The Baedeker's Guides, published by Karl Baedeker of
Leipzig, were among the most popular tourists guides of the turn of the
century. Filled with scholarly discourse, intense detail, and wonderfully
rendered street maps, the small red bound books were stunning in their
depth and comprehensiveness. They were focused on the traveller whose interest
leaned towards great works of art and architecture.
From the Foundation of Rome
to the fall of the Western Empire
Italy in the Middle Ages
15th Century
16th Century
17th Century
18th Century
19th Century
.
|
From the foundation
of Rome to the fall of the Western Empire
|
|
BC 754
|
Foundation of Rome. - Primitive population: In Central Italy:
Italic
peoples, embracing Latins, Umbrians and Oscans (Samnites),
and Etruscans.
In S. Italy: Lucanians, Bruttii, Siculi, and Greeks. In Upper
Italy: Ligurians, Gauls, and Venetians. |
|
260
|
First naval victory of the Romans under G. Duilius at Mylae,
in the First
Punic War. |
|
218-201
|
Second
Punic war. Hannibal's
victories
on the Ticinus and the Trebia (218), on Lake Trasimenus (217), at Cannae
(216). Defeat of Hasdrubal on the Metaurus (207). |
|
102-101
|
Marius conquers the Teutons at Aquae Sextiae, and the Cimbrians
at Vercellae. |
|
88-82
|
Civil war between Marius and Sulla. |
|
60
|
First
Triumvirate: Caesar,
Pompey,
Crassus |
|
49-48
|
Civil war
between Caesar and Pompey. |
|
44
|
Murder
of Caesar. Octavianus and Antony defeat the republicans Brutus and
Cassius at Philippi (42). |
|
43
|
Second
Triumvirate: Octavianus (in Italy), Mark
Antony (in Egypt), and Lepidus. |
|
30
|
Octavianus
Augustus sole ruler. Campaigns against the Parthians and the Germans. |
|
|
AD 14-68
|
Emperors of the Julian - Calusian dynasty: Tiberius (14-37:
campaigns of his adopted son Germanicus against the Germans; his favorite
L. Aelius Sejanus is prefect of the praetorian guard); Caligula(37-41),
Claudius (41-54), Nero
(54-68: first great persecution of the Christians, 64). |
|
68-69
|
Galba; Otho;
Vitellius |
|
69-96
|
Flavian dynasty: Vespasian (69-79; campaigns against
the Jews and the Batavians); Titus
(79-81); Domitian (81-96). |
|
96-180
|
Golden age of the Empire: Nerva (96-98); Trajan
(98-117; wars against the Dacians and the Parthians); Hadrian (117-138;
sanguinary suppression of the Jewish revolt); Antoninus Pius (138-161);
Marcus
Aurelius (161-180; war against the Marcomanni). |
|
180-284
|
Soldier-emperors: Commodus (180-192); Sept. Severus (193-211);
Caracalla
(211-217); Aemilian (253); Aurelian (270-275); Probus
(276-282). |
|
284-305
|
Diocletian(last
great persecution of the Christians). |
|
306-337
|
Constantine
the Great, resides chiefly at Milan; defeats his rival Maxentius
near the Mulvian Bridge, to the N. of Rome, 312; issues the toleration
Edict
of Milan, preparatory to the establishment of Christianity as the
state religion; sole ruler after 324. |
|
379-395
|
Theodosius; prohibits paganism; divides the empire between his
sons Honorius(395-432,
W. Roman emperor in Italy, transfers his residence to Ravenna in 402) and
Arcadius (E. Roman emperor at Byzantium). |
|
410
|
Sack of Rome by Alaric
the Visigoth. |
|
440-461
|
Pope Leo
I., the Great. |
|
452
|
Attilainvades
N. Italy. |
|
455
|
Rome pillaged by the Vandals. |
|
476
|
Romulus
Augustulus deposed by the Herulian chief Odoacer, who is
proclaimed king of Italy, but is defeated by the Ostrogoth Theodoric,
imprisoned at Ravenna, and murdered on the surrender of that city. |
|
Italy in the Middle
Ages
|
|
493-555
|
Empire of the Ostrogoths. Theodoric
the Great. |
|
535-555
|
War between the Ostrogoths (Totila, Teia) and the Byzantines
(Belisarius, Narses). |
|
555-568
|
Byzantine supremacy over the whole of Italy. |
|
568-774
|
Empire of the Lombards in North and Central Italy. |
|
590-604
|
Pope Gregory.,
the Great. |
|
727
|
The Lombard king Luitprand presents the town of Sutri to the
pope. |
|
754-756
|
The Frankish king Pepinmarches
into Italy against the Lombards and Byzantines, securing papal supremacy
in Rome. |
|
800
|
Charlemagne
crowned emperor by Pope Leo III. |
|
809 (811)
|
The wars against King Pepin, son of Charlemagne, lead to the foundation
of Venice. |
|
962
|
Otho I. re-establishes the Western Empire. |
|
1056
|
Humbert I., Count of Savoy. |
|
1073-1087
|
Pope Gregory
VII (Hildebrand). |
|
1073-1085
|
Conflict between the German King Henry IV. and Gregory VII.
The Investiture dispute. |
|
1077
|
Henry IV. and Gregory VII. at Canossa. |
|
1106-1125
|
Emp. Henry V. Renewal and termination of the Investiture dispute. |
|
1152-1190
|
Emp. Frederick I. (Barbarossa). |
|
1154-1155
|
Barbarossa's campaign against the Lombard towns. Crowned emperor at
Rome. Arnold of Brescia. |
|
1158-1162
|
Barbarossa's second Italian war. Milan destroyed. |
| 1159-1181 |
Pope Alexander
III. |
|
1166-1168
|
Barbarossa's third Italian campaign. Defeat at Legnano. He meets Pope
Alexander at Venice. |
|
1183
|
Peace of Constance between Barbarossa and the Lombards. |
|
1190-1197
|
Emp. Henry VI. Annexation of Apulia and Sicily. |
|
1198-1216
|
Pope Innocent
III. |
|
1212-1250
|
Emp.
Frederick II. |
|
1237
|
Victory of Frederick II. over the Lombards at Cortenuova. |
|
1250-1254
|
Emp. Conrad IV. |
|
1259
|
Mastino della Scala, Podesta of Verona. |
|
1260
|
Battle of Montaperti. Victory of the Ghibellines at Florence. |
|
1266
|
Charles of Anjou conquers Naples and Sicily, as a sequel to
the defeat of Manfred at Benevento. |
|
1268
|
Conradin is defeated at Scurcola and executed at Naples. |
|
1266-1442
|
The Angevin Dynasty at Naples. |
|
1282
|
Expulsion of the French from Sicily (Sicilian
Vespers). Sicily falls to Aragon. - Rule of the guilds (Priori,
Gonfalionere) at Florence. |
|
1294
|
Supremacy of the Visconti at Milan. |
|
1297
|
The Venetian noblesse becomes hereditary. |
|
1305
|
Pope Clement
V. leaves Rome; Avignon, papal residence. |
| 1312-1329 |
Can Grande della Scala at Verona. |
|
1342
|
Overthrow of the Constitution at Florence. Rule of Count Walter
of Brienne, Duke of Athens. |
|
1343
|
Oligarchy of the rich mercantile families at Florence. |
|
1352
|
The Venetians under Andrea Dandolo defeat the Genoese. |
|
1377
|
Return of Gregory
XI. to Rome. |
|
1378
|
Mob-rule at Florence ('Timulto di Ciompi'); then patrician rule of
the Albizzi. |
|
1379
|
The Venetians defeat the Genoese in the lagoons at Chioggia. |
|
1387
|
Gian Galeazzo Visconti captures Verona. |
|
Italy in the 15th Century
|
|
Rome and the Popes
|
|
Piedmont, Milan, Venice, Tuscany, Naples
|
|
|
|
1405
|
Venice gains Verona and Padua. |
|
|
|
1406
|
Florence captures Pisa. |
|
|
|
1411
|
Florence annexes Cortona. |
|
|
|
1416
|
Amadeo VII of Savoy created a duke by Emperor Sigismund (in
1439 elected Anti-Pope, 'Felix', by the council of Bâle). |
|
|
|
1421
|
Florence takes Leghorn. |
| 1431 |
Eugene
IV. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1434
|
Cosimo, son of Giovanni de'Medici, who had been expelled
by the Albizzi, returns to Florence. |
|
|
|
1434-1537 |
Elder branch of the Medici at Florence: Cosimo
the Elder (1434-64); Piéro de' Medici (1464-69):
Lorenzo
the Magnificent (1469-92). |
|
|
|
1442-1496 |
Naples ruled by the House of Aragon. |
| 1447 |
Nicholas
V. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1450-1535 |
The Sforzas reign in Milan. |
| 1455 |
Calixtus
III. (Alfonso Borgia of Játiva in Spain). |
|
|
|
| 1458 |
Pius II.
(Aeneas
Silvius Piccolomini of Pienza) |
|
|
|
| 1464 |
Paul II. |
|
|
|
| 1471 |
Sixtus IV.
(Francesco
della Róvere of Albissola) |
|
1471
|
The Este family dukes of Ferrara. |
| 1484 |
Innocent
VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo of Genoa) |
|
|
|
| 1492 |
Alexander
VI. (Rodrigo Borgia of Játiva in Spain). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1494
|
Piero de' Medici defeated by Charles VIII. of France. |
|
|
|
1498
|
Girolamo Savanarola burnt as a heretic. |
|
Italy in the 16th Century
|
|
Rome and the Popes
|
|
Piedmont, Milan, Venice, Tuscany, Naples
|
|
|
|
1502
|
Piero Soderini elected Gonfalionere at Florence. |
| 1503 |
Pius III.
(Francesco
Piccolomini of Siena).
Julius II.
(Giuliano
della Róvere of Albissola). |
|
1503-1707 |
Naples under the Spanish Viceroys. |
|
|
|
1512
|
Giovanni de' Medici (who became Pope Leo X. in 1513) and Giuliano
de' Medici reinstated in Florence by Spanish troops. |
| 1513 |
Leo X.
(Giuliano de' Medici of Florence) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1515
|
Francis I. of France secures Milan by his victory at Marignano. |
|
|
|
1519-1523 |
Giulio de' Medici (who became Pope Clement VII. in 1523) succeeds
Lorenzo at Florence. |
| 1522 |
Hadrian
VI (of Utrecht). |
|
1521-26, 1527-29
|
Wars in Italy between Charles V. and
Francis
I. |
| 1523 |
Clement
VII. (Giulio de' Medici of Florence) |
|
|
|
|
1525
|
Battle of Pavia; Francis I. taken prisoner. |
| 1527 |
Sack of Rome by the unruly imperial troops under Charles of Bourbon,
who fell in the attack (Sacco di Roma). |
|
1527
|
Expulsion of the Medici from Florence. |
|
|
|
1530
|
Florence taken by the imperial troops. Alessandro de' Medici made
hereditary duke. |
| 1534 |
Paul III.
(Alessandro
Farnese) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1535-1713
|
Milan under Spanish rule. |
|
|
|
1537
|
Murder of Duke Alessandro of Florence. |
|
|
|
1537-1564
|
Cosimo
I., founds the younger branch of the Medici (ended 1737). |
| 1550 |
Julius III.
(Giovanni
Maria del Monte) |
|
| 1555 |
Marcellus
II.
Paul IV.
(Gian
Pietro Caraffa of Naples). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1558-1597
|
Alfonso II. of Ferrara. |
| 1559 |
Pius IV.
(Giovanni
Angelo de' Medici of Milan) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1564-1587
|
Francesco de' Medici, Duke, and (in 1569) Grand-Duke
of Florence. |
| 1566 |
Pius V.
(Antonio
Ghislieri of Piedimont) |
|
| 1572 |
Gregory
XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagni of Bologna) |
|
| 1582 |
Institution of the Gregorian Calendar. |
|
| 1585 |
Sixtus V.
(Felice
Peretti of the Marches) |
|
|
|
|
| 1590 |
Urban VII.
(Giambattista
Castagna of Rome)
Gregory
XIV. (Niccolo Sfondrati of Milan) |
|
|
|
| 1591 |
Innocent
IX. (Gianantonio Facchinetti of Bologna) |
|
|
|
| 1592 |
Clement
VIII. (Ippolito Aldobrandini of Florence) |
|
|
|
|
Italy in the 18th Century
|
|
Rome and the Popes
|
|
Piedmont, Milan, Venice, Tuscany, Naples
|
| 1700 |
Clement
XI. (Giovanni Francesco Albani) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1706
|
Battle of Turin. |
|
|
|
1707-1748
|
Naples under Austrian viceroys. |
|
|
|
1713
|
Vittorio Amedeo II. of Piedmont made king and receives Sicily. |
|
|
|
1713-1801
|
Milan under Austria. |
|
|
|
1718
|
Venice cedes Morea to Turkey (Treaty of Passarowitz). |
|
|
|
1720
|
Piedmont obtains Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. Vittorio Amedeo made
King of Sardinia. |
|
|
|
1720-73 |
Carlo Emanuele III., King of Sardinia. |
| 1721 |
Innocent
XIII. (Michelangelo de' Conti) |
|
| 1724 |
Benedict
XIII. (Vincenzo Maria Orsini) |
|
| 1730 |
Clement
XII. (Lorenzo Corsini) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1737-1801
|
Tuscany under Austria. Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Grand-Duke
of Tuscany (1737-65) |
| 1740 |
Benedict
XIV. (Prospero Lambertini) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1748-1860
|
Naples under the Bourbons. |
| 1758 |
Clement
XIII. (Carlo Rezzonico of Venice) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1765-90
|
Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany. |
| 1769 |
Clement
XIV. (Giovanni Antonio Ganganelli of Rimini) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1773-96
|
Vittorio Amedeo III., King of Sardinia |
| 1775 |
Pius VI.
(Giovanni
Angelo Braschi) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1790-1801
|
Ferdinand III., Grand Duke of Tuscany |
|
|
|
1796-1797
|
Bonaparte's victorious campaign in Italy. Peace of Campoformio.
Cisalpine and Ligurian Republic. |
|
|
|
1796-1802
|
Carlo Emanuele IV., King of Sardinia |
|
|
|
1797-1805
|
Venice under Austria. |
|
|
|
1799
|
The Repubblica Partenopea proclaimed at Naples. |
|
Italy in the 19th Century
|
|
Rome and the Popes
|
|
Piedmont, Milan, Venice, Tuscany, Naples
|
|
1800
|
Pius VII.
(Gregorio
Barnaba Chiaramonte of Cesena) |
|
1800
|
Victory of Bonaparte at Marengo. |
|
|
|
1801
|
Tuscany a republic, then kingdom of Etruria. |
|
|
|
1802-1821
|
Vittorio Emanuele I., King of Sardinia |
|
|
|
1805-1814
|
Kingdom of Italy erected, embracing Lombardy, Venetia, S. Tyrol,
and Istria, with Milan as capital (Napoleon king, Eugene Beauharnais
is viceroy). Piedmont, Genoa, Parma, and Tuscany ceded to France. |
|
|
|
1806-1808
|
Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples. |
|
|
|
1808-1815
|
Joachim Murat, King of Naples. |
|
1810
|
Abolition of the temporal power of the Pope. |
|
|
1810-1814
|
The States of the Church incorporated with the French Empire. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1814-1824
|
Ferdinand III. reinstated as grand-duke of Tuscany. |
|
|
|
1814
|
Lombardy, with Venice, regained by Austria. |
|
|
|
1816-1825
|
Ferdinand I., King of the Two Sicilies. |
|
|
|
1821-1831
|
Carlo Felice, King of Sardinia. With him the senior
branch of the House of Savoy becomes extinct. |
|
1823
|
Leo XII.
(Annibale
della Genga of Spoleto) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1824-1859
|
Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany. |
|
1829
|
Pius VIII.
(Francesco
Sav. Castiglioni of Cingoli) |
|
|
1831
|
Gregory
XVI. (Mauro Capellari of Belluno) |
|
1831-1849
|
Carlo Alberto (of the collateral branch of Carignano),
King of Sardinia. |
|
1846
|
Pius IX.
(Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti of Senigallia) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1848-1849
|
War between Sardinia and Austria. Carlo Alberto abdicates after his
defeat at Novara. |
|
|
|
1849
|
Vittorio Emanuele II., King of Sardinia |
|
|
|
1859
|
Napoleon III. and Victor Emanuele II. join forces against
Austria. Victories of Magenta and Solferino. Lombardy is awarded to Sardinia. |
|
|
|
1860
|
Savoy and Nice ceded to France. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, most of the
States of the Church, and Naples joined to Sardinia. With the consent of
the new parliament, Victor Emmanuel on 10th March, 1861 takes the title
of 'King of Italy'. |
|
|
|
1866
|
War against Austria. Venice incorporated with Italy. |
|
|
|
1870
|
Rome becomes incorporated with the kingdom of Italy. |
|
1878
|
Leo XIII.
(Gioacchino Pecci of Carpineto) |
|
1878
|
Death of Victor Emanuele II - Umberto I., King. |
|
|
|
1900
|
King Humbert assassinated; succeeded by Vittorio Emanuele III.,
b.
1869 (m. Elena, Princess of Montenegro, b. 1873). |
|
1903
|
Pius X.
(Giuseppe
Sarto of Riese) |
|
|
|
|
