 1962; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, March 22, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Papal legate to the 6th National Eucharistic Congress, León, Spain, June 15, 1964; and to the 7th National Eucharistic Congress, Huancayo, Perú, June 25, 1965. President of the Peruvian Episcopal Conference. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the Second Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the Third Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; one of its three president delegates; the Fourth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the Third General Conference of Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the Fifth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the Sixth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, December 30, 1989. Following his retirement, he resided at Calle Luis Espejo 1064, Distrito de La Victoria, Lima. Today this residence houses the Archdiocesan Archive of Lima. Attended the Fourth General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, December 19, 1993. He was the last cardinal elector created by Pope John XXIII.

Death. January 16, 1997, from advacned stages of cancer, Lima. Buried in the chapel of Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, second archbishop of Lima, in the metropolitan cathedral of Lima.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B., André and Charles N. Bransom. "Franciscan bishops." Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), 300.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. January 22, 1874, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Palermo, Palermo; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 13, 1896, Rome. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" and auditor of the S.C. for Bishops and Regulars, 1896-1908. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, July 8, 1907; reappointed, September 8, 1914. Undersecretary of the S.C. for Religious, February 16, 1916. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, November 20, 1917. Secretary of the S.C. for Religious, April 7, 1925. Protonotary apostolic in 1925.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 16, 1935; received red hat and deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, December 19, 1935. Pro-prefect of the S.C. for Religious, December 22, 1935; prefect, December 31, 1935. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. November 4, 1943, Rome. Buried, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Link. His photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. November 13, 1887, Oteiza de la Solana, diocese of Pamplona, Spain. He was the second of the five children of Patricio Larraona and Bartolina Saralegui. The other children were Luis, Digna, Amaprito (who died in infancy), and Amparo.

Education. After finishing his elementary studies, he joined the Congregation of Missionary Sons of Immaculate Heart of Mary (Claretians), 1899; received the religious habit, July 28, 1902, Vich; novitiate, Vich, 1902-1903; took the final vows, December 8, 1903, Vich, in a solemn mass celebrated at 8 a.m. by Fr. Clemente Serrat, superior general of the congregation; University of Cervera, Lérida (philosophy and theology, 1902-1911); received the subdiaconate on May 21, 1910, in Algón, from Juan Soldevilla y Romero, archbishop of Zaragoza; and the diaconate on October 9, 1910, in Zaragoza, from the same archbishop; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law); University of Rome, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1911, Zaragoza, by Juan Soldevilla y Romero, archbishop of Zaragoza. Left for Rome, October 24, 1911. Further studies and pastoral work in his congregation, 1911-1918. In 1916, he worked with Fr. Felipe Maroto in the preparation of the Code of Canon Law, which was promulgated by Pope Benedict XV the following year. When the faculties of canon and civil law were reestablished in the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apoillinare" in the academic year 1919-1920, he was named professor of Institutions and History of Civil Law; later, he was professor of Roman law for forty years; also taught at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide"; and at the "Scuola Pratica" of the S.C. of Religious, Rome. He participated in the general chapter of his congregation inaugurated in Vich on August 14, 1922; with assistance of other participants, he prepared the Codex Iuris Addititii, particular law of the congregation, Named director of the journal Commentarium pro Religiosis on January 28, 1923, which he had founded with Fr. Maroto in 1920. In his congregation he held the posts of counselor of the Italian province; visitor to Germany; general assistant to Italy, Central Europe, and China. Apostolic visitor to several religious orders and congregations. Consultor of the S.C. of the Oriental Church, October 8, 1929. Consultor of the S. C. of Religious, December 3, 1929. Member of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of the Oriental Canon Law, April 1, 1933. Named undersecretary of the S.C. for Religious on November 27, 1943; named secretary on December 11, 1949. Member of the General Council of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, September 6, 1944. Collaborated in the preparation of the apostolic constitutions "Provida Mater Ecclesia" of February 2, 1947; "Sponsa Christi" of November 21, 1950; and "Sedes Sapientiæ of May 31, 1956. He actively participated in the organization and proceedings of the international congresses of religious in Rome (1950 and 1957); and the national congresses in the United States of America (1952); Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia (1954); Philippines (1955); England; Brazil and Spain (1956); Portugal (1958); and México (1960). He created centers of superior studies in Rome such as "Regmna Mundi" and "Mater Divinæ Gratiæ" for the cultural development of women religious; and "Jesus Magister", for lay religious.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 14, 1959; received the red hat and the deaconry of Ss. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari, December 17, 1959. Named grand penitentiary, August 13, 1961. Prefect of the S.C. of Rites and president of the Pontifical Commission of the Sacred Liturgy, in preparation for the Second Vatican Council, February 12, 1962; resigned and was named prefect emeritus, January 9, 1968.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Diocesarea di Isauria, April 5, 1962. Consecrated, April 19, 1962, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo and by Cardinal Benedetto Aloisi Masella. In the same ceremony were consecrated Cardinals Joaquín Anselmo María Albareda, O.S.B., Antonio Bacci, Augustin Bea, S.J., Francesco Bracci, Michael Browne, O.P., William Theodore Heard, Alberto di Jorio, André Jullien, P.S.S., Francesco Morano, Alfredo Ottaviani and Francesco Roberti. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965; he was a member of the ante-preparatory and central commissions. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of Sacro Cuore di Maria Vergine a Piazza Euclide, April 28, 1969. Lost the right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years, January 1, 1971.

Death. May 7, 1973, at 10:10 a.m., after a six-day bronchopulmonary infection, in the general headquarters of the Claretians congregation, Rome, after receiving the Holy Sacraments and the Papal Blessing. Exposed in the chapel of Collegio Claretianum, Via Aurelia, from May 7 to 9; the pope, Roman cardinals, numerous prelates of the Roman Curia, diplomats accredited before the Holy See, among them the ambassador of Spain, the marquis of Vellisca, D. Juan Pablo de Lojendio, and numerous priests and men and women religious, mostly Spanish, visited the chapel. The funeral liturgy took place in the transept of Ss. Proceso e Martiniano of the patriarchal Vatican basilica. The casket was placed on the floor, with the Gospel on top of it and the Paschal candle at its side. Participated in the funeral, the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, thirty-one cardinals, and a large number of archbishops and bishops, priests, and a multitude of men and women religious. Several superior generals of religious orders and congregations were also present, among them Fr. Antonio Leghisa, of the Congregation of Sons of the Immaculate Hear of Mary, to which the late cardinal belonged. The mass was celebrated by the secretary of the S.C. for Divine Worship, Annibale Bugnini, C.M., titular archbishop of Diocleziana, assisted by the seminarians of the Claretianum. After the mass, Cardinal Luigi Traglia, sub-dean of the Sacred College, imparted the final absolution in the name of the pope. The late cardinal was buried in the chapel of S. Giuseppe in the basilica of Sacro Cuore di Maria Vergine a Piazza Euclide, Rome, according to his will.

Bibliography. Alberti, Ottorino. "Card. Arcadio Larraona." La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, p. 240-241; Frisón, Basilio. Cardenal Larraona. Madrid : Instituto Teológico de Vida Religiosa, 1979; Frisón, Basilio. "Larraona, Arcadio." Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España. 4 vols and Supplement. Dirigido por Quintín Aldea Vaquero, Tomás Marín Martínez, José Vives Gatell. Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1972-1975; Suplemento (1987), Supp., 425-426; "Los funerales del Cardenal Larraona." L'Osservatore Romano, Spanish edition, V, no. 20, May 20, 1973, p. 5.

Link. His portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

LAURENTI, Camillo
(1861-1938)

Birth. November 20 (1), 1861, Monte Porzio Catone, diocese of Frascati, Italy.

Education. Almo Collegio Capranica, Rome, November 1, 1872-July 31, 1884; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology);

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1884, Rome. Staff member of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, September 1, 1884; first minutant, December 1, 1887. Privy chamberlain supranumerarius, August 3, 1889; reappointed, August 16, 1903. Professor of philosophy at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," 1892-1908. Undersecretary of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, October 20, 1908. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, June 12, 1909. Secretary of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, August 12, 1911. Consultor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, March 4, 1912. Consultor of the S.C. of the Oriental Church, November 29, 1917.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 13, 1921; received red hat and deaconry of S. Maria della Scala, June 16, 1921. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the centennial celebrations of Our Lady of Larmes, Treviglio, Milan, February 1922. Prefect of the S.C. for Religious, July 5, 1922. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress of Sassari, August 15, 1923; to the Eucharistic Congress of Sora, September 14, 1924; and to the Congress of Christ the King, Milan, May 15, 1926. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of Rites, December 17, 1928; prefect, March 12, 1929. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, December 16, 1935.

Death September 6, 1938, Rome. Buried, family's tomb, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 85; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 681; "Liste des cardinaux par ordre alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1936, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1937, p. 100; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, LXI, n. 140 (June 13-14, 1926), p. 1; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 19 and 26.

(1) This is according to all the sources consulted except Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 681, which says that he was born on September 1, 1861; and L'Osservatore Romano, LXI, n. 140 (June 13-14, 1926), p. 1, which says that he was born on November 24, 1862.

Link. Photographs and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. October 15, 1864, Rome, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 4, 1887, Rome. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Seminary and the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," 1887-1910. Official of the Vicariate of Rome, 1895-1910. Canon of the chapter of the basilica of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, 1901. Substitute of the regent of the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, February 5, 1910. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 5, 1910.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Efeso and appointed internuncio in Perú, January 5, 1917. Consecrated, January 21, 1917, chapel of the Pontifical Pio Latin American College, Rome, by Cardinal Donato Sbarretti, assisted by Vincenzo Sardi di Rivisondoli, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, assessor of the S.C. Consistorial, and by Americo Bevilacqua, titular bishop of Retimo, consultor of the S.C. Consistorial. Nuncio in Perú at establishment of full diplomatic relations, July 20, 1917. Nuncio in Poland, May 25, 1921.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 20, 1926; received the red hat and the title of S. Pancrazio, June 23, 1927. Grand penitentiary, July 31, 1927. Papal legate to the International Eucharistic Congress, Dublin, Ireland, May 26, 1932. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 15, 1936 to December 13, 1937. Protector of the Pontifical North American College, Rome, 1937-1941. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, December 11, 1939.

Death. October 8, 1941, Rome. Buried, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Link. His photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. March 7, 1874, Forio, diocese of Ischia, Italy. All his family died in the earthquake that wrecked island of Ischia in 1883.

Education. Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, Rome; Royal University, Rome; Pontifical Leonine Institute, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 21, 1898, Rome. Faculty member of the Pontifical Leonine Institute, 1898-1910; its rector, 1910-1914. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, March 8, 1904.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Cava e Sarno, May 25, 1914. Consecrated, June 21, 1914, Rome, by Cardinal Basilio Pompilj, vicar general of Rome, assisted by Giovanni Regine, bishop of Nicastro, and by Giovanni Scotti, bishop of Cariati. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Benevento, July 16, 1924. Apostolic administrator of Castellmare di Stabia, 1924-1925. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Palermo, September 29, 1928.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1929; received the red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, December 19, 1929. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Resigned the pastoral government of archdiocese, December 1944. Prefect of the S.C. for Religious, May 14, 1945.

Death. August 2, 1950, Villini, Marino, Alban Hills. Buried in the basilica of S. Maria di Loreto, Foro d'lschia.

Link. His photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. November 4, 1931, Torreón, México. Son of U.S. Army Air Corps Col. Bernard A. Law, and Helen Stubblefield. His father was assigned to a base in that Mexican city when Bernard was born..

Education. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A. in Medieval history); St. Joseph Seminary, St. Benedict, Louisiana; Pontifical Josephinum College, Worthington, Ohio.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 21, 1961, at the Pontifical College Josephinum, Worthington, Ohio, by Egidio Vagnozzi, titular archbishop of Mira, apostolic delegate to the United States. Incardinated in the diocese of Natchez-Jackson. Pastoral work in the diocese of Natchez-Jackson, 1961-1973; director of the diocesan newspaper, 1961-1966; executive director of the episcopal council for economic affairs, 1968-1971. Chaplain of His Holiness, December 5, 1968.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, October 22, 1973. Consecrated, December 5, 1973, cathedral of St. Agnes, Springfield, by Joseph Bernard Brunini, bishop of Natchez-Jackson, assisted by William Wakefield Baum, archbishop of Washington, and by Joseph Louis Bernardin, archbishop of Cincinnati. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Boston, January 11, 1984.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of S. Susanna, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Special papal envoy to the Eucharistic Congress for the countries of the Caribbean region, Port of Spain, Trinidad Tobago, April 17-20, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, March 6, 2000. Special papal envoy to the Peruvian National Eucharistic Congress, Lima, August 30 to September 3, 2000. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, December 13, 2002. Resident chaplain at the convent of the Sisters of Mercy of Alma, Clinton, Maryland, 2003. Named archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, Rome, May 27, 2004. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1790-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 167; Clark, Douglas K. "Law, Bernard Francis." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, p. 337.

Links. Biography, in English (Britannica); and his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. March 19, 1919, Puerto Cabello, diocese of Valencia en Venezuela, Venezuela. Eldest of the five children of Enrique Lebrún and Josefina Moratinos. Baptized in the parish church of Puerto Cabello. Confirmed in his native city by Felipe Rincón González, archbishop of Caracas. He was prepared for his first communion by Brother Juan, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools.

Education. Colegio San José, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, Puerto Cabello; Interdiocesan Seminary, Caracas, July 4, 1934-1937; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in philosophy, 1941; started studying theology but had to leave Italy because of the Second World War); resided in Collegio Pio Latino Americano, Rome; Pontifical University Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Besides his native Spanish, he spoke Italian, Latin and French

Priesthood. Ordained, December 19, 1943, cathedral of Valencia, by Gregorio Adam Dalmau, bishop of Valencia. Successively, 1943-1956, in Valencia, faculty member, spiritual director and rector of its seminary; chaplain and faculty member, School "Our Lady of Lourdes"; pastoral work in several parishes; chaplain of the local jail; diocesan assesor of the Feminine Catholic Youth; director of Cultura Católica and of the newspaper El Carabobeño; assesor of the Venezuelan Catholic Education Association, sectional of Valencia; master of ceremonies, defensor of the matrimonial bond, and pro-vicar general.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Arado and auxiliary of Maracaibo, August 2, 1956. Consecrated, September 2, 1956, Valencia, by Raffaele Forni, titular archbishop of Egina, nuncio in Venezuela, assisted by Acacio Chacón Guerra, archbishop of Mérida, and by Gregorio Adam Dalmau, bishop of Valencia en Venezuela. Apostolic administrator of the see Maracaibo, October 23, 1957. Transferred to see of Maracay, June 21, 1958. Transferred to see of Valencia en Venezuela, March 19, 1962. Attended the II Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the II General Assembly of the Latin American Episcopate, Medellín, Colombia, August 24 to September 6, 1968. Promoted to titular archbishop of Voncaria and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, and apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Caracas, September 16, 1972. Vice-president of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, January 27 to February 13, 1979, Puebla, México. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Caracas, May 24, 1980.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of S. Pancrazio, February 2, 1983. President of the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, 1984-1990. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 27, 1995. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, March 19, 1999.

Death. February 21, 2001, Caracas. Buried in the chapel of Our Lady of El Pilar, which is in the right nave of that cathedral. All the bishops and archbishops of Caracas, including Cardinals José Humberto Quintero Parra and Antonio Ignacio Velasco García, S.D.B., are buried there.

Bibliography. Vinke, Ramón. El Cardenal José Alí Lebrún. Caracas : [s.n.], 1994.

Birth. April 15, 1892, Tourcoing, diocese of Lille, France.

Education. Catholic University of Lille, Lille; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Pontifical French Seminary, Rome. In the French Army during the First World War; wounded, captured in Belgium, 1914; liberated in prisoner exchange, Switzerland, 1918.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1921, Rome. Diocesan missions, 1921-1923. Pastoral work in the diocese of Poitiers, 1924-1938. Director of Works and honorary canon of Poitiers, 1926-1936. Vicar general of Poitiers, 1936-1938. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, December 28, 1936.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Troyes, July 27, 1938. Consecrated, October 11, 1938, cathedral of Poitiers, by Edouard-Gabriel Mesguen, bishop of Poitiers, assisted by Joseph Heintz, bishop of Metz, and by Louis Liagre, bishop of La Rochelle. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bourges, June 17, 1943.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 28, 1960; received the red hat and the title of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, March 31, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. President of the French Episcopal Conference, 1965-1969. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Resigned pastoral government of archdiocese, October 10, 1969. Lost right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, April 15, 1972.

Death. April 2, 1973, Bourges. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Bourges.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 381-382.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. January 1, 1860, Brisighella, diocese of Faenza, Italy .

Education. Seminary of Faenza, Faenza; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, Rome (doctorates in theology, philosophy and utroque iure, 1888; auxiliary of Benedetto Lorenzelli, future cardinal).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 13, 1883, Faenza. Further studies, 1883-1887. Faculty member of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, 1887-1889; professor of philosophy, 1887-1890; substitute professor of canon law, 1888-1889; ordinary professor, 1889-1890. Faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, 1889-1893. Auditor of the S.C. of the Council, 1894-1903. Privy chamberlain, August 11, 1897. Undersecretary of the S.C. of Council, August 11, 1903. Member of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, April 2, 1904. Domestic prelate, May 17, 1905. Dean of the Sacred Roman Rota, October 24, 1908. Counselor of the S.C. Consistorial, November 4, 1908. Counselor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy office, January 4, 1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Eustachio, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of Apostolic Signature, December 15, 1914. One of the three cardinal presidents of the Pontifical Academy "S. Tommaso", Rome, together with Cardinals Benedetto Lorenzelli and Louis Billot, S.J., February 24, 1915. Member of the Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, October 15, 1917. Visitor of the Hospice of Cathechumenorum, May 3, 1919. Prefect of the S.C. for Discipline of Sacraments, March 20, 1920. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, December 18, 1924. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress, Faenza, August 22, 1923; to the Regional Eucharistic Congress of Pistoia, Vicenza, and Ravenna, August 23, 1924.

Episcopate. Opted for order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, June 21, 1926. Consecrated, July 11, 1926, Sistine Chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. The cardinal's brother, Antonio Lega, archbishop of Ravenna and bishop of Cervia, attended the ceremony. Papal legate to the Regional Eucharistic Congress, Ravenna, May 3, 1930. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, May 5, 1931. Papal legate to the Antoniana Solemnia, Padua, May 27, 1932.

Death. December 16, 1935, Rome. The funeral took place on December 20, 1935, in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, bishop of Ostia and Albano, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. On that same day, the body was transferred to Brisighella and buried on December 21, 1935 in his family's tomb in the collegiate church of Brisighella.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 83; Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1935, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1936, p. 96.

Link. Biography, in Italian; and photographs, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. April 26, 1904, Valleyfield, Canada. Son of Ernest Léger, a general merchant, and Alda Beauvais. His brother Jules was a Canadian diplomat.

Education. Initial studies at St-Anicent; Seminary of Sainte-Thérèse, Valleyfield, 1916-1925 (classics); had to interrupt his studies for four years because of illness; he worked as mechanic, as railroad worker, and as butcher; he spent a few months at the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Sault-au-Récollet but was considered too emotional to continue in the order; Seminary of Montréal, Montréal (licentiate in theology, 1929); Catholic Institut, Paris (doctorate in canon law, 1931).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1929, Montréal, by Gauthier, titular archbishop of Taron, coadjutor of Montréal. Entered the the Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice; novitiate of Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris (1929-1930). Further studies, Paris, 1930-1931. Professor of theology at Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris, 1931-1932; and assistant master of novices, 1932-1933. Returned to Canada and was sent in September 1933 to found Seminary of Fukuoka, Japan for the formation of the autochthonous clergy; because of the speed with which he learned Japanese, he did pastoral ministry in the parish of Omuta and taught philosophy at the seminary until 1939. Returned to Canada in 1939 because of the Second World War. Professor of sociology at the Theological Seminary, Montréal; and apologetics at Institute Pius XI, 1939-1940. Left the Society provisionally and became vicar general of the diocese of Valleyfield in 1940; also, cathedral pastor; and member of the cathedral chapter from 1941 to 1947. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, September 29, 1942. Reentered the Society and was named rector of the Pontifical Canadian College, Rome, in 1947; occupied the post until 1950.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Montréal, March 25, 1950. Consecrated, April 26, 1950, church of S. Maria degli Angeli, Rome, by Cardinal Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, O.C.D, bishop of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, secretary of the S.C. Consistorial, assisted by Maurice Roy, archbishop of Québec, and by Jean-Julien Weber, P.S.S., bishop of Strasbourg.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, January 15, 1953. Papal legate to the closing of the Marian Holy Year, Lourdes, France, November 21, 1954; to the coronation of the image of Saint-Joseph, Montréal, July 21, 1955; to the centennial celebrations of the Shrine of Saint-Anne de Beaupré, Canada, June 24, 1958. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, April 20, 1968, to serve as a missionary in a leprosory in Yaoundé, Cameroun, Africa. Appointed Companion of the Order of Canada for his humanitarian work, June 28, 1968; investiture, October 28, 1969. Returned to Montréal in 1974; worked in parishes and in Fame pereo, a humanitarian work that he had founded. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, April 26, 1984.

Death. November 13, 1991, of pneumonia, at Hôtel-de-Dieu, Montréal. The funeral was celebrated on November 16, 1991, by Cardinal Jean-Claude Turcotte, archbishop of Montréal. He was buried in the Bishop's Chapel, Mary Queen of the World metropolitan cathedral, Montréal. He was the last surviving cardinal created by Pope Pius XII.

Bibliography. Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 1958. Città del Vaticano : Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1958, pp. 65 and 337; LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2202. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 608-612; Higgins, Michael W. "Léger, Paul-Emile." New Catholic Encyclopedia. Palatine, IL. ; Washington, DC : Jack Heraty & Associates ; The Catholic University of America, 1967-1996, vol. XIX, Supplement 1989-1995, p. 242; Thompson, Donald. Le cardinal Léger, c'etat un saint : un aperçu de la vie et de l'ouevre du cardinal Paul-Emile Léger. Montreal : Edimag, 1992.

Link. Photograph, coat of arms and biography, in French; and his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the title of S. Leone I, February 21, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reelected president of the German Episcopal Conference for another six-year term, September 20, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. On January 15, 2008, he announced that was resigning the chairmanship of the Conference of German Bishops due to serious cardio-circulatory problems, during the meeting of the conference, February 11-15, 2008, in Würzburg; on February 12, the new president, Archbishop Robert Zollitsch of Friburg, of the Institue of the Fathers Schönstatt, was elected.

Bibliography. Jürgensmeie, Friedhelm. "Lehmann, Karl (* 1936)." Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1945 2001 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Unter Mitwirkung von Franz Xaver Bischof ... [et al.] ; herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2002, pp. 361-362.

Links. Photograph, arms and biography, in German; photograph and biography, in German; and another image of his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. March 12, 1910, Zalalövo, diocese of Veszprém, Hungary.

Education. Seminary of Veszprém, Veszprém; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 28, 1934. Faculty member, Seminary of Veszprém and pastoral work in the diocese of Veszprém, 1934-1944. Episcopal counselor, 1943. Secretary to Jószef Mindszenty, bishop of Veszprém, 1944. In a Nazi prison, November 1944 to February 1945. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, January 22, 1946; confirmed, January 14, 1959. Pastoral work in the diocese of Veszprém, 1946-1972. Diocesan synodal examiner, 1963-1972.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Giro di Tarasio and appointed apostolic administrator, ad nutum Sanctæ Sedis, of Veszprém February 8, 1972. Consecrated, March 16, 1972, St. Stephen's basilica, Budapest, by József Ijjas, archbishop of Kalocsa, assisted by József Cserháti, bishop of Pécs, and by József Bánk, bishop of Vác. Apostolic administrator, ad nutum Sanctæ Sedis, of Esztergom, February 5, 1974. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Esztergom, February 12, 1976.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the title of S. Teresa al Corso d'Italia, May 24, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985.

Death. June 30, 1986, of a heart attack, in Budapest. Buried in the metropolitan and primatial cathedral of Esztergom.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. February 28, 1863, in a modest house on Passage Saint-Esprit, Vaucouleurs, diocese of Verdun, France (1). He was the sixth of the eight children of François-Henri Lépicier and Marie-Claire Hette. Some days later, he was baptized with the name Henri. He received first communion on July 5, 1874.

Education. School of the religious of Saint-Charles, Vaucouleurs, 1866-1869; Institution Saint-Joseph, 1874-1877 (Latin and sciences); joined the Order of Servants of Mary at the priory of Saint' Mary, Fulham Road, London; received the religious habit, March 1, 1878; received the subdiaconate on March 2, 1884, from Bishop Robert Coffin, C.SS.R. of Southwork; went to Paris on the following day and remained there for four months; spent a short time at the convent of Bognor and returned to London to study theology and teach philosophy to the Servite students in that house; on March 21, 1885, he received the diaconate; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 19, 1885, London, by William Weathers, titular bishop of Amyclae, auxiliary of Westminster. Further studies, November 1885-1890; resided at the church of S. Maria in Via, which was cared for by his order. Master of novices, 1890-1892, Bognor. Professor of dogmatic theology at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, 1892-1913. Rector of the Servite International College of Saint-Alexis Falconiéri, Rome, 1895-1913. Named one of the four consultors general of his order, 1895. General procurator of his order, 1901. In mission to England for the establishment of the metropolitan provinces of Westminster, Liverpool and Birmingham, May 1911. Apostolic visitor and delegate to Scotland, 1912-1913. Elected 94th prior general of his order, May 13, 1913, Florence; occupied the post until May 27, 1920.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tarso, May 22, 1924. Consecrated, May 29, 1924, Ascension Thursday, chapel of the College of Propaganda Fide, Rome, by Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum, C.SS.R., prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of Faith, assisted by Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, titular archbishop of Seleucia, and by Carlo Raffaele Rossi, O.C.D., titular archbishop of Tessalonica. Apostolic visitor to the Eastern Indies dioceses dependent on the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, June 11, 1924. Apostolic visitor to Abyssinia and Eritrea, April 15, 1927.

Cardinal. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 19, 1927; received the red hat and the title of S. Susanna, December 22, 1927. Prefect of the S.C. for Religious, December 17, 1928. Papal legate to the celebrations in honor of Sainte-Joan d'Arc, Orléans, France, April 22, 1929; to the National Eucharistic Congress, Carthage, April 25, 1930; to the Plenary Council of Malta, May 8, 1935, through which it was decreed that the Catholic Action should be established in every parish. Resigned the prefecture of the S.C. for Religious, December 31, 1935. Gravely ill, he requested the last sacraments, which were adminstered by the prior general of the Servites, Fr. Raffaele M. Baldini, on Wednesday May 20, 1936, the same day he died. (2). He was a prolific writer whose works include Sacred Scirptures, theology, philosophy, apologetics, ascetics an several opuscules (3).

Death. May 20, 1936, Rome. The funeral took place at the church of S. Andrea della Valle, Rome, on May 25, 1936; the funeral mass was celebrated by Pietro Pisani, titular archbishop of Constantia in Scythia; Msgr. Lorenzo Perosi directed the choir of the Pontifical Chapel; Cardinal Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, bishop of Ostia and Albano, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, imparted the final absolution. He was buried in the crypt of his order in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 385-386; Lépicier, Augustine M. Le Cardinal Lépicier des Servites de Marie. 2 vols. Paris, 1946.

(1) In May 1936, the city of Vaucouleurs placed a marble plaque in the house where he was born to perpetuate his memory. This the text of the inscription on the plaque, taken from Lépicier, Le Cardinal Lépicier des Servites de Marie, II, 208:

Birth. October 28, 1891, Quinto al Mare, archdiocese of Genoa, Italy. He was the eighth of the nine children of a very modest family of seamen. Two of his brothers, Amedeo and Attilio, were also priests.

Education. Archiepiscopal Seminary of Genoa, Genoa 1902-1914 (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, November 1914-1915.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 25, 1914, chapel of the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Genoa, by Ildefonso Vincenzo Pisani, C.R.L., titular bishop of Tebe, former bishop of Anglona-Tursi. Further studies in Rome, 1914-1915. Recalled to Genoa when Italy entered the First World War in 1915; military chaplain in the hospital of Galliera, Fort S. Martino; in the hospital of Torri di Quartesolo; and in Villabella di S. Bonifazio. Prefect of the Seminary of Genoa, 1918-1923; his brother Amedeo was the rector of the seminary; substitute professor of theology, 1921-1923; professor of Sacred Scripture and Patrology, 1923-1927. Professor of religion in middle schools, 1927-1937; founder of "Liceo Classico Cristoforo Colombo", student movement for apostolic-social activities such as "Apostolato del Mare", of which he was the first national chaplain; and activities in the poorest suburbs of Genoa. Pastor-provost of the basilica of S. Maria Immacolata, Genoa, 1937-1947; founder of Didascaleion, a study center for the encounter of the theological thought with modern culture. During the Second World War he protected all those in peril, giving refuge in his own house, especially the Jews; due to the grave danger for his life, he had to go into hiding under the name of "Father Lorenzo Gusmini"; at the end of the war, he received a grateful and affectionate testimony from the entire city of Genoa. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, November 23, 1946.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Ravenna, January 31, 1947. Consecrated, March 19, 1947, basilica of S. Maria Immacolata, Genoa, by Giuseppe Siri, archbishop of Genoa, assisted by Angelo Rossini, archbishop of Amalfi, and by Francesco Canessa, titular bishop of Sarepta. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Bologna, April 19, 1952.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, January 15, 1953. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965; member of its Board of Presidency, 1963-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. President of "Consilium" for the liturgical reform, 1966-1968. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 12, 1968. Papal legate to the 39th International Eucharistic Congress, Bogotá, Colombia, August 27, 1968. After his retirement as archbishop of Bologna, he resided at "Villa San Giacomo", Particella di San Lazzaro di Savena, school for the youth that he had founded. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 28, 1971.

Death. October 18, 1976, at 3 p.m., of a cardiac crisis, "Villa San Giacomo", Bologna. He was assisted by his brother Fr. Attilio Lercaro. Cardinal Sergio Pignedoli, president of the Secretariat for Non-Christians, represented the pope, and Cardinal Antonio Poma, archbishop of Bologna, was the principal concelebrant of the funeral mass in which another eight cardinals also participated, together with numerous archbishops, bishops and priests. The late cardinal was buried in S. Pietro metropolitan cathedral, Bologna (1). On May 16, 2003, the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna "Giacomo Lercaro", organized by the Fondazione "Cardinale Giacomo Lercaro", next to the Galleria "Giacomo Lercaro", in via Riva di Reno 57, Bologna, was inaugurated. It is one of the principal collections of modern art in Italy.

Bibliography. Bedeschi, Lorenzo. Il cardinale destituito. Documenti sul caso Lercaro. Torino : P. Gribaudi, 1968. (Intervento); Fraccaroli, Arnaldo. Il cardinale che io ho conosciuto : Giacomo Lercaro. Prefazione di Giacomo Biffi. Cinisello Balsamo (Milano): Paoline, 1992. (I Protagonisti, 11.); Huber, Georges. My door is always open. Translated by Thomas Finlay. Notre Dame : Fides, 1959; Meluzzi, Luciano. I vescovi e gli arcivescovi di Bologna. Bologna : Grafica Emiliana, 1975, (Collana storico-ecclesiastica, 3), pp. 590-604.

Link. His picture and biography, in Italian; bibliography; and his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) In the south side of the metropolitan cathedral of Bologna, on the wall between the chapel of S. Rocco and the chapel of S. Apollinare, there is a memorial tablet with bronze depiction of the cardinal's activities by Enzo Pasqualini. The text of the inscription was provided by Mr. Mark West, London, England:

Birth. February 7, 1884, Lille, France. Of a bourgeois family. Second of the four children of Achille Philippe Hyacinthe Liénart and Louise Delesalle; the other siblings were Anna, Marie-Thérèse and Maurice.

Education. Initial studies at the school of the Dames de la Sainte-Union, Lille, 1889-1891; Jesuit Collège Saint-Joseph, Lille, 1891-1901 (baccalaureate in philosophy, July 1901); Seminary of Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris, 1901-1903; military service at the 43rd Infantry Regiment, October 1903-October 1904; Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, 1905-1907; Catholic Institute, Paris, 1907-1909; University of La Sorbonne, Paris; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, 1909-1910. Received the diaconate on Saturday December 21, 1906, at the church of Saint-Mauirice, Lille, from François-Marie-Joseph Delamaire, titular archbishop of Methymna, coadjutor, c.i.s., of Cambrai.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1907, Paris, by Léon-Adolphe Amette, archbishop of Paris. Faculty member of the Seminary of Cambrai, October 1910-1914. Military chaplain (voluntary) in the 201st - 1st Infantry Division of the French Army, during the First World War, March 23, 1915-1919; decorated with the grand cross of the Order of Legion d'honneur, August 13, 1917; demobilized in March 1919. Professor of Holy Scriptures, Major Seminary of Lille, 1919-1926; pastoral work in the diocese of Lille, 1919-1928: pastor of Saint-Christophe de Tourcoing, 1926-1928. He strongly supported trade unions, social reform and worker priests.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Lille, October 6, 1928. Consecrated, December 8, 1928, church of Saint-Christophe, Tourcoing, by Charles-Albert-Joseph Lecomte, bishop of Amiens, assisted by Palmyre Jasoone, titular bishop of Nilopoli, and by Maurice Feltin, bishop of Troyes.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1930; received the red hat and the title of S. Sisto, July 3, 1930. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Lille, July 15, 1931; and to the National Marian Congress, Boulogne-sur-Mer, July 11, 1938. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. During the Second World War, he opposed Nazism and protested the round up of Jews at the Velodrome d'hiver in Paris. President of the French Episcopal Conference, 1948-1964. Prelate nullius of the Mission of France, November 13, 1954 until 1964. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965; member of the Board of Presidency, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Resigned the pastoral goverment of the prelature, November 1964. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese, March 14, 1968. Lost the right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years, January 1, 1971.

Death. February 15, 1973, Lille. The funeral, concelebrated by Cardinals Paul Gouyon, archbishop of Rennes, and Alexander-Charles Renard, archbishop of Lyon, Nuncio Egano Righi Lambertini and several other French and Belgian bishops, took place on February 19 in the cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille, Lille; in attendance were 250 priests, the relatives of the late cardinal and over 3,000 faithful. The homily was delivered by Cardinal François Marty, archbishop of Paris. The French government was represented by M. Maurice Schumann, minister of Foreign Affairs. Also present were delegations of other Christian denominations and member of the 201st Infantry Division, to which the cardinal belonged during the First World War. After the funeral, the body was buried in the crypt of the cathedral.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 391-392; Lessourd, Pal ; Ramiz, Jean-Marie. Achille Cardinal Lienart. Notre Dame, Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press, 1965. (The men who make the council, 14); Masson, Catherine ; Hilaire, Yves Marie. Le Cardinal Liènart, évêque de Lille, 1928-1968. Paris : Cerf, 2001. (Histoire); Vinatier. Jean. Le Cardinal Liénart et la Mission de France. Paris: Centurion, 1978; Vinatier, Jean. Les Prêtres ouvriers, le cardinal Liénart et Rome. Paris : Éd. ouvrièères, 1985.

Link. His photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. March 15, 1856, Seregno, archdiocese of Milan, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Monza, Milan; Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in theology and utroque iure, both canon and civil law); Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, 1880-1886 (diplomacy).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1879, Milan. Further studies, 1880-1883, Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, January 14, 1884. Auditor of the nunciature in Bavaria, 1886-1887; in Brussels, 1887-1891; in Paris, 1891-1893; in Vienna, 1893-1899. Member of the papal delegation to the celebration of the millenium of Hungary, 1896. Ablegato to present the red biretta to the new Cardinal Antonio Agliardi in Vienna, 1896. Staff member of the Secretariat of State for extraordinary ecclesiastical affairs, 1899-1904. Commander of the Orders of Belgium, Spain, Holy Sepulchre, Iron Crown, and S. Luigi of Parma. Officer of the Légion d'Honor of France. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, August 20, 1902. Charge d'affaires in the nunciature of Holland and Luxemburg, 1905. Special papal envoy to consign the wedding present to King Alfonso XIII of Spain, 1905. Apostolic internuncio in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, November 22, 1906.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tessalonica, December 6, 1906. Consecrated, December 27, 1906, chapel of Collegio Pio-Latino Americano, Rome, by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, secretary of State, assisted by Pietro Gasparri, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, and by Charles Stanley-Algernon, titular bishop of Emmaus, auxiliary of Westminster. Nuncio in Belgium, July 7 (1), 1916. Internuncio in Luxemburg, March 17, 1917 (2). Acting internuncio in Holland, July 30, 1916. Nuncio in Portugal, July 13, 1918.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 11, 1922; received the red hat and the title of S. Bernardo alle Terme, May 25, 1923. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, 1929 until June 30, 1930; and 1933 until April 1, 1935.

Death. April 5, 1935, Rome; the funeral took place on April 19, 1935, at the church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, with the participation of sixteen cardinals; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Buried in the crypt built by him in the provostial church of Seregno.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 83; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 684; De Marchi, Giuseppe. Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956. Pref. di Antonio Samoré. Roma : Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1957, pp. 41, 66, 170, 187 and 216; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1935, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1936, pp. 98-99.

(1) This is according to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, pp. 41 and 66; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1935, p. 98, says that he was named on July 8, 1916.
(2) This is according to De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 170; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1935, p. 98, says that he was named in May 1917.

Link. His photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. October 31, 1936, Barrancas, archdiocese of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Son of Perfecto Ramón López Salcedo and Delia Ramona Rodríguez de López.

Education. Pontifical Seminary "Santo Tomás de Aquino", Santo Domngo; International Center for the Sociological Formation of the Clergy, Rome; Pontifical St. Thomas University, Rome (doctorate in social sciences); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome. Besides his native Spanish, he speaks Italian, English, German, Portuguese and Latin.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 18, 1961, La Vega, by Francisco Panal Ramírez, O.F.M., bishop of La Vega. Vicar cooperator of the cathedral of La Vega, 1961-1963. Further studies, Rome, 1963-1965. Chancellor and secretary of the diocesan curia of La Vega, 1966-1968. Further studies, Rome, 1968-1969. In the diocese of La Vega, 1969-1978, diocesan assessor for the pastoral of the youth and pastor of the cathedral, 1969-1970. Vicar for the pastoral and pro-vicar general, 1970-1976. Vicar general, 1976-1978.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of San Francisco de Macorís, January 16, 1978. Consecrated, February 25, 1978, by Cardinal Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas, archbishop of Santo Domingo, assisted by Juan Antonio Flores Santana, bishop of La Vega, and by Jesús María De Jesús Moya, titular bishop of Massita, auxiliary of Santiago de los Caballeros. Rector of the University of San Francisco de Macorís, 1979-1984. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Santo Domingo, November 15, 1981. Grand chancellor of the Catholic University of Santo Domingo. Military ordinary for the Dominican Republic, April 4, 1982. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Elected president of the Conference of the Dominican Episcopate, July 1984. President of the Latin American Episcopal Council, April 25, 1991 to 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of S. Pio X alla Balduina, June 28, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, October 12 to 28, 1992; one of the three presidents delegate. Papal legate to the 45th International Eucharistic Congress, Seville, Spain, June 7 to 13, 1993. Special papal envoy to the 4th National Marian Congress, Loja, Ecuador, August 20 to 25, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Special papal envoy to the conclusive celebrations of the National Eucharistic Congress of Uruguay, Colonia del Sacramento, October 15, 2000. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the 5th centennial of the first mass celebrated in Honduras, Bahía de Trujillo, August 14, 2002. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Special papal envoy to the celebrations for the Fourth Centennial of the death of Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, patron saint of the Latin American episcopate, Lima, Perù, April 24 to 29, 2006. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil. On January 12, 2008, he was named by the pope member of the Special Council for America of the Synod of Bishops. Special papal envoy to the III American Missionary Congress (CAM3) and the VIII Latin American Missionary Congress (COMLA8), which took place in Quito, Ecuador, on August 12 to 17, 2008.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. November 8, 1935, Villahermosa, diocese of Ibagué (now diocese of Líbano-Honda), Colombia, of a prominent family from Antioquia. His father was in charge of the General Accounting Office of the State, one of his brothers was a Minister of State and a relative was Bishop of Socorro and San Gil until 1975.

Education. National University, Bogotá; Seminary of Bogotá, Bogotá; Pontifical International Institute Angelicum, Rome (doctorate in philosophy); Pontifical Theological Faculty and Pontifical Institute of Spirituality Teresianum, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained November 13, 1960. Further studies in Europe, 1960-1962. Faculty member, Seminary of Bogotá 1962-1966. Coordinator of pastoral, XXXIX International Eucharistic Congress, Bogotá, August 1968. Attended II General Assembly of the Latin American Episcopal Council, Medellín, August 24 to September 6, 1968, as expert. Started the new archdiocesan department of pastoral, 1968. Successively, 1970-1972, in Bogotá, vicar general; pastor; counselor and faculty member at the National University.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Boseta and appointed auxiliary of Bogotá, February 25, 1971. Consecrated, March 25, 1971, Bogotá, by Aníbal Muñoz Duque, titular archbishop of Cariana, coadjutor with right of succession and apostolic administrator sede plena of Bogotá, assisted by Eduardo Francisco Pironio, titular bishop of Ceciri, auxiliary of Mar del Plata, and by Pablo Correa León, bishop emeritus of Cúcuta. Elected secretary general of the Latin American Episcopal Council, Sucre, Bolivia, November 22, 1972; confirmed, Rome, November 1, 1974. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Promoted to the rank of archbishop and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Medellín, May 22, 1978. Attended the III General Assembly of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; secretary general. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Medellín, June 2, 1979. President of the Latin American Episcopal Council, 1979-1982. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of S. Prisca, February 2, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; member of the general secretariat, 1983-1986; membership extended until 1987 in the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. President of the Episcopal Conference of Colombia, 1987-1990. President of the Pontifical Council for the Family, November 8, 1990. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, January 9, 1991. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998; the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998; the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999; the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Named bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Frascati, November 17, 2001. Papal legate to the celebrations of the IV World Encounter of the Family, January 22 to 26, 2002, Manila, Philippines. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil.

Death. April 19, 2008, of respiratory problems and diabetes, at 8:30 p.m., local time, in the Clinic "Pio XI", Rome, where he had been interned for a month. At the moment of his death, Cardinal Angelo Sodano, dean of the College of Cardinals; his brother, a nephew as well as other relatives and members of the Roman Curia, were in his room. Upon learning the news of the death of the cardinal, Pope Benedict XVI, who was at St. Joseph's Seminary, New York, during his apostolic visit to the United States of America, prayed for the eternal repose of his soul and sent the cardinal's brother a telegram of condolence. In the morning of April 21, 2008, after the signing of the notary's act (rogito), the casket of the cardinal was taken to the church of Santo Stefano degli Abissini, in the Vatican. The funeral took place on Wednesday April 23, 2008, at 11 a.m., in the Altar of the Chair of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica. The Holy Mass was celebrated by Cardinal Sodano, together with the other cardinals present. At the end of the eucharistic liturgy, the exequial liturgy was presided by Pope Benedict XVI, who had the homily and the rite of the Ultima Commendatio and the Valedictio. The late cardinal was buried in the crypt under the church of Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri, in Via di Porta Angelica, which is the official cemetery of the Vatican; it is the parish church of the Vatican and it is served by the Augustian friars.

Bibliography. Gómez Orozco, Horacio. El Cardenal Alfonso López Trujillo. Santafé de Bogotá: Plaza & Janes, 1997; López Trujillo, Alfonso. Testimonios : Cardenal Alfonso Lopez Trujillo. Conversaciones con José Luis Gutiérrez García. Santafe de Bogota, D.C., Colombia : Plaza & Janés, 1997.

Links. Biography , in Italian; and his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. May 11, 1853, Badi di Castel di Casio, archdiocese of Bologna, Italy. Of a family that was originally from Lombardy.

Education. Seminary of Bologna, Bologna (philosophy); Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorates in philosophy, theology, civil and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 1, 1876, Bologna. Further studies and professor of philosophy at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, 1876-1884. Professor of dogmatic theology at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome, 1884-1889. First rector of the Pontifical Bohemian College, Rome, November 1884-1889. Member of the Pontifical Academy "S. Tommaso", Rome, recently reorganized by Pope Leo XIII. Ablegato to bring the red biretta to Cardinal Franziskus von Paula Schönborn, archbishop of Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, April 3, 1884. Received an honorary doctorate in philosophy from the University of Laval, Canada. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, 1889. Attaché in the nunciature in Austria, April 3, 1889. Referendary prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, June 18, 1890. Internuncio in Holland and Luxembourg, May 30, 1893. Protonotary apostolic, June 10, 1893. Nuncio in Bavaria, October 1, 1896 (1).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop af Sardes, November 30, 1896. Consecrated, December 8, 1896, church of the Oblates in Tor de' Specchi, Rome, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, secretary of State, assisted by Ernesto Respighi, archbishop of Ferrara, and by Lorenzo Passerini, titular archbishop of Tolemaide di Tebaide, vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Nuncio in France, May 10, 1899 until July 31, 1904 (2), when relations with the Holy See were broken because of the repudation of the concordat and the separation of Church and State. Transferred to the archiepiscopal see of Lucca, November 14, 1904; entered the see on March 25, 1905.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 15, 1907; received the red hat and the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, April 18, 1907. Resigned the pastoral government of the archiepiscopal see, March 26, 1910 (3). Prefect of the S.C. of Studies, February 13, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. One of the three cardinal presidents of the Pontifical Academy "S. Tommaso", Rome, together with Cardinals Louis Billot, S.J. and Michele Lega, February 24, 1915.

Death. September 15, 1915, at 11:50 p.m., in his villa in Bucciano, San Miniato. The funeral mass, in private, was celebrated by Carlo Falcini, bishop of S. Miniato, assisted by the clergy of the diocese, in the church Bucciano, in the morning of September 17, in the presence of the cardinal's family, a representation of the clergy of Lucca, and the mayor of S. Miniato with some of his assessors. By express will of the late cardinal, the burial took place in Bucciano.

Bibliography. Bianchi, G. "Il Cardinale Benedetto Lorenzelli arcivescovo di Lucca." La Provincia di Luca, XI (1971) nn. 2, 3, 4; XII (1972), n. 1; "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1921, p. 64, no. 9; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 685; De Marchi, Giuseppe. Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956. Pref. di Antonio Samoré. Roma : Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1957, pp. 58, 129 and 169; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1909, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1910, pp. 142-143; Lenzi, Lenzo. Lotta al modernismo e attivit` pastorali : il card. Lorenzelli arcivescovo a Lucca : 1905-1910. Pisa : ETS, 2002; Nicolai, Umberto. I vescovi di Lucca. Lucca : Tipografia Ricchielli, 1966, 31, no. 107; L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, LV, n. 267 (September 17, 1915), p. 2; and LV, n. 58 (September 19, 1915), p. 3; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 9, 22 and 230; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 501; Nicolai, Umberto. I vescovi di Lucca. Lucca : Bicchielli, 1966.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 501; and Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 685; De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, pp. 58 and 169, says that he was named on October 10, 1896.
(2) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 501; De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 129, says that he was named on May 8, 1899.
(3) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, p. 230. Nicolai, I vescovi di Lucca, p. 31, says that he resigned on April 6, 1910,

Link. Photographs, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. October 8, 1924, Estrela, archdiocese of Porto Alegre, Brazil. His baptismal name is Aloísio Leo Arlindo.

Education. Joined Order of Saint Francis, February 1, 1942. Franciscan Novitiate, Divinópolis; Pontifical Antonianum Athenaeum, Rome; solemn profession, March 13, 1946.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 22, 1948, Divinópolis. Faculty member, Minor Seminary of Taguari, 1948-1950. Further studies, 1950-1952, Rome. Faculty member of the Franciscan Seminary, Divinópolis, 1952-1958; commissary of the Third Franciscan Order, definitor and master of novices of the Franciscan province of Divinópolis, 1952-1958. Faculty member, Pontifical Antonianum Athenaeum, Rome; pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, general visitor of the Franciscan province of Portugal, 1958-1962.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Santo Angelo, February 3, 1962. Consecrated, May 20, 1962, Porto Alegre, by Alfredo Vicente Scherer, archbishop of Porto Alegre, assisted by Benito Zorzi, bishop of Caxias, and by Luis de Nadal, bishop of Uruguaiana. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. President of the Brazilian Episcopal Conference, 1971-. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Vice-president of the Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM), 1972-1975. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Fortaleza, March 26, 1973. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Elected president of the Latin American Episcopal Council, December 5, 1976.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1976; received the red biretta and the title of S. Pietro in Montorio, May 24, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; relator of the assembly; member of the general secretariat, 1977-1980. President of Caritas Internationalis. Appointed a president of the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, February 2, 1978; assembly scheduled for October 12 to 28, 1978, Puebla, México; suspended because of the death of the pope. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Confirmed as a president delegate of the III General Assembly of the Latin American Episcopate, August 30, 1978. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopal Council, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; as one of its three presidents delegate. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; member of the general secretariat, 1980-1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; member of the general secretariat, 1983-1986. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; member of the general secretariat until 1987. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1985; the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Aparecida, July, 12, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese upon having reached the age limit, January 28, 2004. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 8, 2004.

Death. December 23, 2007, at 5:20 a.m., of cardiac arrest complications and renal failure, in the Unit of Intensive Therapy, Hospital "São Francisco", center specializing in cardiology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre. The viewing started at 4 p.m., December 23, in the metropolitan cathedral of Porto Alegre. On December 26, 2007, at 9:30 a.m., Aloísio Dilli, O.F.M., bishop of Uruguaiana, presided the mass of the Franciscan family in the same cathedral; and at 6 p.m., Cardinal Odilo Pedro Scherer, archbishop of São Paulo and representative of Pope Benedict XVI, presided the exequial mass there. The apostolic nuncio in Brazil, Lorenzo Baldisseri, titular archbishop of Diocleziana; the president of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil and archbishop of Mariana, Geraldo Lyrio Rocha; and the president of the Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM) and archbishop of Aparecida, Raymundo Damasceno Assis, as well as numerous other bishops and authorities, participated in the funeral mass. Later on that day, the body was transferred to the Franciscan convent of Daltro Filho, municipality of Imigrante, 130 km from Porto Alegre; a viewing took place in the church of the Franciscan community and the burial was in that convent on December 27, 2007, at 5 p.m., marked with a mass presided by the bishop of Caxias do Sul, Paulo Moretto. Notes on the death of the cardinal were published by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops of Brazil; the archdiocese of Aparecida; and the Franciscan province of Rio Grande do Sul. Upon learning the news of the death, Pope Benedict XVI prayed for the eternal repose of the soul of the cardinal and sent telegrams of condolence to the archbishop of Porto Alegre, Dadeus Grings; and to Rev. Fr. José Rodríguez Carballo, minister general of the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans).

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B., André and Charles N. Bransom. "Franciscan bishops." Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), 307.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. February 5, 1924, Kalleri, archdiocese of Pondicherry, India.

Education. Loyola College, Madras; Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law, 1956).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1951, Seven Sorrows church, Tindivanam, Pondicherry, by Auguste Siméon Colas, S.P.M.E., archbishop of Pondicherry e Cuddalore. Successively, 1951-1962, pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Pondicherry; further studies in Rome; archdiocesan chancellor and secretary to the archbishop of Pondicherry; director of the Catholic weekly Sava Viaby, in Tamil language; director of the Catholic Doctors' Guild; director of the Catholic Medical Students' Guild; director of the Newman Association; director of the Catholic University Students Union.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sozusa di Libia and appointed auxiliary of Bangalore, July 2, 1962. Consecrated, August 22, 1962, cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Pondicherry, by Ambrose Rayappan, archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore, assisted by Rajarethinam Sundaram, bishop of Tanjore, and by Daniel Paul Arulswami, bishop of Kumbakonam. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to titular archbishop of Filippi, and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession of Bangalore, November 9, 1964. Attended, the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Vice-president of the Pan Asiatic Catechetic-Liturgical Conference, Manila, 1967. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Bangalore, January 11, 1968. Secretary adjunct of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, March 2, 1971. Resigned the pastoral government of archdiocese, April 30, 1971. Secretary of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, president of the Pontifical Missionary Work and vice-grand chancellor of the Pontifical Urbanian University, February 26, 1973.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria delle Grazie alle Fornaci fuori Porta Cavalleggeri, May 25, 1985. Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, October 30, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Special papal envoy to the closing ceremonies of the Year of St. Willibrord, Luxemburg, June 3 to 5, 1990. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Resigned the prefecture, May 24, 1991. Cardinal protodeacon, April 5, 1993. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro hac vice to title, January 29, 1996. Special papal legate to the funeral of Mother Teresa, Calcutta, India, September 13, 1997. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, February 5, 2004.

Link. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. January 26, 1933, Toluca, México.

Education. Seminario of Zamora, Zamora; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in philosophy and doctorate in theology). Besides his native Spanish, he also speaks English and Italian.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 30, 1955, chapel of Collegio Pio-Latinoamericano, Rome, by Carlo Confalonieri, titular archbishop of Nicopoli al Nesto, secretary of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities. In the diocese of Zamora, professor and prefect of studies of its seminary; charged with the permanent formation of the diocesan clergy. President of the Mexican Theological Society. Director of the Institute of Pastoral Theology of the Episcopal Conference of Latin America (CELAM), Medellín, Colombia. Member of the team of theological reflexion of CELAM. Attended the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979, as an expert.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tinisia di Numidia and appointed auxiliary of México, June 5, 1979. Consecrated, August 15, 1979, basilica of Guadalupe, México, by Cardinal Ernesto Corripio Ahumada, archbishop of México, assisted by Cardinal Miguel Darío Miranda Gómez, archbishop emeritus of México, and by José Esaúl Robles Jiménez, bishop of Zamora. Transferred to see of Zacatecas, October 28, 1984. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral of the Health Care Workers, October 31, 1996. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese and was given the title of archbishop ad personam, January 7, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Special papal envoy to the X World Day of the Sick, February 11, 2002, Vailankanni, India.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Michele Arcangelo, October 21, 2003. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the XII World Day of the Sick, Lourdes, France, February 11, 2004. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the XIII World Day of the Sick that took place in Yaoundé, Cameroun, on February 9 to 11, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as president of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral of the Health Care Workers, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 14th World Day of the Sick, Adelaide, Australia, February 11, 2006. Special papal envoy to the 15th World Day of the Sick, Seoul, South Korea, February 11, 2007. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil. Attended the XII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 5 to 26, 2008, on "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church". On April 18, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation presented for reasons of age from the post of president of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral of the Health Care Workers.

Birth. August 12, 1858, Milan, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Milan, Milan; Theological Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Rome; Seminary Lombardo, Rome (doctorates in theology, philosophy and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, 1880, Milan. Pastoral work in Milan, 1884-1890. Faculty member of the Seminary of Milan, 1890-1894 . Faculty member of the Vatican Seminary and of Collegio Leonino, Rome. Rector of Collegio Lombardo, Rome, 1894-1904. Privy chamberlain, September 14, 1899. Socius of the Roman Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas and of the Theological Academy of Milan. Domestic prelate, January 7, 1904.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Palermo, November 14, 1904. Consecrated, December 4, 1904, church of S. Carlo al Corso, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco di Paola Cassetta, protector of Collegio Lombardo, assisted by Nicolò Audino, bishop of Mazzara del Valle, and by Mario Sturzo, bishop of Piazza Armerina.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 15, 1907; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, April 18, 1907. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the 8th centennial celebrations of Sant'Agata, Catania, July 27, 1926.

Death. November 12, 1927, Palermo. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Palermo.

Link. His photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. February 20, 1896, Cambrai, France. Son of Maurice de Lubac and Gabrielle de Beaurepaire. His baptismal name was Henri-Sonier. He received first communion from Cardinal Pierre-Hector Coullié, archbishop of Lyon; and from the same cardinal he received the sacrament of confirmation.

Education. Jesuit school of Saint-Joseph, Lyon, 1905-1912 (baccaulareate or high school); in 1909 he studied at the Jesuit school of Mongré, Villefrance; Catholic Faculty of Lyon (law), 1912-1913; joined the Society of Jesus, novitiate of Lyon, October 9, 1913; for political reasons in France, the novitiate was moved to Saint Leonard on Sea, England; in 1914, he was mobilized in the French Army; in 1916, he was sent to Verdun; he participated in combat in Éparges and was seriously wounded (he suffered the rest of his life the consequences of the wounds); he was demobilized and returned to England to continue his studies; Saint Mary's College, Canterbury (letters); Jesuit House of study at Jersey (philosophy); and in Hastings, 1924, 1926 (theology); when the Jesuit house at Lyon-Fourvière reopened, he finshed there his theological studies from 1926 to 1927; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1927-1929 (doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 22, 1927, Lyon. Further studies, Rome, 1927-1929. Faculty member, Theological Faculty of Lyon, 1929-1961; honorary professor, 1961. Founder, with Jean Daniélou, future cardinal, of the collection Sources chrétiennes, 1942. Forced to leave Lyon because of his activities with the Resistance during the Nazi occupation; sought refuge in Vals, near Puy. Director of the journal Recherches de science religieuse. Obligated by the Vatican to stop publication of his works because of the doctrinal objections raised against his book Surnaturel. Member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, 1957. Faculty member at the Catholic Institute of Paris, 1959. He was among the theologians named by Pope John XXIII consultors to the preparatory commission of the Second Vatican Council in 1960. Expert at the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Member of the International Theological Commission.

Episcopate. Requested to be dispensed from the requirement of episcopal ordination and the dispensation was granted by Pope John Paul II. He was the first cardinal not to be consecrated bishop since the regulation issued by Pope John XXIII in 1962, which ordered that all cardinals should be bishops.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica, February 2, 1983. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. He was a prolific writer in theological matters (1).

Death. September 4, 1991, Paris. His funeral took place at Notre-Dame metropolitan cathedral, Paris. Buried in the tomb of the Society of Jesus, Vaugirard cemetery, Paris.

Bibliography. Balthasar, Urs von and G. Chantraine. Le Cardinal Henri de Lubac, l'homme et son oeuvre avec una letter de Paul VI. Paris: Lethielleux, 1983; Balthasar, Hans Urs von. The theology of Henri de Lubac : an overview. San Francisco : Ignatius Press, 1991. (Communio books). Note: Translation of: Henri de Lubac; Chantraine, Georges. Henri de Lubac. Paris : Éditions du Cerf, 2007-. (Études lubaciennes, 6). Contents: t. 1. De la naissance à la dèmobilisation. 1896-1919); Chantraine, Georges. "Henri de Lubac. Pourquoi ses oevres nous parlent." Nouvelle Revue Théologique, 121, (1999), 612-629; "Colloque Henri de Lubac à l'occasion du centenaire de sa naissance (1896-1996)". Gregorianum LXXVII (1997), 611-774; Durand, Jean-Dominique. Henri de Lubac : la rencontre au coeur de l'Église. Paris : Cerf, 2006; Gomes, Vitor Franco. Le paradoxe du désir de Dieu : étude sur le rapport de l'homme à Dieu selon Henri de Lubac. Paris : Cerf, 2005. (Études lubaciennes ; 4); Henri de Lubac et le mystère de l'Église : actes du colloque du 12 octobre 1996 à l'Institut de France. Paris : Cerf, 1999. (Etudes lubaciennes ; 1). Note: Responsibility of Jean-Marie Lustiger and Association internationale Cardinal Henri de Lubac; Sprizzi, Marco; Fisichella, Rino. De Lubac : l'identitá ecclesiale del cristiano. Milano : Paoline, 2004. (Saggistica paoline ; 25): Wagner, Jean-Pierre. Henri de Lubac. Paris : Cerf, 2001. (Initiations aux théologiens).

(1) This is a list of his works in chronological order taken from Wagner, Henri de Lubac, p. 245-249:
"Apologétique et théologie ", Nouvelle Revue théologique, I. 57, Louvain, 1930.
"Sur la philosophie chrétienne ", Nouvelle Revue théologique, I. 63, Louvain, 1936.
"Méditation sur le principe de la vie morale ", Revue apologétique, I. 65, 33e année, Paris, 1937.
Catholicisme, les aspects sociaux du dogme, coll. " Unam sanctam", Paris, Ed. du Cerf, 1938.
"Le motif de la création dans l'"Ëtre et les êtres" de M. Blondel", Nouvelle Revue théologique, I. 65, Louvain, 1938.
La Lumière du Christ, coll. "Le témoignage chrétien", Le Puy, Mappus, 1941.
Vocation de la France, coll. "Le témoignage chrétien ", Le Puy, Mappus, 1941.
"Un nouveau "front" religieux", in Chaine, Richard, Bonsirven, Israël et la foi chrétienne, Fribourg (Switzerland), Librairie l'Université, 1942.
Corpus mysticum, l'Eucharistie et l'Église au Moyen Âge, étude historique, coll. "Théologie ", 3, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1944.
Le Drame de l'humanisme athée, Paris, Ed. Spes, 1944.
Proudhon et le christianisme, coll. " La condition humaine ", Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1945.
Surnaturel, Études historiques, coll. " Théologie ", 8, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1946.
Le Fondement théologique des missions, coll. "La sphère et la croix ", Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1946.
"Sur un vieux distique. La doctrine du "quadruple" sens de l'Écriture ", dans Mélanges offerts au R. P Fernand Cavallera, Toulouse, Institut catholique, 1948.
" Le problème du développement du dogme ", Recherches de science religieuse, t. 35, Paris, 1948.
" Duplex hominis beatitudo (S. Thomas Ia, IIae q. 62, a, 1)", Recherches de science religieuse t. 35, Paris, 1948.
" Le mysthre du surnaturel ", Recherches de science religieuse, t. 36,Paris, 1949.
Histoire et Ésprit. L'intelligence de l'Écriture d'après Origène, coll. "Théologie ", 16, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1950.
Affrontements mystiques, Paris, Ed. du Témoignage chrétien, 1950.
Aspects du bouddhisme, coll. "La sphère et la croix", Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1951.
La Rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'Occident, coll. " Théologie ", 24, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1952.
Catholicisme, 5e éd., Paris, Éd. du Cerf, 1952.
Méditation sur l'Église, coll. "Théologie", 27, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1953.
Amida. Aspects du bouddhisme lI, Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1955.
Sur les chemins de Dieu, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1956 (édition considérablement au, gmentée du volume: De la connaissance de Dieu, publié aux Éd. du Témgignage chrétien en 1945).
Exégèse médiévale, Les quatre sens de l'Écriture, Ire partie, livres I-II, coll. "Théologie", 42, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1959.
Paradoxes, suivi de Nouveaux Paradoxes, Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1959 (reprise augmentée de volumes publiés sous les mêmes titres en 1946 et 1955).
"Sur le chapitre XIVe du Proslogion", dans Spicilegium Beccense I (Congrès international du IXe centenaire de l'arrivée d'Anselme au Bec), Le Bec-Paris, Vrin, 1959.
Exégèse médiévale, Les quatre sens de l'Écriture, IIe partie, livre I, coll. " Théologie ", 42, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1961.
La Pensée religieuse du père Teilhard de Chardin, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1962.
Exégèse médiévale, Les quatre sens de l'Écriture, IIe partie, livre II, coll. "Théologie", 59, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1964.
La Prière du père Theilhard de Chardin, coll. "Le signe", Paris, Fayard, 1964.
Augustinisme et théologie moderne, coll. " Théologie ", 63, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1965.
Le Mystère du surnaturel, coll. " Théologie ", 64, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1965.
Teilhard, missionnaire et apologiste, Toulouse, Prière et vie, 1966.
L'Écriture dans la tradition, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1966.
Images de l'abbé Monchanin, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1967.
Paradoxe et Mystère de l'Église, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1967.
L'Eternel féminin, étude sur un texte de Teilhard de Chardin, suivi de Theilhard et notre temps, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1968.
Athéisme et sens de l'homme, une double requête de "Gaudium et Spes, coll. "Foi vivante", 67, Paris, Ed. du Cerf, 1968.
"Commentaire du Priambule et du chapitre I de la constitution dogmatique Dei Verbum" in La Révélation divine, coll. "Unam sanctam", 70, Paris, Éd. du Cerf, 1968; texte réédité séparément sous le titre La Révélation divine, coll. "Traditions chritiennes", Paris, Éd. du Cerf, 1983.
La Foi chrétienne, Essai sur la structure du symbole des Apôtres, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1969.
L'Église dans la crise actuelle, Paris, Éd. du Cerf, 1969.
"L'apport de Teilhard à la connaissance de Dieu", in Theilhard de Chardin, coll. "Génies et réalités", Paris, Hachette, 1969.
Les Églises particulihres dans l'Église universelle, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1971.
Claudel et Péguy (in collaboration with J. Bastaire), Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1974.
Pic de La Mirandole. Études et discussions, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1974.
"Hommage à Hans Urs von Balthasar pour ses soixante-dix ans", Communio, I, i Paris, 1975.
Theilhard posthume, réflexions et souvenirs, Paris, Fayard, 1977.
La Postérité spirituelle de Joachim de Flore, t. I, Paris-Namur, Lethielleux, 1979.
Recherches dans la foi. Trois études sur Origène, saint Anselme et la philosophie chrétienne, Paris, Beauchesne, 1979.
Petite catéchèse sur nature et grâce, Paris, Fayard, 1980.
La Postérité spirituelle de Joachim de Flore, t. II, Paris-Namur, Lethielleux, 1981.
Thiologies d'occasion, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1984.
Entretien autour de Vatican II. Souvenirs et riflexions, Paris, France-Catholique, Éd. du Cerf, 1985.
Résistance chrétienne à l'antisémitisme. Souvenirs (1940-1944), préface par M. Sales, Paris, Fayard, 1988.
Mémoire sur l'occasion de mes écrits, Namur, Culture et vérité, 1989.
"Témoignage", in H. Bouillard, Vérité du christianisme, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1989. Théologie dans l'histoire, t. I: La Lumière du Christ, Avant-propos de M. Sales, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1990; t. II: Questions disputées et résistance au nazisme, Avertissement de M. Sales, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1990.
Surnaturel, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer; 1991, 2e éd., préparée et préfacée par M. Sales.
"La foi chrétienne: petite introduction au symbole des Apôtres", Communio, t. 16, 5-6, Paris, 1991.

Birth. June 24, 1914, Dolyna, eparchy of Ivano-Frankisvk of the Ukrainians, Ukraine, Russia.

Education. Seminary of Lviv, Lviv; Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria; Theological Faculty, Sion, Switzerland; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome (doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 28, 1938, Lviv. Pastoral work, Lviv, 1938-1942. Further studies, 1942-1947, Rome. In United States, 1947-1980, pastoral work among the Ukrainians in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Wisconsin; secretary to the archbishop of Philadelphia of the Ukraines; secretary of Ukrainian section of National Catholic Welfare Conference; faculty member, Ukrainian Seminary of Stamford. Faculty member of the Pontifical Ukrainian College of St. Josafat, Rome, 1967-1968; collaborator of Vatican Radio. Spiritual director, Ukrainian seminaries in Washington and Stamford; faculty member in several schools and colleges, 1969-1979.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Philadelphia of the Ukraines, September 13, 1979. Consecrated, November 12, 1979, Sistine Chapel, the Vatican, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, archbishop major of Lviv, and by Maxim Hermaniuk, C.SS.R., archbishop of Winnipeg of the Ukrainians. It was the first time that Pope John Paull II celebrated in an Oriental rite. Named archbishop coadjutor, with right of succession, of the major archbishopric of Lviv of the Ukraines, Ukraine, March 27, 1980. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Succeeded to the see of Lviv of the Ukraines, September 7, 1984.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of S. Sofia a Via Boccea, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the world Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987; one of its three president delegates. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, June 24, 1994. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994.

Death. December 14, 2000, Lviv. Buried in the crypt of St. George's cathedral, Lviv.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1790-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 181.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English, fifth on page.

Birth. October 17, 1912, Forno di Canale (currently Canale d'Argordo), diocese of Feltre e Belluno, Italy. Son of Giovanni Luciani and Bortola Tancon. Was baptized the same day at home, by the midwife, as he was in danger of death. Baptism was formalized in the church by the curate, Don Achille Ronzon, October 19, 1912. Received the sacrament of confirmation on September 26, 1919, from Bishop Giosuè Cattarossi of Feltre e Belluno.

Education. Initial studies, elementary school, Forno di Canale, from October 1918; Seminary of Feltre, Feltre; Gregorian Seminary of Belluno, Belluno; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology, February 27, 1947; thesis: The origin of the human soul according to Antonio Rosmini).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 7, 1935, church of S. Pietro, Belluno. Pastoral work in diocese of Belluno, faculty member and vice-rector of its seminary, 1937-1947. Secretary of the interdiocesan synod of Feltre e Belluno, 1948. Pro-vicar general of Belluno, 1948-1954; vicar general, 1954-1958.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Vittorio Veneto, December 15, 1958. Consecrated, December 27, 1958, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Girolamo Bartolomeo Bortignon, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Padua, and by Gioacchino Muccin, bishop of Feltre e Belluno. In the same ceremony were consecrated Cardinal Domenico Tardini, secretary of State; and future Cardinals Carlo Grano, titular archbishop of Tessalonica, nuncio in Italy; Angelo Dell'Acqua, titular archbishop of Chalcedonia, substitute of the Secretariat of State; Giuseppe Ferretto, titular archbishop of Sardica, assessor of the S.C. Consistorial and secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals; and Mario Casariego y Acevedo, C.R.S., titular bishop of Pudenziana and auxiliary of Guatemala. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to the patriarchal see of Venice, December 15, 1969. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30-November 6, 1971. Host to Pope Paul VI during the papal visit to Venice, September 15, 1972.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Marco, March 5, 1973. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978 and was elected pope.

Papacy. Elected pope on August 26, 1978. Took the name John Paul I. Inauguration of the pontificate, September 3, 1978; received pallium from Cardinal Pericle Felici, protodeacon of S. Apollinare (1).

Death. September 28, 1978, Vatican City. Buried on October 4, 1978 in the grotto of the patriarchal Vatican basilica.

Beatification. On June 17, 2003, Pope John Paul II authorized the opening, at diocesan level, of the process for his beatification. Rev. Pasquale Liberatore, S.D.B., general postulator of the Salesians, announced that the cause of beatification would start on November 23, 2003, feast of Christ the King, in the cathedral of Belluno, diocese of origin of the pope. Fr. Liberatore was charged to follow the cause by Vincenzo Savio, S.D.B., bishop of Belluno-Feltre. The diocesan phase of the cause of beatification of John Paul I opened Sunday, November 23, 2003, in the cathedral of Belluno, in the presence of Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints. On November 10, 2006, the diocesan phase was concluded in the same cathedral, presided by Giuseppe Andrich, bishop of Belluno, and in the presence of the postulator, don Enrico Dal Covolo, and the vice postulator, Msgr. Giorgio Lise. One hundred and ninety testimonies were gathered between Belluno, Vittorio Veneto and Venice.

Bibliography. John Paul I, Pope, 1912-1978. Illustrissimi. Letters from Pope John Paul I. Translated from the Italian by William Weaver. Boston ; Toronto : Little, Brown and Company, © 1976, 1978; Vian. Giovanni. "Giovanni Paolo I." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, III, 674-681.

(1) Pope John Paul I abolished the ceremony of the papal coronation, which had been in use for centuries, and replaced it with the imposition of the pallium, symbol of his jurisdiction and pastoral care over the Universal Church.

Links. Biography, in English; same biography, in Italian; his episcopal lineage, in English; portrait, arms and biographical information, in English; photo, arms and documents; and Centro di Spiritualità e Cultura Papa Luciani, in Italian.

Birth. October 4, 1866, Montefranco, archdiocese of Spoleto, Italy .

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, Rome; University of Rome, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained (no date found). Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome and director of the Institute of "S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni," for twenty years. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, July 4, 1900; reappointed, December 29, 1903. Consultor adjunct for Provincial Councils, September 19, 1902. Secretary of the Commission for the Revision of Provincial Councils, April 15, 1904. Assessor of the S.C. of Council, 1905. Papal prelate, March 20, 1906. Pro-secretary of the financial section of the S.C. for Propagation of the Faith, October 20, 1908. Secretary of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, papal auditor, and palatine prelate, December 8, 1916. Protonotary apostolic, December 13, 1917.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 20, 1923; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Adriano, December 23, 1923. Papal legate to the Emilian Eucharistic Congress, Parma, 1924.

Death. March 31, 1929, in Rome; he had fallen ill from heart disease and died after a bout of severe influenza a week later. Buried, in the Chapel of Propaganda Fide, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. His body was transferred on June 21, 1929 and buried in the church of Montefranco, which he helped to restore.

Birth. October 28, 1842, Maulévrier, diocese of Angers, France.

Education. Seminary of Angers, Angers (doctorates in theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1865, Angers. Vicar in the parish of Saint-Lambert, Angers. Chaplain of the church of Saint-Louis-des-Français, Rome, 1873-1875. Further studies, 1874-1875. Pastoral work in the diocese of Angers, 1875-1887; pastor of Jubaudière; and archpriest of Cholet, 1883 to 1887.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Belley, November 25, 1887. Consecrated, February 8, 1888, church of Notre Dame, Cholet, by Charles-Émile Freppel, bishop of Angers, assisted by François Grolleau, bishop of Évreaux, and by Jules Le Coq, bishop of Nantes. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Reims, February 21, 1906.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1907; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova e Santa Francesca Romana, December 19, 1907. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. A war hero, while in Rome in 1914, hearing of the bombardment of Reims, he hastened home to be with his endangered parishioners. Forbidden to enter in Reims from Paris, he went by car; slept in a cellar; tended the wounded; celebrated mass wherever he could, sometimes underground; and remained there until forced by military authority to retreat from the city in April 1918. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. During the First World War he symbolized the victims of the German attack when, in spite of the destruction of his cathedral, he remained in Reims until April 1918. Papal legate to the 50th anniversary celebration of the Catholic Institute, Paris, 1925. In 1927, he consecrated his rebuilt cathedral.

Death. May 28, 1930, of bronchial pneumonia, Reims. To announce his death, the cathedral's chimes tolled the number of his years. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Reims.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 395-396; Luçon, Louis Henri Joseph. Journal de la guerre : 1914 - 1918. Reims : Éd. de l'Académie Nationale de Reims, 1998. (Travaux de l'Académie Nationale de Reims; 173). Note: Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-Bandes.

Links. Biography, in German; and photographs, Araldica Vaticana.

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Birth. February 18, 1846, Rome, Italy.

Education. Royal University, Rome; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 15, 1896, Rome. Assessor and sub-promoter of the faith of the S.C. of Rites, February 3, 1896. Privy chamberlain supernumerario, February 6, 1896. Promotor of the faith, June 4, 1897. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, June 4, 1897. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, March 28, 1900. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, June 10, 1900. Auditor of His Holiness, April 22, 1901. Promotor of the faith in the canonization process of Joan of Arc, 1901. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, January 11, 1902. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, February 1, 1902. Protonotary apostolic supernumerarium, February 2, 1902. Consultor of the S.C. of Rites, April 18, 1902.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico Campitelli, November 30, 1911.

Death. July 31, 1914, Rome. Buried, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 682; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11 and 26.

Link. Photograph and portrait, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. February 1, 1889, Tenjo, archdiocese of Bogotá, Colombia. His parents were Heliodoro Luque and Natalia Sánchez.

Education. Initial studies in Tabio; Conciliar Seminary of Bogotá, Bogotá; one of his classmates was Luis Concha Córdoba, future cardinal.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 28, 1916, Bogotá, by Bernardo Herrera Restrepo, archbishop of Bogota. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Bogotá, 1916-1931, as chaplain of "Clínica de Marley", vicar of the parish of "Nuestra Señora de las Nieves", and pastor of Guachetá.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Croe and appointed auxiliary of Tunja, January 16, 1931. Consecrated, May 3, 1931, metropolitan cathedral of Bogotá, by Paolo Giobbe, titular archbishop of Tolemaide di Tebaide, nuncio in Colombia, assisted by José Ignacio López Umana, bishop of Garzón, and by Luis Adriano Díaz, bishop of Cali. Vicar general of of the diocese of Tunja, 1931-1932. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Tunja, 1932. Transferred to the see of Tunja, September 9, 1932. He had a transcendental role in the civil and political crisis that affected the country from 1949 to 1958. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bogotá, July 14, 1950. Military vicar of Colombia, July 14, 1950.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, January 15, 1953. Papal legate to the 3rd National Marian Congress, Bogotá, November 16, 1954. Attended the First General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 25 to August 4, 1955. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. He was the first Colombian cardinal.

Death. May 7, 1959, of lung hemorrhage, Bogotá. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Bogotá.

Bibliography. Agudelo Giraldo, Guillermo. Los arzobispos de Bogotá que he conocido : medio siglo en la historia eclesiástica colombiana, 1928-1984. Bogotá : s.n., 1987. Notes: "Ensayo sobre los cuatro arzobispos que han dejado huella profunda en la agitada historia contemporánea de Colombia: monseñor Ismael Perdomo, cardenal Crisanto Luque, cardenal Luis Concha, cardenal Aníbal Muñoz Duque." Originally presented by the author on entering the Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica on Nov. 15, 1986. Cover title: Cuatro arzobispos que han marcado nuestra historia, 1928-1984. "Ediciones Verdad y Vida", volumen 14, nos. 24-25 y 26, diciembre de 1986"; Anuario de la Iglesia Católica en Colombia, 1957. Bogotá : Editorial Pio X, Ltda., 1958.

Link. His photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

Birth. September 17, 1926, Hospital Rothschild, Paris, France. Of a Polish Jewish family that migrated earlier in the century. His parents were Charles and Gisèle Lustiger. He lived with a Christian family in Orléans, 1940-1942; converted to Catholicism and was baptized, together with his sister Arlette, on August 25, 1940, in the episcopal chapel of Orléans by Jules-Marie Courcoux, bishop of that diocese; changed his name Aaron to Jean-Marie; the god-parents were Suzanne Combes and Jean Bathellier; his parents attended the ceremony; he received confirmation shortly after from the same bishop. His mother was arrested by the Gestapo in Paris and sent to a concentration camp in Drancy in 1941; and later to Auschwitz, where she died; her name appears in the "Mémorial des Juifs de France" with number 48 and the date of February 13, 1943. After the liberation of France from the Nazis in 1945, his father tried to obtain the annulment of Jean-Marie's baptism.

Education. Primary studies in schools in Paris; secondary studies at Lycée Montaigne, Paris, 1936-1939; and Lycie Pothier, Orléans, 1940-1942; Minor Seminary of Coflans, 1942-1943 (obtained a bachelor's in June 1943); La Sorbonne University, Paris, 1945-1946 (lettres); Seminary des Carmes, Institut Catholique de Paris, 1946-1954 (philosophy and theology); military service.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 17, 1954, chapel of the Seminary des Carmes, Institut Catholique de Paris, by Émile-Arsène Blanchet, titular bishop of Lero, rector of Institut Catholique de Paris. From 1954 to 1959, chaplain of the Paris university parish, chaplain to students of letters and sciences, La Sorbonne University; chaplain to students of Grandes Ecoles (E.N.S. de Saint-Cloud, Fontenay). From 1959 to 1969, director of Centre Richelieu; responsible for the chaplains of the new universities of the Parisian region. Pastor of Sainte-Jeanne-de-Chantal, Paris, 1969-1979.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Orléans, November 10, 1979. Consecrated, December 8, 1979, cathedral of Orléans, by Cardinal François Marty, archbishop of Paris, assisted by Eugène Ernoult, archbishop of Sens, and by Daniel Pézeril, titular bishop of Reperi, auxiliary of Paris. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Paris, January 31, 1981. Ordinary of the faithful of Oriental rite residing in France without their own ordinary, March 12, 1981.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro, February 2, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; to the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; to the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; member of the general secretariat, 1990-1994. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; president delegate. By papal bull, transferred to the title of S. Luigi dei Francesi, November 26, 1994. Elected member of the Académie Française, June 15, 1995; reception, March 14, 1996. Special papal envoy to the closing celebrations of the First Centennial of the Evangelization of Burundi, Gitega, November 22, 1998; to the third centenary commemorative celebrations of the cathedral of Nice, France, May 2, 1999. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Special papal envoy to the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the diocese of Basse-Terre e Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, held in that ecclesiastical circumscription, November 19, 2000. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland, on January 27, 2005. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 11, 2005. Apostolic administrator of Paris, February 11 to March 5, 2005. Resigned the office of ordinary for Catholics of Oriental rite resident in France and without an ordinary of their own, March 14, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, September 17, 2006. On May 31, 2007, in a wheelchair, he made an emotionally charged appearance at the Académie Française to say goodbye to his fellow "immortals", as the 40 members of the prestigious academy are known (1).

Death. August 5, 2007, of cancer, at Maison médicale Jeanne-Garnier, Paris. The body was exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris on August 9, 2007, from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. On August 10, 2007, at 10 a.m., in the cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris, took place the funeral of the cardinal. The mass was presided by Archbishop André Vingt-Trois of Paris. President Nicolas Sarkozy, who returned from his vacation in the United States of America to be present at the funeral, Prime Minister François Fillon, as well as several members of the government, attended the ceremony, together with sixteen cardinals, fifty bishops, 500 priests and 3000 faithful, who filled the cathedral. The family of the late cardinal; Bernadette Chirac, former first lady of France; Lech Walesa, former president of Poland; representatives of other religions and the Jewish community, in which the cardinal was born; were also present. Cardinal Paul Poupard, president of the Pontifical Commission for Culture, read a message from Pope Benedict XVI. At the end of the ceremony, the body of the cardinal was buried in the crypt of the cathedral, which is inaccessible to the public and situated below the choir of Notre-Dame; the archbishops of Paris after the 17th century repose in the crypt. A commemorative plaque will be installed in the cathedral with the following message from the late cardinal:

Bibliography. Jore, Alexander. Épiscopologe Français de 1592 à 1973. Mis à jour et continué jusqu'en 2004. Complément de l'article "France" du Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques t. XVIII, colonnes 161 à 532. Pro-Manuscripto, 25 - III- 2004, no. 3244; Serrou, Robert, Olivier Néri and Bruno Serrou. Lustiger : "cardinal, juif et fils d'immigri". Ed. rev. et augm. Paris : Perrin, 2001.

Link. Photograph and bibliography, in French (the menu is on the left side of page.

(1) These are his works, taken from the site of the Académie Française, linked above: Sermons d'un curé de Paris (Fayard) (1978); Pain de vie et peuple de Dieu (Critérion) (1981); Osez croire (Le Centurion) (1985); Osez vivre (Le Centurion) (1985); Premiers pas dans la prière (Nouvelle Citi) (1986); Prenez place au cœur de l'Église (Office chrétien des handicapés) (1986); Six sermons aux élus de la Nation, 1981-1986 (Le Cerf) (1987); Le Choix de Dieu. Entretiens avec Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton (Le Fallois) (1987); La Messe (Bayard) (1988); Dieu merci, les droits de l'homme (Critérion) (1990); Le Sacrement de l'onction des malades (Le Cerf) (1990); Le Saint-Ayoul de Jeanclos (en collaboration avec Alain Peyrefitte) (Fayard) (1990); Nous avons rendez-vous avec lEurope (Mame) (1991); Dare to rejoice (Compilation américaine) (Our Sunday visitor) (1991); Petites paroles de nuit de Noël (Le Fallois) (1992); Devenez dignes de la condition humaine (Flammarion) (1995); Le Baptême de votre enfant (Fleurus) (1997); Soyez heureux (Éd. Nil) (1997); Pour l'Europe, un nouvel art de vivre (PUF) (1999); Les prêtres que Dieu donne (Desclée de Brouwer) (2000); Comme Dieu vous aime. Un pèlerinage ` Jérusalem, Rome et Lourdes (Parole et silence) (2001); La Promesse (Parole et Silence) (2002); Comment Dieu ouvre la porte de la foi (Desclée de Brouwer) (2004); Contempler l'Apocalypse (Parole et Silence) (2005).

©1998-2010 Salvador Miranda.