GAGNON, P.S.S., Édouard (1918-2007)

Birth. January 15, 1918, Port-Daniel, diocese of Gaspé, Canada. Of a family that had thirteen children.

Education. Primary studies, 1923-1930, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Montréal, where his family had moved in 1921 for economic reasons; classic studies in private schools, 1930-1935; Collège de l'Assomption, University of Montréal, Montréal (bachelor in arts, 1936; doctorate in theology,1941, dissertation: La lecture de l'Écriture sainte par les fidèles); Grand Seminary of Montréal, Montréal (licentiate in theology, 1940); University of Laval, Québec (doctorate in canon law, 1944; dissertation: La censure des livres, 1944). Entered the novitiate of the Compagnie des Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice, 1944; did his solitude in the Seminary of Philosophy; admitted to the Society in 1945.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 15, 1940, with dispensation for not having yet reached the canonical age, Contrecoeur, by Anastase Forget, bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Québec. Further studies, Québec, 1941-1944. Professor of moral and canon law at the Grand Seminary of Montréal and at Pius XI Institute, 1945-1954. Director of the journal Le Sémaine, 1946-1954. Auditor of the ecclesiastical tribunal of the archdiocese of Montréal, 1947-1954. Secretary, Office of Clergy, Montréal, 1952-1954. Supervisor of the archdiocesan vacation colony at Contrecoeur, 1947-1954. Preacher of retreats. Rector, Major Seminary of St. Boniface, Manitoba, 1954-1960; 1965-1966; professor and diocesan consultor. Director, Major Seminary of Manizales, Colombia, 1961-1965. Attended, at the request of the Canadian bishops, the third and fourth sessions of the Second Vatican Council, 1964-1965, as an expert in charge of lay auditors. Secretary of the Pontifical Commission for Social Communication, September 1966. Provincial of the Society in Canada, Japan, and Latin America, 1966-1970.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Saint Paul in Alberta, February 19, 1969. Consecrated, March 25, 1969, St. Paul, by Emmanuele Clarizio, titular archbishop of Claudiopolis in Isauria, pro-nuncio in Canada, assisted by Anthony Jordan, O.M.I., archbishop of Edmonton, and by Maurice Baudoux, archbishop of Saint Boniface. Resigned the pastoral government of diocese, May 3, 1972. Rector, Pontifical Canadian College, Rome, 1972-1973. First vice-president of the Pontifical Committee for the Family, January 11, 1973; president, 1974. Head of the Vatican delegation to the International Population Conference, Bucharest, Rumania, August 19 to 30, 1974. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Vice-president of the Pontifical Committee for the Family, December 10, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Promoted to the titular see of Giustiniana prima and appointed pro-president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, July 7, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Elena fuori Porta Prenestina, May 25, 1985. President of the Pontifical Council for the Family, May 27, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Resigned the presidency, November 8, 1990. President of the Pontifical Committee for the International Eucharistic Congresses, January 3, 1991. Officer of the Order of Canada, 1993. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Marcello, January 29, 1996. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 15, 1998. Ceased as president of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses, March 2001.Cardinal patron of the Militia Templi, Catholic knights based in Tuscany.

Death. Saturday August 25, 2007, at the provincial house of the Compagnie des Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice, Montréal. The funeral mass was held in Notre-Dame Basilica, 116 West Notre-Dame St., Montréal, on Tuesday September 4, 2007, at 10 a.m.; Cardinal Jean-Claude Turcotte, archbishop of Montréal preside the funeral mass; and Cardinal Marc Ouellet, P.S.S., archbishop of Québec concelebrated and gave the homily. The mortal remains of the cardinal were exposed on September 2 and 3, 2007, from noon to 8 p.m., in the chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur of the basilica of Notre-Dame. The body wias buried in the crypt of the Grand Seminary of Montréal.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. Les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 477-479.

GALEN, Clemens August von (1878-1946)

Birth. March 16, 1878, Dinklage Castle, Oldenburg, diocese of Münster, Germany. He was the eleventh of the thirteen children of Count Ferdinand von Galen and Elisabeth von Spee. He received first communion on April 27, 1890, in the parish church of Dinklage. Cousin of Cardinal Konrad von Preysing (1946).

Education. "Stella Matutina" Jesuit secondary school, Feldkirch, Austria, until Summer of 1894; Catholic public school "Antonianum," Vehcta, 1894-1896 (obtained his "leaving certificate," Summer of 1896); Catholic University of Fribourg, Switzerland, Spring of 1897 (philosophy); traveled to Rome in the Spring of 1898; attended a mass celebrated by Pope Leo XIII; made a retreat at the Benedictine abbey of Maria-Laach, Switzerland; decided to become a priest; "Canisianum" Jesuit Theological College, Innsbruck, Fall of 1898 until 1903; Seminary of Münster, Münster (theology), 1903-1904.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 28, 1904, cathedral of Münster, by Hermann Dingelstad, bishop of Münster. Assistant priest ta the cathedral of Münster, 1904-1906; at the same time, he was commissioned to accompany his uncle, Bishop Maximilian Gereon von Galen, auxiliary of Münster, on his pastoral visits to confer the sacrament of confirmation. Assistant priest, and later curatus at St. Matthias church, Berlin, 1906-1929. In Berlin, he lived through the difficult itmes of the First World War, the troubled post-war year and a great part of the Weimar Republic. Called back to Münster in 1929 and appointed parish priest of St. Lambert's; he started his ministry on April 24, 1929. In 1932, he completed his work Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen, which dealt with the secularization of human society and the rejection of God and his laws. That same year he protested the dissolution by the German authorities of the Young Men's Association.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Münster, September 5, 1933. Consecrated, October 28, 1933, cathedral of Münster, by Cardinal Karl Josef Schulte, archbishop of Cologne, assisted by Wilhelm Berning, bishop of Osnabrück, and by Franz Rudolf Bornewasser, bishop of Trier; his episcopal motto was Nec laudibus nec timore (Neither praise nor fear) (1). Invited to go to Rome, together with other German bishops, to discuss the situation in Germany with Pope Pius XI and to prepare the encyclical letter Mit brennender Sorge (With burning anxiety), which condemned the policies of the National Socialist regime before the world. For his courage and strong opposition to the Nazi regime in Germany was called the "Lion of Münster." In the church of St. Lambert on July 13, 1941 and August 3, 1941, and in the church of Our Lady in Überwasser, on July 20, 1941, he delivered three celebrated homilies against Adolf Hitler's regime. In those occasions the bishop of Münster expressed himself in defense of the right to life, of the inviolability and the freedom of its sick citizens, and harshly censured the killing of the psychologically ill (2). Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, September 13, 1943.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Bernardo alle Terme, February 22, 1946.

Death. March 22, 1946, at about 5 p.m., of peritonitis, Münster. The lying-in-state lasted four daysin the Erpochapel of the church of St. Maurice. Three cardinals, including Bernard Griffin of Westminster, attended the funeral celebrated in the cathedral of Münster. His body was buried on March 28, 1946 in the Galen chapel, in that cathedral, which was in ruins because of the war; the chapel's door had been walled up since the 17th century when the last prince-bishop, Christoph Bernard von Galen, was interred there.

Beatification. The decree concerning his heroic virtues was promulgated by the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints on December 20, 2003; the decree concerning a miracle attributed to his intercession was promulgated on December 20, 2004. The ceremony of his beatification took place on Sunday October 9, 2005, at 10 a.m., in the patriarchal Vatican basilica, presided in the name of Pope Benedict XVI by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, C.M.F., prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints. His feast is celebrated on March 22.

Bibliography. Clemens August Graf von Galen : neue Forschungen zum leben und wirken des bischofs von Münster. Münster : Regensburg, 1992; Galen, Clemens August von. Akten, Briefe und Predigten, 1933-1946. 2 vols. Bearbeitet von Löffler, Peter. 2d ed. Paderborn : Schoöningh, 1996; Kuropka, Joachim. Clemens August Graf von Galen. Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von Münster. 2 vols. Münster : Verlag Regensberg, 1992; Kuropka, Joachim. Clemens August Graf von Galen : Menschenrechte, Widerstand, Euthanasie, Neubeginn. Münster : Regensberg, 1998; Portmann, Heinrich. Kardinal von Galen : ein Gottesmann seiner Zeit. Edition: Neuaufl. Münster : Aschendorff, 2005. Note : Original: 1e dr.: 1948; Portmann, Heinrich. Cardinal von Galen. Translated by R.I. Sedgwick. London : Jarrols, 1957; Sandstede-Auzelle, Marie-Corentine. Clemens August Graf von Galen, Bischof von Münster im Dritten Reich. Münster : Aschendorff, 1986.

Links. Photograph and biography, in English; pictures and chronology, in German; biography, in English (Britannica); photograph and biography, in German; The Lion of Münster and Pius XII (Clemens August von Galen) by Stefania Falasca, in English..

(1) Portmann, Cardinal von Galen, p. 58-59, relates that "Under the provisions of the then recently concluded Concordat, Clemens August, as the first bishop appointed under the Third Reich, had to take the oath of allegiance before the Prussian President of the Coundl of Ministers, Göring. The Bishop took a New Testament with him and, as a precaution, his pectoral cross also. And in fact there was no crucifix available at the Ministry: excuses were offered and also an assurance that next time, that was to say when another bishop was appointed, proper provision would be made. Göring, in view of the fact that this was the first swearing-in under the Concordat, read a discourse w which Clemens August replied with due deliberation and according to a text that had been previously settled. After the discourses Göring gave a lunch at which he emphasized the necessity of getting the clergy on the side of National Socialism. The Bishop replied that according to the Concordat the clergy were not to take part in any party politics, to which Göring rejoined that to be a good National Socialist it was not necessary to be actually a member of the party. When in later years Göring's popularity and moderation for the time being were praised by those more intimately connected with the Bishop, he would have nothing to do with any favourable forecast; he asserted that in his view Göring was not a whir better than the rest of them. Clemens August had to pay a series of visits to the chief personages of the Reich. Adolf Hitler acknowledged his card by sending his own by post. So that he could see the grey-headed president personally, the Bishop prolonged his stay in Berlin by a day. Hindenburg inquired with interest about the Bishop's homeland; he had a dear recollection of Oldenburg from manoeuvres in the eighties of the last century; he spoke also of his being wounded at the battle of Königgrätz. When the Bishop on taking leave promised that he and his flock would pray for him, Hindenburg thanked him and asked that they should do so."
(2) According to John Allen, Anit-Nazi prelate beatified, "The word from Rome", The National Catholic Reporter, October 14, 2005, Vol. 5, No. 7, "A Nazi official, Walter Tiessler, proposed in a letter to Martin Bormann that they hang the bishop. He told Bormann he had discussed this issue with Joseph Göbbels, who said only Hitler could order such an action. Von Galen survived, but Tiessler's proposal demonstrates the risk some outspoken Catholic leaders took".

GALLI, Aurelio (1866-1929)

Birth. February 26, 1866, Frascati, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 2, 1889, Rome. Further studies, 1889-1892. Staff member of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, 1893-1899. Secretary to the secretary of Latin Letters, 1899-1903. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, 1899. Secretary of Latin Letters and domestic prelate of His Holiness, August 5, 1903. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, June 24, 1908. Protonotary apostolic, November 27, 1908. Secretary of Briefs to Princes, November 7, 1911. Composed and delivered the funeral oration for Pope Leo XIII in 1903; and the oratio pro eligendo pontifice, in the conclaves of 1914 and 1922.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 20, 1923; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, December 23, 1923.

Death. March 26, 1929, Rome. Buried in the cathedral of Frascati.

GAMBA, Giuseppe (1857-1929)

Birth. April 25, 1857, S. Damiano d'Asti, diocese of Asti, Italy.

Education. Seminary of Asti, Asti.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 18, 1880, Asti. Pastoral work and vicar general of Asti, 1883-1901.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Biella, Italy, December 16, 1901. Consecrated, May 17, 1902, by Giacinto Arcangeli, bishop of Asti. Transferred to the see of Novara, August 13, 1906. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, July 10, 1917. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Turin, December 20, 1923.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 20, 1926; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, December 23, 1926. Papal legate to the Regional Council of Piedmont, Turin, October 1927.

Death. December 26, 1929, Turin. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Turin.

GANTIN, Bernardin (1922-

Birth. May 8, 1922, Toffo, archdiocese of Cotonou, Benin (then Dahomey). He is the son of a railroad employee. His last name means iron tree (Gan=tree and tin=iron) and this is reflected in his coat of arms.

Education. Seminary of Ouidah, Ouidah; Pontifical Urbanian Athaenaeum, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, January 14, 1951, Cotonou, by Louis Parisot, M.Afr., archbishop of Cotonou. Faculty member, Seminary of Quidah and pastoral work in the archdiocese of Cotonou, 1951-1953. Further studies, 1953-1956, Rome.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tipasa di Mauritania and appointed auxiliary of Cotonou, December 11, 1956. Consecrated, February 3, 1957, chapel of Collegio de Propagande Fide, Rome, by Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, bishop of the suburbicarian sees of Ostia and Porto e Santa Rufina, dean of Sacred College of Cardinals, prefect of S.C. Ceremonial and Librarian and archivist of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by Pietro Sigismondi, titular archbishop of Neapolis di Pisidia, secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, and by André Pierre Duirat, bishop of Bouaké. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Cotonou, January 5, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969. Secretary adjunct of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, March 5, 1971. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, June 28, 1971. Secretary of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, February 26, 1973. Vice-president of the Pontifical Commission Iustitia et Pax, December 19, 1975; pro-president, December 16, 1976.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of June 27, 1977; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re, June 27, 1977. President of the Pontifical Commission Iustitia et Pax, June 29, 1977; resigned the post, April 8, 1984. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, September 4, 1978; resigned the post, April 8, 1984. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebrations of St. Peter Claver's birth, Cartagena, Colombia, June 24, 1980. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; president delegate. Papal legate to the 42nd International Eucharistic Congress, July 16 to 23, 1981, Lourdes, France. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Prefect of the S.C. for Bishops and president of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, April 8, 1984; resigned both posts, June 25, 1998. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, June 25, 1984. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of 150th anniversary of the beginning of the evangelization in the archdiocese of Papetee, Tahiti, French Polynesia, August 10, 1984. Attended the III Plenary Assembly of the College of Cardinals, November 21 to 23, 1985; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Cardinal bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, September 29, 1986. Special papal envoy to the celebration of the first centennial of the evangelization, Port-Vila, Republic of Vanuatu, September 8, 1987. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987; the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990; the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Dean of the College of Cardinals and bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Ostia, retaining the title of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina, June 5, 1993. Special papal envoy to the inauguration of the shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Campinas, Brazil, December 12, 1993. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Special papal envoy to the funeral of Pierre Lucien Claverie, bishop of Oran, Algeria, killed in a bomb explosion, Oran, Algeria, August 5, 1996. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 29 to May 14, 1998. Attended the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998. Papal representative to the funeral of King Hassan II of Morocco, Rabat, July 25, 1999. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Special papal envoy to the National Eucharistic Congress of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, December 1 to 3, 2000. Special papal envoy to the conclusive celebrations of the Evangelization of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, January 21, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, May 8, 2002. Resigned the deanship of the College of Cardinals and the title of the suburbicarian see of Ostia, and became dean emeritus, November 30, 2002. Returned to live in Benin, December 4, 2002. He is the first, and so far, only cardinal from the Popular Republic of Benin; and the first African to be both head of a Vatican dicastery and dean of the College of Cardinals since this office was established by Pope Bl. Eugenius III in 1150.

GARIBI RIVERA, José (1889-1972)

Birth. January 30, 1889, Guadalajara, México. Youngest of the three children of Miguel Garibi y Reyes and Joaquina Rivera y Robledo; his brother and sister were Juan Manuel y Carmen. He was baptized by Fr. Lorenzo Altamirano; his baptismal name was José Mariano. On March 26, 1889, he was confirmed in the cathedral of Guadalajara, by Pedro Loza y Pardavé, archbishop of that see. He received first communion on June 25, 1897 in the parish of Nuestra Señora del Pilar from Fr. Arnulfo Jiménez, the pastor of the parish.

Education. Colegio del Señor San José (primary education); co-founder of the Marian Congregation of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe and San Estanislao de Kotska, 1897; Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, October 18, 1900 to 1906 (humanities, sciences, Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology); Franciscan convent of Zapopán, October 1, 1906 to September 30, 1907 (decided not to join the order); Seminary of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 1907-1912; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, October 1913 to July 4, 1916 (doctorate in theology and licentiate in canon law); resided at the Pontifical Collegio Pio-Latinoamericano, Rome. Received the minor orders on February 2, 1908 from José de Jesús Ortiz, archbishop of Guadalajara, in the church of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad; the subdiaconate on June 25, 1911, from the same archbishop and in the same church; and the diaconate on August 20, 1911, from the same archbishop in the same church. Named professor of Latin at the Seminary of Guadalajara, November 5, 1911; occupied the post until August 26, 1913.

Priesthood. Ordained, February 25, 1912, church of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, Guadalajara, by José de Jesús Ortiz, archbishop of Guadalajara. Further studies in Rome, 1913-1916. Travelled to Chicago to meet his archbishop, Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, October 1916; went to San Antonio, Texas; later to Laredo; and then, on November 13th, to México, where the situation was very tense. Prefect of the Seminary of Totatiche, November 20, 1916 to October 22, 1917. Vicar cooperator in Atotonilco, October-November 1917. Vicar cooperator of the parish of Jesús, November 28 to December, 1917. Second auxiliary of the archdiocesan curia of Guadalajara, December 3, 1917. Professor of philosophy at the Major Seminary of Guadalajara, April 28, 1918. Chaplain of San Nicolás de Bari, annexed to the parish of Nuestra Señora del Pilar, February 1 to September 16, 1919. Chaplain of the church of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, January 20 to August, 1920. Professor of pastoral theology, ascetics, mystics, pedagogical catechesis, and ecclesiastical history at the Seminary of Guadalajara, 1920. Offical major of the archdiocesan curia, June 14, 1920 until 1924. Canon doctoral of the chapter of the metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara, October 22, 1923; took possession on March 17, 1924. Given the charge of the construction of Templo Expiatorio, March 24, 1924. Secretary of the Sacred Miter, July 2, 1924. Secretary general of the Chamber and Government of the archdiocese of Guadalajara, 1925 to May 7, 1930. During the religious persecution, while Archbishop Orozco was confined in "La Lobera", Msgr. Garibi and Fr. Narciso Aviña governed the archdiocese; Msgr. Garibi signed his correspondence as Mariano Reyes, his second name and his father's second last name. In 1929, Archbishop Orozco was expelled from México to the United States of America; Msgr. Garibi accompanied him. They went to Laredo; Msgr. Garbi stayed there as chaplain of a community of nuns from Guadalajara until November 1929, and the archbishop went to Chicago. Named canon chantre of the chapter of the metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara, November 16, 1929. Sent to Rome by the archbishop, he arrived in December 1929.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Roso and appointed auxiliary of Guadalajara, December 16, 1929; the election occurred while he was in Rome; arrived in México on March 11, 1930; Archbishop Orozco was allowed to return to Guadalajara on March 30, 1930. Consecrated, May 7, 1930, metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara, by Francisco Orozco Jiménez, archbishop of Guadalajara, assisted by Ignacio Placencia y Moreira, bishop of Zacatecas, and by Miguel de la Mora y Mora, bishop of San Luis de Potosí. Vicar general of the archdiocese of Guadalajara, January 1, 1933. Promoted to titular archbishop of Bizia and appointed coadjutor of Guadalajara, with right of succession, December 22, 1934. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Guadalajara, February 18, 1936. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 13, 1948. President of the Mexican Episcopal Conference for six consecutive terms.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1958; received the red hat and the title of S. Onofrio, December 18, 1958. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Papal legate to the National Missionary Congress, Guadalajara, October 30, 1966. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, March 1, 1969. Lost the right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years of age, January 1, 1971. He was the first Mexican cardinal.

Death. May 27, 1972, at 11:40 p.m., of a pulmonary edema and cardiac insufficiency, at Hospital de la Santísima Trinidad, Guadalajara. Exposed in the Archdiocesan Seminary of Guadalajara and, later, in the metropolitan cathedral of Guadalajara; the funeral took place on May 30, 1972 in that cathedral and his remains were buried in its crypt, under the main altar.

Bibliography. Bravo Ugarte, José. Diócesis y obispo de la iglesia mexicana (1519-1965). Con un apéndice de los representantes de la S. Sede en México y viceversa. 2d ed. México : Editorial Jus, 1965. (Colección México Heorico, 39), p. 55; Valdés Salazar, Inocencia. El primer cardenal mexicano don José Garibi Rivera. Mexico : s.n., 1992.

GARRONE, Gabriel-Marie (1901-1994)

Birth. October 12, 1901, Aix-les-Bains, archdiocese of Chambéry, France.

Education. Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Pontifical French Seminary, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 11, 1925. Faculty member of the Minor Seminary of Chambéry, 1925-1926. Faculty member of the Major Seminary of Chambéry, 1926-1939. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Chambéry, 1926-1939. Officer in the French Army during World War II, and prisoner of war, 1939-1945. Rector of the Major Seminary of Chambéry, 1945-1947.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Lemno and appointed coadjutor of Toulouse, with the right of succession, April 24, 1947. Consecrated, June 24, 1947, metropolitan cathedral of Chambéry, by Émile-Maurice Guerry, titular archbishop of Acrida and coadjutor of Cambrai, assisted byFrédéric Duc, bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, and by Alfred Ancel, titular bishop of Mirina, auxiliary of Lyon. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Toulouse, November 5, 1956. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of Seminaries and Universities, January 28, 1966. Transferred to the titular see of Torri di Numidia, March 24, 1966.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Sabina, June 29, 1967. Prefect of the S.C. for Catholic Education, and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University, January 17, 1968. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, June 27, 1977 until ?. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the I Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Resigned the prefecture, January 15, 1980. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 12, 1981. President of the Pontifical Council for Culture, May 20, 1982. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Resigned the presidency, April 19, 1988.

Death. January 15, 1994, Rome. Buried, temporarily, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome, until the definitive tomb in the church of S. Luigi dei Francesi is finished.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 309-310.

GASPARRI, Enrico (1871-1946)

Birth. July 25, 1871, Ussita, diocese of Norcia, Italy. Nephew of Cardinal Pietro Gasparri (1907).

Education. Seminary of Nepi, Nepi; Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in theology and utroque iure, both canon and civil law).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 10, 1894, Rome. Pastoral work in Rome, 1894-1898. Secretary to his uncle, the apostolic delegate in Perú, Ecuador, and Bolivia, 1898-1901. Honorary chamberlain of His Holiness, March 12, 1904. Secretary of the nunciature in Portugal, August 14, 1906; of the nunciature in Belgium, January 24, 1908. Auditor of the nunciature in Brazil, November 28, 1912. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, May 29, 1913; reappointed, December 25, 1914.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Sebaste, December 9, 1915. Consecrated, December 12, 1915, Rome, by Victor Amedeo Ranuzzi de' Bianchi, titular archbishop of Tiro, majordome of His Holiness, assisted by Donato Sbarretti, titular archbishop of Efeso, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, and by Luigi Ermini, bishops of Caiazzo. Appointed apostolic delegate and extraordinary envoy in Colombia, November 14, 1915. Internuncio in Colombia, May 8, 1916, when the delegation was elevated to that rank. Nuncio in Colombia, July 20, 1917, when the internunciature was elevated to nunciature, second class. Nuncio in Brazil, September 1, 1920.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 14, 1925; received the red hat and the title of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, December 17, 1925. His creation was an exception made to canon 232, 3, that forbade anyone having an uncle in the Sacred College of Cardinals to be a cardinal. His uncle, Pietro, had been created in 1907 and was still alive. Papal legate to the Eucharistic Congress of Sardinia, May, 1931; to the Regional Eucharistic Congress, Sulmona, Italy, August 15, 1932. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, May 18, 1933. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Velletri, October 16, 1933. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 26, 1942.

Death. May 20, 1946, Rome. Buried in Sacrofano.

Bibliography. Restrepo Posada, José. "Galería de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, V (January-June, 1970), 225-233.

GASPARRI, Pietro (1852-1934)

Birth. May 5, 1852, Capovallazza, parish of Ussita, diocese of Norcia, Italy. The youngest of the nine children of Bernardino Gasparri and Giovanna Sili, shepherds and owners of sheep. Received the sacrament of confirmation, July 5, 1855. Uncle of Cardinal Enrico Gasparri (1925).

Education. Minor Seminary of Nepi, Nepi (until 1870); Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorates in theology, philosophy and utroque iure, both canon and civil law).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 31, 1877, Rome. Secretary to Cardinal Teodolfo Mertel, 1877. Professor of ecclesiastical history and theology, Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; professor of canon law, Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome; and of Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome, 1877-1879. Faculty member of the Institut Catholique, Paris, 1870-1898. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, May 3, 1889. Pastoral work in Paris with the Italian immigrants. Collaborator with the archiepiscopal curia of Paris. Domestic prelate, April 13, 1894. Member of the papal commission to study validity of Anglican ordinations, 1896.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, January 2, 1898. Consecrated, March 6, 1898, church of Saint-Joseph des Carmes, Paris, by Cardinal François Richaud, archbishop of Paris, assisted by Louis François Sueur, archbishop of Avignon, and by Charles Turinaz, bishop of Nancy. Apostolic delegate and extraordinary envoy to Perú, Ecuador, and Bolivia, March 26, 1898 (1). Secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, April 23, 1901. Secretary the of Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law and of the Consulta of consultors, April 4, 1904; its relator, December 1907 to 1917; worked on this project for thirteen years. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 24, 1907.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1907; received the red hat and the title of S. Bernardo alle Terme, December 19, 1907. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, May 24, 1914 until January 22, 1915. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Secretary of State, October 13, 1914 until February 7, 1930; he negotiated with the Italian Government the Lateran Treaty and Pact. President of the Commission for the Patrimony of the Holy See, October 13, 1914. Prefect of the Apostolic Palace, October 1914 to October 1918. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, January 22 1915; retained in commendam his former title until December 9, 1915. Camerlengo of Holy Roman Church, December 4, 1916 until his death. Archchancellor of the Roman University. President of the Pontifical Commission for Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, October 16 (2), 1917. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Reappointed as secretary of State, February 6, 1922. Legate for the translation of the new statue of Our Lady of Loreto, September 1922. Prefect of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, July 5, 1925. Signatory of the Lateran Pact, February 11, 1929. Papal legate to the 14th centennial celebration of the Abbey of Monte Cassino, April 15, 1929. President of the Cardinalitial Commission for the Preparatory Study of the Codification of the Oriental Canons, December 1929. Resigned the post of secretary of State, February 7, 1930.

Death. November 18, 1934, Rome; shortly before, he had donated all his belongings to the S.C. of Propaganda Fide. The funeral took place on November 22, 1934 in the church of S. Ignazio, Rome; the final absolution was imparted by Cardinal Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte, bishop of Ostia and Albano. Buried the following day in the cemetery of Ussita during a ceremony presided by his nephew Cardinal Enrico Gasparri.

Bibliography. Il Cardinale Pietro Gasparri. Edited by L. Fiorelli. Rome : Università Laterana, 1960; "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 82; De Marchi, Giuseppe. Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956. Pref. di Antonio Samoré. Roma : Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1957, pp. 14, 24, 70, 112 and 204; Gasparri, Pietro. Il cardinale Gasparri e la questione romana. (Con brani delle memorie inedite). A cura di Giovanni Spadolini. Firenze : F. Le Monnier, 1972. (Quaderni di storia, 23.); "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1933, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1933, pp. 108-109; "Nécrologe. Cardinaux." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1934, Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1935, p. 927; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 9-10, 22, 23 and 30; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 167; Roberti, Francesco. "Il Cardinal Pietro Gasparri: L'uomo, il sacerdote, il diplomatico, il giurista". Apollinaris, XXIII (1960), 5-43. Taliani, Francesco Maria. Vita del Cardinale Pietro Gasparri, Segretario di Stato e povero prete. Milan : A. Mondadori, 1938.

Links. Biography, in Spanish; photographs and biographies, in English and German; photograph after the signing of the Lateran Pact in 1929; his photograph; the model of his bust by Pietro Canonica, Museo Canonica, La Fortezzuola, Rome; and Fedele interprete della volontà del papa, by Giuseppe Sciacca, auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 30Giorni nella Chiesa e nel mondo, September 2006.

(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 167; De Marchi, Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956, p. 70, says that he was named on December 18, 1897; on that same page, the source adds that he occupied the titular see of Iconio from December 18, 1897 until January 2, 1898; Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VIII, 318, does not list him among the occupants of that see.
(2) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 9; "Liste des cardinaux par order alphabétique." Annuaire Pontifical Catholique de 1933, p. 109, says that he was named on October 18, 1917.

GASQUET, O.S.B., Francis Aidan (1846-1929)

Birth. October 5, 1846, Somers Twon, north of London, England. He was the third son among the six children of Raymon Gasquet, a physician descendant from French royalists, and Mary Apollonia Kay. His baptismal name was Francis Neil; he was always known to his friends as Frank. After the father's death in 1856, the family became parishioners of Fr. Henry Edward Manning, future cardinal, at Baywater, where young Frank acted as his acolyte, and as train-bearer to Cardinal Ncholas Wiseman, when he visited the parish.

Education. College of the Oblates of Saint Charles, Bayswater; College of Saint Gregory, Downside, Bath (graduated in 1864). Joined the Order of St. Benedict, priorate of Belmont, Hereford, January 1866-1867; took the name Aidan; received the religious habit, September 28, 1866, Belmont; professed, September 30, 1867; solemn profession, December 8, 1870. Studied at the priorate of Downside, 1867-1874.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 19, 1874, Downside, by George Errington, titular archbishop of Trebizonda, former coadjutor archbishop of Westminster. Subprefect of studies, Downside, 1875. Prefect of studies and professor of theology, Downside, 1877. Prior of Downside Abbey, 1878-1885; had to resign because of ill health; went home to his mother in Kensington to recover and stay until 1890. Elected to the Council of the old Camden Society of historians, 1886. Research work at the British Museum and the Record Office, London, 1892-1900. Member of the Pontifical Commission to study the validity of the Anglican ordinations, 1896; his historical contribution against their validity was decisive. Elected abbot president of the English Benedictine Confederation, September 26, 1900; reelected in 1904. President of the Pontifical Commission for Revision of the Vulgate, fall 1907. Titular abbot of St. Albans.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro, May 28, 1914; he never took possession of the deaconry because of some difficulties raised by the Italian government. Member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. He decidedly supported the establishment of the British Mission before the Holy See, which took place in December 1914. Protector of the Venerable English College, Rome September 10, 1915. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico, December 6, 1915. Prefect of the Vatican Archive, November 28, 1917. Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, May 9, 1919 until his death. Archivist of the Holy Roman Church, November 11, 1920 until his death. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. In 1924, he received King George V and Queen Mary of Great Britain at the Vatican Library. Opted for the order of cardinal priests, December 18, 1924; his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title. From his sick bed, he went to attend the funeral of Cardinal Aurelio Galli, who had died on March 26, 1929; he caught a chill which led to pneumonia which quickly became fatal.

Death. April 5, 1929, at 4:30 p.m., in his apartment in Palazzo San Callisto, Rome. He was laid-in-state for two days in his residence. The funeral in Rome took place in the church of S. Maria in Trastevere; the mass was celebrated by the abbot of Montecassino; Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, imparted the final absolution. Transferred to England, his body arrived in Downside on April 12; Cardinal Francis Bourne, archbishop of Westminster, sang the solemn requiem mass on April 15; and later on that same day, the remains were buried in the church of the Benedictine abbey of Downside; his self-standing tomb is of Palombino marble and alabaster. It is covered by an elaborate canopy. The work is all by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (1).

Bibliography. Bellenger, Dominc Aidan and Stella Fletcher. Princes of the church. A history of the English cardinals. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2001, pp. 146-150; Knowles, David. Cardinal Gasquet as an historian. London : University of London, Athlone Press, 1957. (The Creighton lecture in history, 1956); Heseltine, George Coulehan. The English cardinals. With some account of those of other English-speaking countries. London : Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1931, p. 173-174; Leslie, Shane. Cardinal Gasquet : a memoir. London: Burns and Oates, 1953; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 13, 25 and 26.

Link. Biography and bibliography, in English; biography, in English (Britannica); biographical data, in English.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his tomb taken from Leslie, Cardinal Gasquet : a memoir, p. 268: AIAE. IMPLORA PACEM. FRANCISCO AIDANO GASQVET. S. MARIAE IN PORTICV S.R.E. PBRO. CARDINALI. S. GREGORII MONACHO. OLIM S. ALBANI ABBATI TITVLARI. QVI. A.D. NON. OCTOBR. MDCCCXLVI NATVS. OBIIT. NON. APRIL. MXMXXIX. AMICI. POSVERVNT.

GEORGE, O.M.I., Francis Eugene (1937-

Birth. January 16, 1937, Chicago, United States. Son of Francis J. George and Julia R. McCarthy. He contracted polio as a child and was rejected by Chicago's archdiocesan seminary because he had a limp; he now runs the archdiocese that once turned him away.

Education. Joined the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, August 14, 1957. St. Henry's Preparatory Seminary, Belleville; solemn profession, Godfrey, 1958; Pine Hills Scholasticate, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Catholic University of America, Washington (master in philosophy); Tulane University, New Orleans (doctorate in philosophy); Pontifical Urban University, Rome (doctorate of sacred theology in ecclesiology, dissertation: Inculturation and communion).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1963, St. Pascal Church, Chicago, by Raymond Hillinger, titular bishop of Derbe, auxiliary of Chicago. Further studies, 1963-1965; 1967-1970. Faculty member, Creighton University, Omaha; chairman, Philosophy Department, 1970-1973. Provincial of United States Oblate Western region, 1973-1974. Vicar general of his institute, Rome, 1974-1986. Member and coordinator of the Circle of Associates of Cambridge Center for the Study of Faith and Culture, Boston 1986-1990.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Yakima, July 10, 1990. Consecrated, September 21, 1990, cathedral of Yakima, by Agostino Cacciavillan, titular archbishop of Amiterno, pro-nuncio in the United States of America, assisted by Roger Lawrence Schwietz, O.M.I., bishop of Duluth, and by William Stephen Skylstad, bishop of Spokane. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Portland in Oregon, April 30, 1996. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Chicago, April 8, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997; its special secretary.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the title of S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, February 21, 1998. Preached the Lent Spiritual Exercises of the Pope and the Roman Curia, March 4 to 10, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Elected president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops on November 13, 2007, for a three year term.

Bibliography. Cameli, Louis J. "George, Francis E." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, p. 304-305.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English.

GERLIER, Pierre-Marie (1880-1965)

Birth. January 1, 1880, Versailles, France.

Education. University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux; Seminary of Issy for late vocations; Seminary of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. Officer in the French Army during the First World War; wounded and captured.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 29, 1921, Paris. Pastoral work and director of Catholic Works in the archdiocese of Paris, 1921-1929.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tarbes and Lourdes, May 14, 1929. Consecrated, July 2, 1929, metropolitan cathedral of Paris, by Cardinal Louis-Ernest Dubois, archbishop of Paris, assisted by Benjamin Roland-Gosselin, titular bishop of Mosinopoli, coadjutor of Versailles, and by Maurice Dubourg, bishop of Marseille. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lyon, July 30, 1937.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 13, 1937; received the red hat and the title of Ss.ma Trinità al Monte Pincio, December 16, 1937. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Papal legate to the National Marian Congress, Lyon, June 13, 1954. Participated in the conclave of 1958. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Lyon, July 5, 1959. Attended the first three sessions of the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI.

Death. January 17, 1965, Lyon. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Lyon.

Bibliography. Barbier, Jean. Le cardinal Gerlier. Roanne/Le Coteau : Horvath, 1987.; Berthod, Bernard; Ladous, Régis. Cardinal Gerlier : (1880-1965). Lyon : LUGD, 1995; Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 315-316; Comte, B. Les Théologiens lyonnais et la persécution contre les juifs : table ronde tenue le 20 janvier 1993 en commémoration de la protestation du Cardinal Gerlier en september 1942. Lyon : Associations des facultis catholiques de Lyon : Université catholique de Lyon, 1994; Pierre-Marie Gerlier : Archevêque de Lyon : 1880-1965. Lyon : Éditions Lyonnaise d'Art et d'Histoire, 1987.

GHATTAS, C.M., Stéphanos II (1920-

Link. Photograph and biography, in English.

GILROY, Norman Thomas (1896-1977)

Birth. January 22, 1896, Glebe, Sydney, Australia. Eldest of the six children of William James Gilroy, a tailor's cutter, and Catherine Slattery. They both were Australians of Irish extraction. The other two brothers were Ted and William, and the three sisters, Ellen, Rita and Catherine.

Education. Initial studies with the Marist priests in Sydney (1); St. Columba's College, Springwood, Sydney, 1916-1919; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propagada Fide," Rome, 1919-1924 (doctorate in theology, 1924).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 24, 1923, Rome, by Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum, C.SS.R., prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith. Returned to Australia and became secretary to the apostolic delegate, Bartolomeo Cattaneo, titular archbishop of Palmira, 1924-1930. Secretary to the bishop of Lismore and diocesan chancellor, 1930-1935.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Port Augusta, Australia, December 10, 1934. Consecrated, March 17, 1935, St. Mary's cathedral, Sydney, by Filippo Bernardini, titular archbishop of Antiochia di Pisidia, apostolic delegate in Australia, assisted by John Joseph Carroll, bishop of Lismore, and by Terence Bernard McGuire, bishop of Townsville. Promoted to titular archbishop of Cipsela and appointed coadjutor of Sydney, with right of succession, July 1, 1937. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Sydney, March 8, 1940.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Quattro Coronati, February 22, 1946. Papal legate to the 4th centennial celebrations of Saint Francis Xavier's arrival at Nagasaki, Japan, April 17, 1949; to the Plenary Council of the Eastern Indies, Bangalore, India, November 7, 1949. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council; member of its board of presidency, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969. Named knight commander of the British Empire in 1969, he became the first cardinal to be knighted since the Reformation. He was "Australian of the Year" in 1970. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 9, 1971. He went to live at the St. John Vianney Villa for Retired Priests, Randwick. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 22, 1976.

Death. October 21, 1977, Sydney. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Sydney.

Bibliography. Williams, Graham. Cardinal Sir Norman Gilroy. Sydney : Alella Books, 1971.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English.

(1) At 13, he became a GPO messenger boy; the following year, he was promoted to the telegraphic division; two years later, he was assigned as postal assistant at Bourke, 500 miles north-west of Sydney; when the First World War erupted, he wanted to enlist but he was under 18 and his parents refused; at that time, he was a relieving telegraphist at Narrabri; when wireless operators became urgently needed to staff the troops transports leaving for Europe, his opportunity came because parental consent was not necessary in such cases; he applied immediately, was given an extended leave of absence without pay by the Post and Telegraph Department and became a junior wireless operator on the troop ship "Hessen" that left Sydney in January 1915 for Egypt and later Gallipoli. The ship, carrying 400 Sikh troops of the 26th Indian Mountain Gun Battery and their weapons, lay offshore at Gallipoli for three weeks during the great disaster; he kept a detailed personal diary of the experience; after leaving Gallipoli, he arrived in London and returned to Australia nine months after he had left; the Post and Telegraph Department sent him to Lismore; in that city he decided to enter the seminary at the age of 20.

GIOBBE, Paolo (1880-1972)

Birth. January 10, 1880, Rome, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome (doctorates in theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 4, 1904, Rome. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, 1904-1909. Pontifical ceremonery supernumerary, May 3, 1909. From 1909 to 1918, censor of the Roman Liturgical Academy; minutant in the S.C. of Propaganda Fide; assistant at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," 1909-1918. Pontifical ablegato for the imposition of the red biretta to new Cardinal Enrique Almaraz y Santos, archbishop of Sevilla, 1911. Ceremonery at the International Eucharistic Congess, Lourdes, France, 1914. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, November 6, 1917. Rector of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, 1918-1925.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tolemaide di Tebaide, March 30, 1925. Consecrated, April 26, 1925, chapel of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, secretary of State, assisted by Tito Trocchi, titular archbishop of Lacedaemonia, and by Alessandro Fontana, bishop of Ferentino. Appointed nuncio in Colombia, June 16, 1925. Internuncio, with title of nuncio ad personam, in Holland, August 12, 1935.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1958; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Vallicella, December 18, 1958. Papal Datary, November 14, 1959 until January 1, 1968, when the office was suppressed. Cardinal patron of the Sovereign Order of Malta, August 8, 1961. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Lost his right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years, January 1, 1971.

Death. August 14, 1972, Rome. Buried in the chapel of the S.C. for the Evangelization of the Peoples, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Restrepo Posada, José. "Galería de representantes de la Santa Sede en Colombia." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Historia Eclesiástica, V (January-June, 1970), 240.

GIORDANO, Michele (1930-

Birth. September 26, 1930, S. Arcangelo, diocese of Anglona-Tursi, Italy.

Education. Minor Seminary, Potensa; Pontifical Regional Seminary, Salerno; Pontifical Inter-regional Seminary, Posillipo.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 5, 1953. Successively, 1953-1971, in the diocese of Anglona-Tursi, pastoral work; director of the center for social studies; diocesan assistant of the Catholic Action; professor of religion; vicar general. Chaplain of His Holiness, February 23, 1968.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lari Castello and appointed auxiliary of Matera and apostolic administrator, sede vacante, of Gravina and Irsina, December 23, 1971. Consecrated, February 5, 1972, by Giacomo Palombella, bishop of Matera e Irsina, assisted by Dino Tomassini, bishop of Anglona-Tursi, and by Giuseppe Vairo, bishop emeritus of Gravina-Irsina. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Matera e Irsina, June 12, 1974. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Naples, May 9, 1987. President of the Episcopal Conference of Campania, Italy, September 24, 1987.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gioacchino ai Prati di Castello, June 28, 1988. Attended the VIII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 28, 1990. Special papal envoy to the IV centennial celebration of the Shrine of Madonna dell'Arco, Italy, May 1, 1993; to the closing of the 3rd centennial celebrations of the birth of St. Alphonse Maria Liguori, Pagani, Italy, November 23, 1997. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. His resignation to the pastoral government of the archdiocese was accepted on May 20, 2006, in conformity to canon 401§ 1 of the Code of Canon Law. Apostolic administrator of the metropolitan see of Naples from May 20, 2006 until the installation of his successor on July 1, 2006.

Link. Photograph and biographical data, in Italian.

GIORGI, Oreste (1856-1924)

Birth. May 19, 1856, Valmonte, diocese of Segni, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1878, Rome. Faculty member of the Roman College, Rome, 1879-1891. Adscribed among the advocates of the Sacred Congregations, March 24, 1889. Substitute of the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, December 30, 1891. Auditor of the S.C. of Bishops and Religious, December 24, 1896. Privy chamberlain supra numerum, February 9, 1897. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, 1903. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, October 8, 1903. Protonotary apostolic ad instar participantium, November 5, 1903. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, July 27, 1904. Undersecretary of the S.C. for Bishops and Religious, June 3, 1907. Regent of the Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary, February 9, 1908. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, February, 1908. Secretary of the S.C. of the Council, December 7, 1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 4, 1916; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Cosmedin, December 7, 1916. Grand Penitentiary, March 12, 1918. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, May 25, 1923.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Ancira, April 26, 1924. Consecrated, April 27, 1924, Sistine chapel, at the Vatican, by Pope Pius XI, assisted by Carlo Cremonesi, titular archbishop of Nicomedia, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Agostino Zampini, O.S.A., titular bishop of Porfireone, sacristan of His Holiness. He resigned the titular see after his consecration. Papal legate for the consecration of two churches in the Holy Land, April 8, 1924.

Death. December 30, 1924, Rome. Buried in the tomb of his family in the collegiate church, Valmontone.

Bibliography. "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1939, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1938, p. 75; Fioramonti, Stanislao. La porpora semplice. Vita del Cardinale Oreste Giorgi (1856-1924). Valmontone : Edizioni il Campanone, 1990; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 17-18 and 26.

GIUSTINI, Filippo (1852-1920)

Birth. May 8, 1852, Cineto Romano, diocese of Tivoli, Italy. Son of Andrea Giustini and Dorotea Caponetti.

Education. Initial studies at the Seminario of Subiaco, next to the Benedictine monastery; Seminary of Tivoli, Tivoli, directed by the Society of Jesus; Pontifical Pio Seminary, Rome. November 1871; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (philosophy, theology and canon law; obtained a doctorate in 1880).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 23, 1876, Tivoli. Faculty member of the Seminary of Tivoli, 1876-1878. Professor of Roman Law at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", 1878-1896; prefect of studies, February 26, 1878. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, December 11, 1886. Canon of the chapter of the basilica of S. Maria in Trastevere, May 21, 1891. Counselor of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, June 22, 1892. Domestic prelate, August 18, 1896. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, February 11, 1897 (1). Judge of the Vatican Tribunal of First Instance. Secretary of the S.C. for Bishops and Regulars, April 28, 1902. Counselor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, August 27, 1902. Member of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, April 2, 1904. Secretary of the S.C. for Discipline of the Sacraments, October 24, 1908.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 25, 1914; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, May 28, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Prefect of the S.C. for the Discipline of the Sacraments, October 14, 1914. Member of the Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law, October 16, 1917. Protector of the Order of the Friars Minor (Franciscans). In September 1919, he participated as papal legate in the centennial celebration of S. Stefano of Hungary in Capua. In October 1919, he was the papal legate to the Holy Land for the celebration of the 7th centennial of the visit to Egypt and Palestine of St. Francis of Assisi.

Death. March 17 (2), 1920, at 11:20 a.m., of a pulmonary disease, in his Roman residence. Exposed for two days in the church of S. Maria Nuova, where the funeral also took place. His body was buried in the crypt of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. Boublik, Vladimiro. "Card. Filippo Giustini." La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, p. 232; "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, Città del Vaticano : Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1921, p. 66; Daniel, Charles; Paul-Marie Baumgarten; Antoine de Waal. Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église. Paris : Plon, 1900, p. 681; Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 13 and 25.

Link. Photographs and biography, in Italian.

(1) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 13; and his biography in Italian, linked above; Daniel, Rome; le chef suprême l'organisation et l'administration centrale de l'église, p. 681, indicates that he was named on March 1, 1877; Boublik, "Card. Filippo Giustini." La Pontificia Università lateranense, p. 232, says that he died on March 20, 1920.
(2) This is according to Pięta, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, IX, 13; "Cardinali defunti." Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1922, p. 66, indicates that he died on March 18, 1920.

GLEMP, Józef (1929-

Birth. December 18, 1929, Inowroclaw, archdiocese of Gniezno, Poland. Son of Kazimierz Glemp and Salomei z Kośmickich.

Education. Seminary of Gniezno, Gniezno; Seminary of Poznań, Poznań; Pontifical Lateran University, Rome; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Sacred Roman Rota.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1956, in the cathedral basilica Gniezno, by Franciszek Jedwabski, titular bishop of Massula. Pastoral work in Poznań, 1956-1958. Further studies, Rome, 1958-1964. Successively, 1964-1967, in Gniezno, secretary of the Superior Seminary; notary of the curia and metropolitan tribunal; counselor of the primatial tribunal super ratio, 1965. Successively, 1967-1979, in Warsaw, pastoral work; chief of the primatial secretariat; and faculty member of the Catholic Theological Academy.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Warmia, March 4, 1979. Consecrated, April 21, 1979, cathedral basilica of Gniezno, by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw, primate of Poland, assisted by Franciszek Macharski, archbishop of Kraków, and by Jan Obłąk, titular bishop of Abbir maggiore, auxiliary of Warmia. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Gniezno, July 7, 1981; having united, pro illa vice et ad personam, the archdiocese of Warsaw. Ordinary of the faithful of Oriental Rite residing in Poland without ordinary of their own rite, September 18, 1981. President of the Episcopal Conference of Poland, 1981-2004.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, February 2, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Papal representative to the funeral of Cardinal Julijonas Vaivods, apostolic administrator of Riga and Liepaja, Latvia, May 1990. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991; president delegate. Named archbishop of Warsaw, with the title of primate of Poland, March 25, 1992. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. At the request of Pope Benedict XVI, presided over the closing mass of the National Eucharistic Congress and the beatification of three Polish priests on Sunday, June 19, 2005. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, December 6, 2006. He will retain the title of primate of Poland until he turns eighty years of age. Named apostolic administrator of Warsaw on January 6, 2007; occupied the post until April 1, 2007, when the new archbishop of Warsaw, Kazimierz Nycz, took possession of the see. Resigned the office of ordinary of the faithful of Oriental Rite residing in Poland without ordinary of their own rite on June 9, 2007.

Bibliography. Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 345-352.

Links. Photograph and biography, in English; photographs and biography, in English; photographs and biography, in Polish; catalog of the archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland, in English.

GLENNON, John Joseph (1862-1946)

Birth. June 14, 1862, Kinnegad, diocese of Meath, Ireland. Son of Matthew Glennon and Catherine Rafferty.

Education. St. Mary's College, Mullingar; All Hallows College and Seminary, Dublin; University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. After finishing his studies, he went to the United States of America.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1884, Kansas City, by John Joseph Hogan, bishop of Kansas City. Pastoral work in diocese of Kansas City, 1884-1896. Vicar general of Kansas City, 1892-1894. Apostolic administrator of Kansas City, 1894-1896.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Pinora and appointed coadjutor of Kansas City, with right of succession, March 14, 1896, Consecrated, June 29, 1896, Kansas City, by John Joseph Kain, archbishop of St. Louis, assisted by Maurice Burke, bishop of St. Joseph, and by John Joseph Henessy, bishop of Wichita. Appointed coadjutor bishop, with right of succession, and apostolic administrator of St. Louis, April 27, 1903. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of St. Louis, October 13, 1903. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, June 28, 1921.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Clemente, February 22, 1946.

Death. March 9, 1946, Dublin. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, St. Louis.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 51; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 112; Finn, Brendan A. Twenty-four American cardinals. Boston: B. Humphries, 1947; Thornton, Francis B. Our American princes. New York: Putnam, 1963.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English, together with the other archbishops of St. Louis.

GODFREY, William (1889-1963)

Birth. September 25, 1889, Liverpool, England. He was the younger son of George and Mary Godfrey.

Education. Ushaw College, Durham; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 28, 1916, Rome. Further studies, 1916-1918. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Liverpool, 1918-1919. Faculty member of Ushaw College, 1918-1930. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, October 28, 1930. Rector of the Venerable English College, Rome, 1930-1938. Member of the Pontifical Commission to Malta, 1935. Member of the pontifical delegation to the coronation of King George VI of England in May 1937. Apostolic visitor to the seminaries and ecclesiastical colleges of England, Wales, and Malta, 1938.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Cio and appointed apostolic delegate to Great Britain, Gibraltar, Malta, and Bermuda, November 21, 1938. Consecrated, December 21, 1938, chapel of the Venerable English College, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Carlo Rossi, O.C.D., secretary of the S.C. Consistorial, assisted by Luigi Traglia, titular archbishop of Cesarea in Palaestina, vice-gerent of Rome, and by Ralph Leo Hayes, titular bishop of Gerapoli. Chargé d'affaires of the Holy See in Poland in 1943. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Liverpool, November 10, 1953. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Westminster, December 3, 1956.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1958; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo, December 18, 1958. Attended the first session of the Second Vatican Council, 1962.

Death. January 22, 1963, London. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Westminster, London.

Link. His portrait and biography, in English.

GOMÁ TOMÁS, Isidro (1869-1940)

Birth. August 19, 1869, La Riba, archdiocese of Tarragona, Spain. Fourth of the nine children of José Gomá Pedrol and María Tomás Bosch; the other siblings were Teresa, José (who died at three), José, Ignacio, María, Isabel, Marceliana and Matías.

Education. Seminary of Montblanch, Montblanch; Seminary of Tarragona, Tarragona; Pontifical University of Tarragona, Tarragona (doctorates in philosophy and canon law); University of Valencia, Valencia (doctorate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 8, 1895, Tarragona, by Archbishop Tomás Costa y Fornaguera of Tarragona. Celebrated his first mass in La Riba. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Tarragona, 1895-1897, first, as coadjutor of the parish "del Carmen" in Valls; and later, was economous in Montbrió del Campo. Professor of Latin at the Seminary of Tarragona, 1897-1899; its rector, 1899-1906. Canon, by opposition, of the cathedral chapter of Tarragona, 1907; later, provisor and metropolitan judge, 1908-1927.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tarazona, June 20, 1927. Consecrated, October 2, 1927, cathedral of Tarragona, by Cardinal Francisco de Asís Vidal y Barraquer, archbishop of Tarragona, assisted by Valentín Comellas y Santamaría, titular bishop of Amata, apostolic administrator of Solsona, and by Manuel Irurita y Almandoz, bishop of Lériva; entered the diocese on October 17, 1927. Apostolic administrator of Tudela, December 1927-June 1933. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo, April 12, 1933. Apostolic administrator of Tarazona, June 1933 to July 1935.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1935; received the red hat and the title of S. Pietro in Montorio, December 19, 1935. Strongly supported the National Movement during Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII. Elected member de número of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language at the beginning of 1940.

Death. August 22, 1940, at 11:15 p.m., archiepiscopal palace of Toledo. Exposed in the Salón de Concilios of the archiepiscopal residence (1). The funeral was celebrated in the metropolitan and primatial cathedral of Toledo, by Gaetano Cicognani, titular archbishop of Ancira, nuncio in Spain; attended by the auxiliary bishop and apostolic administrator of Toledo, Gregorio Modrego; the archbishop of Granada; and the bishops of Mardid-Alcalá, Salamanca, Málaga, Coria, León and Kuwtno (Poland). Buried, Sunday August 25, 1940, at 11 a.m., on the side of the Gospel in the chapel of the Virgen del Sagrario in the metropolitan cathedral of Toledo; his tomb is very near the one of Cardinal Bernardo de Rojas y Sandoval. Shortly after, his red hat was hung over the tomb; and later, a bronze plaque was placed near by (2).

Bibliography. Archivo Gomá : documentos de la Guerra Civil. Edicisn de José Andrés-Gallego y Antón M. Pazos.Madrid : Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2001- . Contents: 1. Julio-diciembre de 1936 / con la colaboración de Carlos Carrascal del Solar y José Manuel Martínez Jiménez -- 2. Enero de 1937 / con la colaboración de Santiago María Barroso Sánchez-Lafuente -- 3. Febrero de 1937 / con la colaboración de Santiago María Barroso Sánchez-Lafuente -- 4. Marzo 1937 / con la colaboración de Santiago María Barroso Sánchez-Lafuente -- 5. Abril-mayo de 1937 / con la colaboración de Joaquín María Usunariz Belber. Other title: Documentos de la Guerra Civil; Ayers, Rachel Joy. Defending the rebellion : Cardinal Gomá y Tomás, the Catholic Church, and the Spanish civil war. Dissertation: Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2005; Azpilikoeta, de ; Gomá y Tomás, Isidro ; Aguirre y Lecube, José Antonio de. The Basque problem, as seen by Cardinal Goma and President Aguirre. New York : Basque Archives, 1938. Note : "Letters and documents, which have passed between Cardinal Goma and President Aguirre, and the commentaries which their interesting contents have suggested". Responsibility: by Dr. de Azpilikoeta; Casañas Guasch, Luis; Sobrino Vázquez, Pedro. El Cardenal Gomá : pastor y maestro, 1869-1940. 2 vols. Toledo : Estudio Teológico de San Ildefonso, Seminario Conciliar, 1983; Comas, Ramón. Gomà-Vidal i Barraquer : dues visions antagòniques de l'Església del 1939. Barcelona : Editorial Laia, 1974. (Les Eines, 7. Sèrie Assaig); Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 89; Granados, Anastasio. El cardenal Gomá; primado de España. Madrid : Espasa-Calpe, 1969; Homenaje al eminentísimo doctor D. Isidro Gomá y Tomás cardenal primado de España en el centenario de su nacimiento, 1870-1970. Barcelona : Sección de Prensa de la Diputación Provincial, 1971; Lobo, Leocadio. Primate and priest. London : Press Dept. of the Spanish Embassy, 1937. Note : "A reply to the martyrdom of Spain, a pastoral letter of His Eminence Señor d. Isidro Gomá y Tomás"; Rodríguez Aisa, María Luisa. El cardenal Gomá y la guerra de España : aspectos de la gestión pública del Primado, 1936-1939.Madrid : Instituto Enrique Flórez, C.S.I.C., 1981. (Monografías de historia eclesiástica ; v. 10); Zumeta, Angel de ; Gomá y Tomás, Isidro ; Aguirre y Lecué, José Antonio de. Un cardenal español y los católicos vascos : la conciencia cristiana ante la guerra de la Península Ibérica. Bilbao : Publicaciones Minerva, 1937. Contents: Prólogo / V. de Uriondo --Introducción-- 1st. pt. [Comentario sobre El caso de España] -- 2nd pt. [Comentario sobre Respuesta obligada. carta abierta al sr. d. José Antonio de Aguirre, Bilbao -- El caso de España / Cardenal Arzobispo de Toledo -- Discurso del presidente del gobierno de Euzkadi, el dma 22 de diciembre de 1936 / José Antonio de Aguirre -- Respuesta obligada, carta abierta / José Antonio Aguirre.

Link. Portrait and biography, in Spanish.

(1) It is traditional in Toledo that the body of the dead cardinals be taken on the 14th century stretcher that was used to transport the body of Cardinal Gil de Albronoz from Italy to Toledo; the funeral procession follows the same path of the procession of Corpus Christi bu in reverse order. All of this was observed in the funeral of Cardinal Gomá.
(2) This is the text of the inscription on the plaque, taken from Granados, El cardenal Gomá; primado de España, p. 271-272:

GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN, Marcelo (1918-2004)

Birth. January 16, 1918, Villanubla, archdiocese of Valladolid, Spain. Son of Marcelo González, a small merchant; and Costanza Martín.

Education. Seminary of Valladolid, Valladolid; Pontifical University of Comillas, Comillas (theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1941, Valladolid. Successively, 1941-1960, faculty member of the Seminary of Valladolid; faculty member of the University of Valladolid; pastoral work in the archdiocese of Valladolid and several dioceses of Spain; diocesan chaplain of the Catholic Action; delegate of "Caritas"; founder of "Patronato de San Pedro Regalado" for construction of houses for poor families; canon of the cathedral chapter; and synodal judge. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, March 24, 1960.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Astorga, December 31, 1960. Consecrated, March 5, 1961, cathedral of Valladolid, by Ildebrando Antoniutti, titular archbishop of Sinnada di Frigia, nuncio in Spain, assisted by Luis Almarcha Hernández, bishop of León, and by José María Cirarda Lachiondo, titular bishop of Drusiliana, auxiliary of Sevilla. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to titular archbishop of Case Mediane and appointed coadjutor of Barcelona, with right of succession, February 21, 1966. Archbishop of Barcelona, January 7, 1967. Attended the I Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo, December 3, 1971. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Agostino, March 5, 1973. Participated in the conclave of August 25-26, 1978. Participated in the conclave of October 14-16, 1978. Attended the I Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 - 9, 1979. Special papal envoy to the 4th centennial celebration of the founding of the English College, Valladolid, Spain, December 10, 1989; to the 5th centennial celebration of the Treaty of Tordesilla, Valladolid, Spain, June 7, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, June 23, 1995. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 16, 1998.

Death. August 25, 2004, at 7:50 p.m., in Fuentes de Nava, Palencia, Spain. Buried in the chapel of San Ildefonso, in front of the tomb of Cardinal Gil Álvarez de Albornoz (+ August 23, 1367), in the metropolitan and primatial cathedral of Toledo.

Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985 . Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 122.

GONZÁLEZ ZUMÁRRAGA, Antonio José (1925-

Link. Photograph biographical entry, in Spanish.

GOUVEIA, Teodósio Clemente de (1889-1962)

Birth. May 13, 1889, at 8 a.m., São Jorge, Madeira, diocese of Funchal, Portuguese Africa. Son of Clemente Francisco de Gouveia and Ana Augusta Jardim, farmers. He was baptized on May 25, 1889, in the parish church of São Jorge, by Vicar José Calisto de Andrade; his godparents were Teodósio Francisco de Gouveia and Maria Rosa Jardim.

Education. Primary education in São Jorge; Seminary "Nossa Senhora da Encarnaçao", Funchal, October 4, 1905; the seminary was confiscated in October 1910 by the revolution; Claretians priests, directors of the seminary, took the students to the house of studies of the congregation in Paris 1912-1913; later, because of the German invasion they went to the Lazarist Seminary, Dax, France, 1914-1915 (philosophy and theology); joined the order in 1911; Seminary of Saint Sulpice, Paris; Institut Catholique, Paris (philosophy); left the order in 1915 and arrived in Rome on January 7, 1916; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1916-1919 (doctorates in theology and canon law); resided in the Colégio Português, Rome; School of Social Studies, Bergamo, 1920-1921 (licentiate in social sciences); University of Louvain, Louvain, 1921-1922 (licentiate in social sciences); returned to Madeira in 1922. Received the last two minor orders, exorcist and acolyte, May 12, 1918; the subdiaconate, November 1, 1918; and the diaconate, December 21, 1918, church of S. Andrea della Valle, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, Holy Saturday April 19, 1919, patriarchal Lateran basilica, by Cardinal Basilio Pompilj, vicar of Rome and archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran basilica; celebrated his first mass on Easter Sunday April 20, 1919 in the patriarchal Vatican basilica. Secretary of the ecclesiastical chamber of the diocese of Funchal and faculty member of its seminary; director of Boletim Diocesano da Madeira, 1922-1929. Vice-rector of the Pontifical Portuguese College, Rome, March 1929-1934; rector, March 1934-1936. Rector of the church of S. Antonio dei Portughesi, Rome, 1931-1936. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, November 26, 1931. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 23, 1934.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Leuce and appointed prelate nullius of Moçambique, Portuguese Africa, May 18, 1936. Consecrated, July 9, 1936, church of S. Antonio dei Portughesi, Rome, by Cardinal Raffaele Carlo Rossi, O.C.D., secretary of S.C. Consistorial, assisted by Ernesto Senna de Oliveira, titular archbishop of Mitilene, auxiliary of Lisbon, president of the Central Board of the Portuguese Catholic Action, and by Ildebrando Antoniutti, titular archbishop of Sinnada de Frigia, apostolic delegate in Albania. Decorated with the grand cross of the Ordem da Cristo, 1939. Promoted to the newly erected archdiocese of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Moçambique, January 18, 1941.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, Februrary 22, 1946. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Decorated with the grand cross of the Ordem do Infante D. Henrique, 1961. He was the first cardinal from Moçambique.

Death. February 6, 1962, at 3:45 p.m., in São Vicente archiepiscopal palace, Lourenço Marques. He was exposed in the palace until the following day at 5 p.m., when the body was transferred to the metropolitan cathedral of "Nossa Senhora da Conceição"; the funeral took place on February 8, 1962 at 10 a.m., in that cathedral, where he was buried, behind the main altar, in a plain tomb marked only with his arms, according to his will.

Bibliography. Veloso, Agostinho. D. Teodósio Clemente de Gouveia; paladino do Portugal ao serviço de Deus. 2 vols. Lisbon : Agencia-Geral do Ultramar, 1965.

GOUYON, Paul (1910-2000)

Birth. October 24, 1910, Bordeaux, France. His baptismal name was Paul-Joseph-Marie.

Education. University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux; Seminary of Bordeaux, Bordeaux; Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Institut Catholique, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, March 13, 1937. Further studies, 1937-1939. In the French Army during the Second World War, 1939-1940. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Bordeaux: pastor of Montussan and of Beychac (1940-1944); chaplain of the lycée Michel-Montaigne, in Bordeaux (1944-1951); and vicar general, in charge of the direction of Works (1951). Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 6, 1955.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Bayonne, August 6, 1957. Consecrated, October 7, 1957, cathedral of Saint-André, Bordeaux, by Paul-Marie-André Richaud, archbishop of Bordeaux, assisted by Joseph-Marie-Eugène Martin, archbishop of Rouen, and by Louis Jean Guyot, bishop of Coutances et Avranches. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to titular archbishop of Pessinonte and appointed coadjutor of Rennes, with right of succession, August 6, 1963. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Rennes, September 4, 1964.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of Natività di Natività di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo in via Gallia, April 30, 1969. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. National president of the association Pax Christi. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, October 15, 1985. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 24, 1990.

Death. September 26, 2000, Bordeaux. Buried in the cemetery of the Mother House of the Little Sisters of the Poor in Saint-Pern.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 321-322.

Link. His episcopal lineage, in English.

GRACIAS, Valerian (1901-1978)

Birth. October 23, 1901, Karachi, India (now Pakistan). Son of José and Carlota Gracias; his father died in 1902. He had a older sister, Pauline. He was baptized, confirmed and received first communion at St. Parick's church, Karachi.

Education. St. Patrick's High School, Karachi; St. Joseph ISeminary of Mangalore, Mangalore, 1918-1921 (rhetoric, oratory and philosophy); Pontifical Seminary of Kandy, Ceylon, 1921-1926 (doctorate in theology); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, November 1927-1929 (magister aggregatus).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 3, 1926, Kandy. Pastoral work in the church of St. Peter, Bandra, 1926-1927. Further studies in Rome, 1927-1929. Secretary to Joachim Lima, S.J., archbishop of Bombay, and chancellor of the archdiocese, August 1929-1937. Preacher in Bombay, other dioceses of India and Burma. From 1937-1946, in Bombay, pastoral work in the archdiocese of Bombay, advisor to the Catholic Students' Union, editor of Messenger of the Sacred Heart, 1935-1942; member of the editorial board of Clergy Monthly; and co-editor of The Examiner, 1938-1939. First Indian rector of the pro-cathedral of the Holy Name, Bombay, December 1941.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tenneso and appointed auxiliary of Bombay, May 16, 1946. Consecrated, June 29, 1946, church of St. Peter, Bombay, by Thomas D. Roberts, S.J., archbishop of Bombay, assisted by Victor Fernandes, bishop of Mangalore, and by Thomas Pothacamury, bishop of Bangalore. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bombay, December 4, 1950. He was present at the solemn proclamation of the dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virign Mary in body and soul to heavens, Rome, December 8, 1950.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in via Lata, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, January 15, 1953. President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India, 1954-1972. Papal legate to the Marian Congress of Eastern India, Bombay, November 18, 1954; to the Eucharistic Congress of Birmania, Rangoon, December 25, 1955. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. On January 26, 1966, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the nation's second highest distinction, by President Radhakrishnan. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; one of the three presidents delegate of the assembly. Did not participate in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I, because of illness. He was the first cardinal from India.

Death. September 11, 1978, Bombay. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of the Holy Name, Bombay.

Bibliography. De Souza, Dento S. India's first cardinal: Highlights in the life of Valerian Cardinal Gracias. Bombay : Examiner Press, 1971.

GRANITO PIGNATELLI DI BELMONTE, Gennaro (1851-1948)

Birth. April 10, 1851, Naples, Italy. Son of Angelo Granito, 4th marquis of Castellabate, and Paolina Francesca Pignatelli e Aymerich, 7th princess di Belmonte and 9th duchess of Acerenza. Received the sacrament of confirmation, September 6, 1871.

Education. Collegio Mondragone, Naples; private tutoring, Naples (doctorate in theology). Adscribed to the Neapolitan clergy, March 2, 1878.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1879, Naples. Secretary to the cardinal archbishop of Naples, 1879-1886. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, April 4, 1884. Editor of La Libertá Cattolica, Naples, 1886-1891. Canon and archdiocesan official of Naples, 1891-1892. Staff member of the S.C. for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, 1892. Attaché in the nunciature in France, 1893-1896. Member of the papal mission to the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, 1896; to the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1897. Auditor of Cardinal Guglielmo Sanfelice D'Acquavilla, O.S.B.Cas., archbishop of Naples; later, pro-secretary of the archiepiscopal visitations. Counselor of the nunciature in France, 1897-1899; chargé d'affaires, 1899.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Edessa di Osrhoëne, November 17, 1899. Consecrated, November 26, 1899, chapel of the Sisters of S. Anna, in via Merulana, Rome, by Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, secretary of State, assisted by Casimiro Gennari, titular archbishop of Lepanto, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office, and by Carlo Caputo, titular archbishop of Nicomedia. Nuncio in Belgium, December 5, 1899. Special papal envoy to the funeral of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1901. Nuncio in Austria-Hungary, with faculties of legate a latere, January 15, 1904. Resigned nunciature, January 6, 1911. Special papal envoy to the coronation of King George V of Great Britain, June 1911.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, November 30, 1911. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1911. Named papal legate to the International Eucharistic Congress of Lourdes, France, July 12, 1914. Participated in the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, December 6, 1915. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, December 4, 1916 until March 10, 1919. Papal legate to the celebrations in honor of Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc, Orléans, France, May 8, 1921. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Papal legate to the National Eucharistic Congress, Palermo, Italy, August 6, 1924. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 25, 1929. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Ostia, proper of the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, retaining the suburbicarian see of Albano, July 9, 1930. Prefect of the S.C. Ceremonial, July 14, 1930. Named legate a latere to the opening of the Holy Door at the basilica of San Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, March 13, 1933; to its closing, March 5, 1934. Grand prior of the Sovereign Order of Malta in Roma from 1937 until his death. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. February 16, 1948, Vatican City. Buried, in the tomb of the Capuchin friars, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome. Last surviving cardinal of Pope St. Pius X.

Bibliography. Ilario, da Teano. Il cardinale Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte. Teano : D'Amico, 1957.

Link. Biography, in German; portrait and biography, in English.

GRANO, Carlo (1887-1976)

Birth. October 14, 1887, Rome, Italy.

Education. Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome (philosophy, theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 14, 1912, Rome, Giuseppe Cepetelli, titular Latin patriarch of Constantinople, vice-gerent of Rome. Pastoral work in the diocese of Rome, 1912-1920. Pontifical ceremonery supernumerary, January 23, 1920. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1923-1945; chief of protocol, 1945-1953; substitute and secretary of ciphering, 1953-1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tessalonica and appointed nuncio in Italy, December 13, 1958. Consecrated, December 27, 1958, Rome, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Girolamo Bartolomeo Bortignon, O.F.M.Cap., bishop of Padua, and by Gioacchino Muccin, bishop of Feltre e Belluno. In the same ceremony were consecrated Cardinal Domenico Tardini, secretary of State; and future cardinals Angelo Dell'Acqua, titular archbishop of Chalcedonia, substitute of the Secretariat of State; Giuseppe Ferretto, titular archbishop of Sardica, assessor of the S.C. Consistorial and secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals; and Mario Casariego y Acevedo, C.R.S., titular bishop of Pudenziana and auxiliary of Guatemala. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Marcello, July 15, 1967. Lost his right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years of age, January 1, 1971.

Death. April 2, 1976, Rome. Buried in the church of S. Marcello, Rome.

GRAY, Gordon Joseph (1910-1993)

Birth. August 10, 1910, Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the third child of Frank Gray and Angela Jane Oddy; the other two were Josephine and George. His uncle, Canon John Alan Gray, was the first one who approached him about the priesthood.

Education. Holy Cross Academy, Edinburgh; Saint Joseph's Junior College Seminary, Mark Cross, East Sussex, 1927-July 1929; Saint John's Seminary, Wonersh, Southwark, England, September 1929-1935. He received the minor orders, the subdiaconate and the diaconate from Peter Emanuel Amigo, bishop of Southwark. Saint Andrews University, Saint Andrews, 1936-1939 (honors; he was the first Catholic priest to graduate since the Reformation); Strawbridge Hill College of Education, London, 1939; his studies were interrupted by the Second World War.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 15. 1935, St. Mary's metropolitan cathedral, Edinburgh, by Andrew Joseph McDonald, O.S.B., archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, 1935-1947. Rector of Saint Mary's College, Blairs, Aberdeen, 1947-1951.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, June 20, 1951. Consecrated, September 21, 1951, St. Mary's metropolitan cathedral, Edinburgh, by William Godfrey, titular archbishop of Cio, apostolic delegate in Great Britain, assisted by James Donald Scanlan, bishop of Dunkeld, and by Edward Wilson Douglas, bishop of Motherwell. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of S. Chiara a Vigna Clara, April 30, 1969. President of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979. Special papal envoy to the centennial celebrations of Fort Augustus Abbey, Scotland, July 11, 1981. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 30, 1985. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, August 10, 1990. First cardinal resident of Scotland since the assassination of Cardinal David Beaton, archbishop of Saint Andrews, in 1546.

Death. July 19, 1993, of a heart ailment, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. His body was exposed in Gillis College and in St. Mary's metropolitan cathedral. The funeral mass was celebrated by Keith Michael O'Brien, archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh. Buried in the crypt of St. Mary's metropolitan cathedral, Edinburgh.

Bibliography. Turnbull, Michael. Cardinal Gordon Joseph Gray : a biography. Edinburgh : Saint Andrew, 1994.

GRÉGOIRE, Paul (1911-1993)

Education. Initial studies in a local school, Verdun; Minor Seminary of St. Thérèse, Blainville (classics); Major Seminary, Montréal (licentiate in theology); University of Montréal, Montréal, 1939-1942 (doctorates in philosophy and history; licentiate in letters and diploma in pedagogy).

Priesthood. Ordained, May 22, 1937, Montréal. Professor at the Seminary of St. Thérèse, Blanville, 1937-1939. Further studies, Montréal, 1939-1942. Director of the Seminary of St. Thérèse, Blanville, 1942-1950; faculty member of the Secondary Normal School and at the Pedagogical Institute, Montréal, 1942-1950; chaplain of university students, Montréal, 1950-1961.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Curubi and appointed auxiliary of Montréal, October 26, 1961. Consecrated, December 27, 1961, Montréal, by Cardinal Paul-Emile Léger, P.S.S., archbishop of Montréal, assisted by Émilien Frenette, bishop of Saint-Jérôme, and by Percival Caza, titular bishop of Albule, coadjutor of Valleyfield. Vicar general of Montréal. Apostolic administrator, ad nutum Sanctæ Sedis, of Montréal, December 11, 1967. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Montréal, April 20, 1968. Doctor honoris causa, University of Montréal, 1969; and St. Michael's College, Winooski Park, Vermont, United States of America. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora del Ss.mo Sacramento e Ss. Martiri Canadesi, June 28, 1988. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, March 17, 1990. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 24, 1991. He dedicated his retirement years to work in charitable institutions such as Accueil Bonneau and Maison du Père.

Death. October 30, 1993, hospital of Notre Dame, Montréal, of a stomach cancer. The funeral was celebrated by Jean-Claude Turcotte, archbishop of Montréal on November 3, 1993. Buried, Bishops' Chapel, metropolitan cathedral, Montréal.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. Les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2002. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 503-505.

GRENTE, Georges-François-Xavier-Marie (1872-1959)

Birth. May 5, 1872, Percy, diocese of Coutances, France.

Education. University of Paris School of Law; Major Seminary of Coutances, Coutances; Institut Catholique, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 29, 1895. Faculty member of the Minor Seminary of Mortain, 1895-1903. Director of the diocesan college of Saint Lo, 1903-1916. Superior of Saint Paul Institute, Cherbourg, 1916-1918. Honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Coutances, 1917.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Le Mans, January 30, 1918. Consecrated, April 17, 1918, church of Notre Dame du Voeu, Cherbourg, by Cardinal Louis-Ernest Dubois, archbishop of Rouen, assisted by Claude Bardel, bishop of Sées, and by Joseph Guérard, bishop of Coutances. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, January 18, 1933. Archbishop ad personam, March 1943.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Bernardo alle Terme, January 15, 1953. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII.

Death. May 5, 1959, Le Mans. Buried in the cathedral of Le Mans.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 325-326; Guérande, Louis. Le Cardinal Grente, un prélat humaniste au XXe siècle; chroniques sur ses ouvrages et son action. Rennes : Impr. Bretonne, 1958.

GRIFFIN, Bernard William (1899-1956)

Birth. February 21, 1899, Birmingham, England. He was the twin son of William Griffin, a cycle manufacturer's manager, and his wife, Helen Swadkins.

Education. Cotton College, Staffordshire; Oscott College, Birmingham; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, November 1, 1924, Rome. Further studies, 1924-1927. Secretary to archbishop of Birmingham, 1927-1937. Successively, 1929-1938, chancellor of archdiocese of Birmingham, director of studies of Catholic Evidence Guild, and Catholic representative on religious advisory committee of British Broadcasting Corporation. Administrator of diocesan charitable homes, 1937-1943.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Appia and appointed auxiliary of Birmingham, May 26, 1938. Consecrated, June 30, 1938, cathedral of Saint Chad, Birmingham, by Thomas Williams, archbishop of Birmingham, assisted by John Patrick Barrett, bishop of Plymouth, and by William Lee, bishop of Clifton. Promoted to metropolitan see of Westminster, December 18, 1943.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 18, 1946; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, February 22, 1946. Papal legate to centennial celebrations of restoration of Catholic Hierarchy in England, London, September 16, 1950.