CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
1. Fibrous (syndesmoses)
1. Suture
2. Ligamentous
3. Gomphosis
2. Cartilaginous (synchondroses)
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrocartilaginous
3. Synovial
1. Gliding (plane)
2. Uniaxial (flexion-extension, axial rotation)
1. Hinge
2. Pivot
3. Biaxial (flexion-extension/abduction-adduction-circumduction)
1. Condyloid
2. Ellipsoid
4. Multiaxial (flexion-extension/abduction-adduction-medial-lateral rotation)
1. Ball and Socket
2. Saddle
Other actions:
1. Hyperextension
2. Elevation-depression
3. Protraction-retraction
4. Pronation-supination
5. Inversion-eversion
6. Dorsiflexion-plantar flexion
JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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Synovia |
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Syndesmoses |
Synchondroses |
Uniaxial |
Biaxial |
Multiaxial |
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S |
G |
L |
H |
F |
H |
P |
C |
E |
P |
S |
B+S |
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Atlanto-occipital |
X |
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Occipito-axial |
(X) |
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Lat. atlanto-axial |
X |
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Med. atlanto-axial |
X |
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Intracentral |
X |
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Intercentral |
X |
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Interarticular |
X |
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Supraspinous |
(X) |
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Interspinous |
(X) |
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Intertransverse |
(X) |
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Lig. Flava |
(X) |
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Sacrococcygeal |
X |
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Sacro-iliac |
X |
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Costo-central |
X |
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Costo-transverse |
X |
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PECTORAL LIMB SYNOVIAL JOINT CLASSIFICATION
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JOINT
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UNIAXIAL
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BIAXIAL
|
MULTIAXIAL
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| . |
H
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P
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C
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E
|
P
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S
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B+S
|
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| Sternoclavicular |
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
(x)
|
x
|
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| Acromioclavicular |
x
|
x
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.
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.
|
x
|
x
|
(x)
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| Glenohumeral |
x
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.
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.
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.
|
x
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.
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.
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| Humero-ulnar |
x
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.
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.
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.
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.
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| Radio-ulnar (proximal + distal) |
x
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.
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.
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| Humero-radial |
x
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| Radiocarpal |
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| Intercarpal |
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| (Midcarpal) |
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| CM (I) |
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| CM (II - V) |
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| MCP (I) |
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| MCP (II - V) |
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| IP (I) |
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| PIP (II - V) |
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| DIP (II - V) |
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CLAVICULO-SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
ELEVATION |
Trapezius (upper) Levator Scapulae |
Spinal Accessory C3, 4 (dorsal scapular) |
|
DEPRESSION |
Trapezius (lower) Pectoralis Minor Subclavius |
Spinal Accessory Medial Pectoral N. to Subclavius |
|
ABDUCTION (PROTRACTION) |
Serratus Anterior |
Long Thoracic |
|
ADDUCTION (RETRACTION) |
Trapezius (middle) Rhomboids |
Spinal Accessory Dorsal Scapular |
|
UPWARD ROTATION |
Trapezius (whole) Serratus Anterior |
Spinal Accessory Long Thoracic |
|
DOWNWARD ROTATION |
Levator Scapulae Rhomboids Pectoralis Minor |
C3, 4 (dorsal scapular) C4, 5 (dorsal scapular) Medial Pectoral |
SHOULDER JOINT
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Pectoralis major Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Deltoid (clavicular head) |
Pectoral Musculocutaneous Musculocutaneous Axillary |
|
EXTENSION |
Latissimus dorsi Triceps (long head) Deltoid (spinal head) Teres major |
Thoracodorsal Radial Axillary Subscapular (lower) |
|
ABDUCTION |
Supraspinatus Deltoid (acromial head) (Biceps - long head) |
Suprascapular Axillary Musculocutaneous |
|
ADDUCTION |
Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Coracobrachialis Triceps (long head) Teres major |
Pectoral Thoracodorsal Musculocutaneous Radial Subscapular (lower) |
|
MEDIAL ROTATION |
Pectoralis major Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Teres major Deltoid (clavicular head) |
Pectoral Subscapular Thoracodorsal Subscapular (lower) Axillary |
|
LATERAL ROTATION |
Infraspinatus Deltoid (spinal head) Teres minor |
Suprascapular Axillary Axillary |
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
STABILIZERS (ROTATOR CUFF) |
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis |
Suprascapular Suprascapular Axillary Subscapular |
ELBOW JOINT(S)
|
ACTIONS
|
MUSCLES
|
NERVES
|
|
FLEXION |
Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Pronator teres |
Musculocutaneous Musculocutaneous Radial Median |
|
EXTENSION |
Triceps brachii Anconeus |
Radial Radial |
|
PRONATION |
Pronator teres Pronator quadratus (Brachioradialis) |
Median Median Radial |
|
SUPINATION |
Biceps brachii Supinator (Brachioradialis) |
Musculocutaneous Radial Radial |
WRIST JOINT
|
ACTIONS
|
MUSCLES
|
NERVES
|
|
FLEXION |
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Abductor pollicis longus |
Median Ulnar Median Radial |
|
EXTENSION |
Extensor carpi radialis (longus + brevis) Extensor carpi ulnaris |
Radial Radial |
|
ABDUCTION |
Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis (longus + brevis) Abductor pollicis longus |
Median Radial Radial |
|
ADDUCTION |
Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris |
Ulnar Radial |
TRAPEZIO-METACARPAL JOINT
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Flexor Pollicis Longus Flexor Pollicis Brevis |
Median Median (recurrent) + Ulnar |
|
EXTENSION |
Ext. Pollicis Longus Ext. Pollicis Brevis |
Radial |
|
ABDUCTION |
Abductor Pollicis Longus Abductor Pollicis Brevis |
Radial Median (recurrent) |
|
ADDUCTION |
Adductor Pollicis |
Ulnar |
|
OPPOSITION |
Opponens Pollicis (plus abductors, adductors and flexors) |
Median (recurrent) |
|
REPOSITION |
Abductor Pollicis Longus; Ext. Pollicis Longus Ext. Pollicis Brevis |
Radial |
MCP ( I )
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Flexor Pollicis Brevis Adductor Pollicis Flexor Pollicis Longus |
Median (recurrent) Ulnar Median |
|
EXTENSION |
Ext. Pollicis Longus Ext. Pollicis Brevis |
Radial |
IP ( I )
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Flexor Pollicis Longus |
Median |
|
EXTENSION |
Extensor Pollicis Longus |
Radial |
MCP (II - V)
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Interossei (palmar + dorsal)! Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus Lumbricals Flexor Digiti Minimi |
Ulnar (deep) Median Median (II + III) Ulnar (IV+ V) Median (II + III) Ulnar (IV + V) Ulnar |
|
EXTENSION |
Extensor Digitorum Communis Extensor Indicis Extensor Digiti Minimi |
Radial Radial Radial |
|
ABDUCTION |
Dorsal Interossei (4) Abductor Digiti Minimi (V) |
Ulnar Ulnar |
|
ADDUCTION |
Palmar Interossei (3) |
Ulnar |
PIP (II - V)
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis |
Median |
|
EXTENSION |
Interossei (dorsal + palmar) Lumbricals! |
Ulnar Median (II + III) Ulnar (IV + V) |
DIP (II - V)
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Flexor Digitorum Profundus |
Median (II + III) Ulnar (IV + V) |
|
EXTENSION |
Interossei (dorsal + palmar) Lumbricals! |
Ulnar Median (II + III) Ulnar (IV + V) |
SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF THE PECTORAL LIMB MUSCLES
|
MUSCLES
|
SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
|
|
Trapezius Spinal Accessory (XI)
|
|
| Pectoralis Major | C5, C6-C8, T1 |
| Pectoralis Minor | C8-T1 |
|
Subclavius
|
C5 |
|
Rhomboids - Levator
|
C5 |
|
Deltoid - Teres Minor - Spinati
|
C5 + 6 |
| Serratus Anterior | C6 + C7 |
| Subscapularis | C6 + C7 |
| Latissimus Dorsi | C6 + C7 |
|
Teres Major
|
C6 + C7 |
| Brachial Flexors | C5 + C6 |
|
Brachial Extensors
|
C7 + 8 |
| Antebrachial Flexors | C7 + C8 + T1 |
| Antebrachial Extensors | C6 + C7 |
|
Pollical Extensors
|
C7 + C8 |
| Thenar Muscles | C8 |
| Other Hand Muscles | T1 |
PELVIC LIMB SYNOVIAL JOINT CLASSIFICATION
|
JOINT
|
UNIAXIAL
|
BIAXIAL
|
MULTIAXIAL
|
||||
|
H |
P |
C |
E |
P |
S |
B+S |
|
|
Sacroiliac Interpubic* Femorocoxal Femorotibial Proximal Tibiofibular* Distal Tibiofibular * Tibio-Fibulo-Talar Mid-tarsal (Talo-navicular) (Calcaneo-cuboid) Intertarsal Tarsometatarsal Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal I PIP DIP |
(x) x x x x |
(x) |
x x x |
( x) |
x (x) |
||
HIP JOINT
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
FLEXION |
Tensor fascia lata Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Sartorius Pectineus (Adductors) |
Sup. gluteal Femoral Femoral + Obturator Obturator |
|
EXTENSION |
Gluteus maximus 3 Hamstrings Adductor magnus (ischial part) |
Inf. gluteal Tibial - Sciatic |
|
ABDUCTION |
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus (Tensor fascia lata) Piriformis |
Sup. gluteal N. to piriformis |
|
ADDUCTION |
Pectineus Gracilis Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus (pubic part) Gluteus maximus (GOGO muscles) (Quadratus femoris) |
Femoral + Obturator Obturator Inf. gluteal Individual nerves from L4 - S2 |
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
MEDIAL ROTATION |
Pectineus Upper adductor mass Glut. medius Glut. minimus Tensor fascia lata Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Add. mag. (ischial part) Iliopsoas (?) |
Obturator + Femoral Obturator Sup. gluteal Tibial - Sciatic Femoral |
|
LATERAL ROTATION |
Gluteus maximus Piriformis GOGO Muscles Quadratus femoris Iliopsoas (?) |
Inf. gluteal Individual nerves from L4 - S2 Femoral |
|
STABILIZERS |
Pectineus Piriformis GOGO muscles Quadratus femoris |
Femoral + Obturator N. to piriformis Individual nerves from L4 - S2 |
KNEE JOINT
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
EXTENSION |
Quadiceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius |
Femoral |
|
FLEXION |
Sartorius Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (long head) Popliteus (Gastrocnemius) (Plantaris) Biceps femoris (short head) |
Femoral Obturator Tibial - Sciatic Common Peroneal - Sciatic |
|
MEDIAL ROTATION |
Sartorius Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Popliteus |
Femoral Obturator Tibial - Sciatic |
|
LATERAL ROTATION |
Biceps femoris (long head) Biceps Femoris (short head) |
Tibial - Sciatic Common Peroneal - Sciatic |
ANKLE JOINT
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
EXTENSION |
Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum |
Deep peroneal |
|
FLEXION |
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris (Tibialis posterior) (Flexor hallucis longus) (Flexor digitorum longus) |
Tibial |
JOINTS OF INVERSION AND EVERSION
|
ACTIONS |
MUSCLES |
NERVES |
|
INVERSION |
Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior (Flexor hallucis longus) (Flexor digitorum longus) |
Deep peroneal Tibial |
|
EVERSION |
Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Extensor digitorum ("Peroneus tertius" slip) |
Superficial peroneal Deep peroneal |
SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF THE PELVIC LIMB MUSCLES
| MUSCLES | SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS |
|
Iliopsoas
|
L1 + L2 + L3 |
| Sartorius | L2 + L3 |
|
Quadriceps Femoris
|
L2 + L3 + L4 |
|
Adductors (Pectineus - Ob Ext.)
|
L2 + L3 + L4 |
| Gluteus Med., Min., and TFL | L4 + L5 + S1 |
|
Gluteus Maximus
|
L5 + S1 + S2 |
|
Short Lateral Rotators (Piiformis - Quad. Fem.)
|
L5 + S1 + S2 |
|
Hamstrings
|
L5 + S1 + S2 |
| Crural Extensors | L4 + L5 + S1 |
| Peronei | L5 + S1 + S2 |
| Super. Plantar Flexors | S1 + S2 |
|
Deep Plantar Flexors
|
L4 + L5 + S1 + S2 |
| Pedal Flexors | S2 + S3 |