(27) 1. PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, Lodovico (1668-1743)
Birth. December 9, 1668, Mirandola, diocese of Reggio Emilia. Of the family of the dukes della Mirandola.
Education. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law. (No further educational information found). Received the insignias of the clerical character, October 1, 1683.
Early life. After the French attacked his city, he escaped to Bologna, later to Rome, and finally to Vienna, where the emperor received and supported him. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, May 21, 1699 (1). Prefect of the Cubiculi of His Holiness, June 7, 1706.
Sacred orders. Received the subdiaconate (no further information found).
Episcopate. Elected titular patriarch of Constantinople, June 25, 1706, with dispensation for having only received the subdiaconate. Consecrated (no information found). Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, June 28, 1706. Prefect of the Apostolic Palace, October 24, 1707, and governor of Castelgandolfo, for a triennium.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of September 26, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, November 21, 1712. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 4, 1717. Transferred to the see of Senigallia, with title of archbishop, November 22, 1717. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Resigned government of the diocese, September 10, 1724. Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Prefect of the S.C. of Indulgences and Sacred Relics. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, April 24, 1728. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Resigned as archpriest. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Albano, April 9, 1731. Participated in the conclave of 1740, which elected Pope Benedict XIV. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, August 29, 1740. Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
Death. August 10, 1743, in his Roman palace next to the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli. Transferred to that church the following day, the capella papalis took place on August 12, 1743, and later, the body was taken to the new church of the archconfraternity of Santissimo Nome di Maria, Rome, and buried there, according to his will. His heart was buried in the church of S. Prassede, Rome.
Links. His genealogy, G8; and his tomb in the church of S. Prassede, Rome.
(1) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, V, 170, but Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VIII, 118, indicates that he was named in 1701 during the pontificate of Pope Clement XI and not by Pope Innocent XII.
(28) 2. DAVIA, Gianantonio (1660-1740)
Birth. October 23, 1660, Bologna. Baptized on that same day. His last name is also listed as D'Avia and De Via. Of a bourgeois and illustrious family.
Education. University of Bologna, Bologna (philosophy; doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Early life. Magistrate of the city of Bologna. Venturiere with the Venetian troops against the Turks, 1684; took part the siege of S. Maura. Went to Rome and at the request of Pope Innocent XI, entered the ecclesiastical state. Nuncio in Brussels, May 2, 1687.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop or Tebe, with dispensation for not having the canonical age and the sacred orders, June 21, 1690. Consecration (no information found). Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, July 6, 1690. Granted dispensation to receive sacred orders and the presbyterate outside of Ember days. Nuncio in Cologne, August 8, 1690. Nuncio in Poland, February 12, 1696. Granted faculties to continue as nuncio in Poland in spite of the death of the king, February 22, 1698. Transferred to the see of Rimini, with personal title of archbishop, March 10, 1698. Nuncio in Austria, April 26, 1700 until 1705.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Callisto, August 30, 1713. Legate in Urbino, December 16, 1715. Legate in Romagna, April 12, 1717. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Opted for the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, November 19, 1725. Resigned government of the diocese, December 7, 1726. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Opted for the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, traditionally assigned to the cardinal protoprete, February 11, 1737. Prefect of the S.C. of the Index.
Death. January 11, 1740, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, where the funeral also took place, and buried in the presbytery of that same church.
Bibliography. Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 152-154.
Links. Biography, in German; and his tomb in the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome.
(29) 3. CUSANI, Agostino (1655-1730)
Birth. October 20, 1655, Milan. Of the family of the marquis of Somma.
Education. University of Pavia, Pavia (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, August 2, 1682. Protonotary apostolic participantium, 1685. Commissary of Health in the pontificate of Pope Innocent XI. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government in the pontificate of Pope Alexander VIII. President of the Apostolic Chamber, January 5, 1694. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, September 20, 1695.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Amasea, April 2, 1696. Consecrated, April 23, 1696, Rome, by Cardinal Ferdinando d'Adda. Nuncio in Venice, April 26, 1696. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, May 5, 1696. Nuncio in France, May 22, 1706. Transferred to the see of Pavia, with personal title of archbishop, October 14, 1711. Escaped an attempt on his life at his arrival in Pavia.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, January 30, 1713. Legate in Bologna, April 16, 1714. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Resigned government of the diocese, July 12, 1724, and retired to Milan. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII.
Death. December 27, 1730, Milan. Exposed and buried in the church of the monks of S. Prassede, Milan, in the tomb of his ancestors.
Link. Palazzo Cusani, in Italian.
(30) 4. PIAZZA, Giulio (1663-1726)
Birth. March 13, 1663, Forlì. Baptized on that same day. Of an ancient and noble family. While he was still a child, he was sent to Rome, where his uncle, Msgr. Camillo Piazza, was a prelate in the Roman Curida.
Education. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law. (No further educational information found).
Early life. Referendary of the Supreme Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, November 22, 1688. Internuncio in Brussels. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, July 27, 1696.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Rodi, with dispensation for not having received the presbyterate, December 2, 1697.Consecrated, December 22, 1697, Rome, by Cardinal Gaspare Carpegna, vicar general of Rome. Nuncio in Switzerland, January 7, 1698. Nuncio in Cologne, December 23, 1702. Secretary of the Cipher. Nuncio in Poland, July 15, 1706. Transferred to the titular see of Nazareth, September 13, 1706. Secretary of Memorials, April 28, 1708. Nuncio in Austria, December 15, 1709. Transferred to the see of Faenza, with personal title of archbishop, July 21, 1710.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, April 16, 1714. Legate in Ferrara, May 28, 1714. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII.
Death. April 23, 1726, Faenza. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Faenza.
Bibliography. Finch, Urban. Die Luzerner Nuntiatur 1586-1873 : Zur Behördengeschichte und Quellenkunde der päpstlichen Diplomatie in der Schweiz. Luzern ; Stuttgart : Rex Verlag, 1997. (Collectanea Archivi Vaticani ; Bd. 40) (Luzerner Historische Veröffentlichungen ; Bd. 32) Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 155-156.
Link. His engraving by Johann Kupezky and Girolamo Rossi.
(31) 5. ZONDADARI, Antonfelice (1665-1737)
Birth. September 13, 1665, Siena. His last name is also listed as Chigi-Zondadari. Grand-nephew of Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667). Uncle in third degree of Cardinal Antonio Felice Zondadari (1801).
Education. University of Siena, Siena (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Priesthood. Ordained, March 25, 1690. Relator of the S.C. of the Consulta. Vice-legate in Bologna. Governor of Ancona, November 16, 1697. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1698. Nuncio extraordinary to welcome to the Papal States Queen Maria Casimira of Poland, December 6, 1698.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Damasco, December 5, 1701. Consecrated (no information found). Nuncio extraordinary before the King Felipe V of Spain for affairs related to peace after the war of Spanish succession, January 27, 1702. Nuncio in Spain, May 28, 1706. Because of the controversy between the king and the pope in 1709, the nuncio was ordered to move to Avignon, where he remained for three years.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Balbina, September 23, 1715. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, January 10, 1718 until February 8, 1719. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace, July 27, 1730. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, April 9, 1731.
Death. November 23, 1737, Siena. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Girogio, Siena, which he had remodeled and chosen for burial.
Link. Painting of his encounter with King Felipe V of Spain, by Sebastiano Conca, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome.
(32) 6. ARIAS Y PORRES, Manuel (1638-1717)
Birth. November 1, 1638, Alaejos, diocese of Valladolid, Spain. Of an illustrious family.
Education. Studied letters, mathematics, philosophy and law (no further educational information found).
Early life. Sent to Malta by his parents as knight of its Sovereign Order, 1652; vice-chancellor of the order, 1662; granted the commenda of Benavente, 1668; of Viso, near Madrid, 1674; of Tevenes, 1676; of Quiroga, 1683. Named by Pope Innocent XI grand bailiff of the order. Resigned vice-chancellorship and returned to Spain in 1689. Spanish ambassador to Portugal in 1690, but declined for having entered the ecclesiastical state. Entered the Order of St. Jerome. Lieutenent of the grand prior of Castilla, 1692. Ambassador of the order in Spain. Elected grand prior and lieutenant of the grand priorate of Castille, 1692. Ambassador of the order before the king of Spain. Govenor of the royal and supreme council of Castilla, against his will, December 1692 to January 1696. Retired to Viso. Renamed by the king, again against his will, to his old post in March 1699 to solve the uprising in Madrid due to the scarcity of bread; resigned in November 1703. Councilor of State of King Philip V, 1701 until 1703. Supporter of the French party in the question of the Spanish Succession.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found).
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Sevilla, April 3, 1702. Consecrated, May 28, 1702, Colegio Imperial of the jesuits, Madrid, by Pedro Portocarrero Guzmán, titular archbishop of Tiro and patriarch of the West Indies, assisted by Francisco Zapata Vera y Morales, titular bishop of Darda, auxiliar of Toledo, and by Silvestre García Escalona, bishop of Torotsa. Granted license to be absent from the archdiocese for a biennium, July 8, 1702, to continue as president of Castilla. Fell in disgrace and went to his archdiocese in 1705.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of January 30, 1713; never went to Rome to receive the red hat and the title.
Death. November 16, 1717, Sevilla. Exposed in the metropolitan cathedral of Seville and buried in the chapel of the Santísimo Sacramento in that cathedral.
Bibliography. Guitarte Izquierdo, Vidal. Episcopologio Español (1700-1867). Españoles obispos en españa, América, Filipinas y otros países. Rome : Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica, 1994. (Publicaciones del Instituto Español de Historia Eclesiástica; Subsidia; 29), p. 15.
(33) 7. BUSSI, Giovanni Battista (1657-1726)
Birth. March 31 (or April 16), 1657, Viterbo. Of a noble family. His first name is also listed as Giambattista. Other cardinals of the family were Pierfrancesco Bussi (1759) and Giovanni Battista Bussi (1824).
Education. Initial education under his uncle Msgr. Lodovico Bussi; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, May 7, 1696).
Early life. Went to Rome in his childhood. Canon of the patriarchal Vatican basilica in the pontificate of Pope Innocent XII. Charged by the same pope to care for the sick in the section of Città Leonina during the epidemic that afflicted Rome. Internuncio in Flanders, later was ordered to transfer to Holland, where he restored the religious peace with the removal of the apostolic vicar who had Jansenist tendencies.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found).
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tarso, June 25, 1706. Consecrated (no information found). Nuncio in Cologne, July 6, 1706. Administrator of Münster, October 23, 1706. Transferred to the see of Ancona, with personal title of archbishop, February 19, 1710.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of September 26, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Aracoeli, January 30, 1713. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Visitor of the Shrine of Loreto in the pontificate of Pope Benedict XIII.
Death. December 23, 1726, Rome. Transferred to his title, where in the evening of December 25, 1726, the vigil was sung; the following day the capella papalis took place. Buried in that same church. (1).
Links. His engraving by Girolamo Rossi; and his tomb in the church of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome.
(1) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, V, 28, and also Eggs, in Supplementum novum Purpuræ doctæ, p. 654. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VIII, 130, indicates that he was buried on the right side of his family's chapel dedicated to S. Francesca Romana in the church of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome.
(34) 8. CORRADINI, Pier Marcellino (1658-1743)
Birth. June 2, 1658, Sezze, diocese of Terracina. Baptized on the following day, his godmother was Caterina Savelli, future venerable. Of a humble and profoundly Christian family.
Education. Educated at home, he was sent to Rome in 1669 to continue his studies and obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law. (No further educational information found).
Early life. Auditor of Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj, 1685. Curial lawyer. Canon of the patriarchal Lateran basilica, 1699. Sub-datary, May 29, 1699; confirmed in the post by the new Pope Clement XI, December 7, 1700.
Priesthood. Ordained, June 10, 1702, Rome. Referendary of the Supreme Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, May 19, 1706. Named by the cardinal grand penitentiary auditor and canonist of the Apostolic Penitentiary, July 28, 1706; confirmed by papal bull, August 19, 1706. Uditore Santissimi, 1707.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Atena, November 7, 1707. Consecrated, November 27, 1707, patriarchal Lateran basilica, by Cardinal Fabrizio Paolucci; in the same ceremony was consecrated Alessandro Aldobradini, titular archbishop of Rodi, future cardinal. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, November 23, 1707
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of September 26, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, November 21, 1712. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, November 26, 1718 until May 12, 1721. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, February 8, 1719. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Pro-datary, May 12, 1721. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Confirmed in his post of pro-datary by the new Pope Benedict XIII, June 7, 1724. Opted for the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, retaining his previous title in commendam, September 11, 1726. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Declined confirmation to the post of pro-datary from Pope Clement XII in order to be able to work in the completion of the treaties between the Holy See and Spain, Naples, and Austria. Resigned his title in commendam, April 14, 1734. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, December 15, 1734. Participated in the conclave of 1740, which elected Pope Benedict XIV; Cardinal Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragon presented the veto of King Felipe V of Spain against his election.
Death. February 8, 1743, at 11:45 a.m., after a long and serious illness, in his Roman palace in Via Lata. Transferred to the basilica of S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome, according to his will, in the evening of February 10, 1743. The capella papalis took place the following day and he later was buried in that same church.
Beatification. On May 19, 1993, in the cathedral of Palermo, Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo, archbishop of that city, initiated the diocesan phase of the process of beatification, which was concluded on October 17, 1999, by the new archbishop of Palermo, Cardinal Salvatore De Giorgi.
Bibliography. Benedictus XIV. Lettere de Benedetto XIV al canonico Pier Francesco Peggi a Bologna (1729-1758) : publicate insieme col diario del conclave del 1740. Per cura di Francesco Saviero Kraus. Freiburg i. B : J.C.B. Mohr, 1884. Language: Latin; Text in Italian and Latin; introd. and notes in German. Other title: Briefe Benedicts XIV an den Canonicus Pier Francesco Peggi in Bologna (1729-1758); Fabi Montani, Francesco. Elogio storico del cardinale Pietro Marcellino Corradini. Rome, 1844; Re, Nicola del. "I cardinali prefetti della sacra congregazione del concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), p. 125; Venditti, Vincenzo. Il Corradini fu fundatore di congregazione religiosa? Roma, 1959; Venditti, Vincenzo. "Un mancato papa nel più dramatico conclave del secolo XVIII: P. M. Corradini." Fides, LX (1960), 175-178; Venditti, V. Porpore romane : P.M. Corradini. Rome, 1958; Venditti, Vincenzo. "La questione di Comacchio e il cardinale Corradini." Fides, LX (1960), 364-367.
Links. Portrait and biography, in Italian; his image in his tomb in S.Maria in Trastevere, Rome, his engraving by Johannes Christoph Kolb and biography, in Italian.
(35) 9. SALA Y DE CARAMANY, O.S.B.Cas., Benito de (1646-1715)
Birth. April 16, 1646, Gerona, Spain. In Catalonian, his name is listed as Benet de Sala i de Caramany.
Education. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict Cassinese, at the monastery of Our Lady of Montserrat, when he was twelve years old, 1658. University of Barcelona, Barcelona; Colegio de San Vicente (licentiate in theology, 1675); University of Salamanca, Salamanca (doctorates in theology and canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Taught religion and canon law. Professor of theology, Colegio de San Vicente, Salamanca. Definitor general and visitor of the convents of his order in Catalonia. Abbot of Montserrat, 1682-1684. Abbot of San Pedro de la Portella and San Pablo del Campo, 1684. Abbot of Santa Maria de Gerri, 1688 (?). Named abbot of the monastery of Ripoll, declined because of having being elected bishop of Barcelona.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Barcelona, November 24, 1698. Consecrated, March 15, 1699, Tarragona, by José Llinás Aznar, O. de M., archbishop of Tarragona. Initially, in 1700, he recognized Philip V as king of Spain, but soon, he changed and supported Archduke Charles of Austria. The king ordered him to go to Madrid in 1705, and this precipitated his official and explicit recognition of the archduke in 1706. Then, in August 1706, the French jailed and sent him to Bayonne, later to Bordeaux, and finally, in March 1707, to Avignon. Inquisitor general of Spain, May 15, 1711. He was freed in 1712 and returned to Barcelona in April but then went into exile in Italy in June 1713. In 1712, Archduke Charles presented him for the archdiocese of Tarragona. Pope Clement XI agreed but the bishop did not accept the promotion (1).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712. After the Peace of Utrecht was signed, his creation was published in the consistory of January 30, 1713 (2). On November 29, 1714, went to Rome to receive the red hat and the title but because of illness could never meet the pope or receive them.
Death. July 2, 1715, at 4 a.m., Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place on July 4, 1715, and later, was transferred to the Benedictine basilica of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Rome, and buried there (3).
Bibliography. Girbal, Enrique Cláudio. Biografía del cardenal gerundense Fr. Benito de Sala y de Caramany. Gerona : P. Torres, 1886; Sala y de Caramany, Benito de. Epistolario del cardenal gerundense D. fr. Benito de Sala y de Caramany, obispo de Barcelona (1707-1714). Publicado y anotado por Enrique Cláudio Girbal. Gerona : Tip. del Hospicio Provincial, 1889.
Link. Biographical data, in Catalonian.
(1) According to the site linked above, he said: Si el meu cor fos dominat de l'ambicis, preferiria isser bisbe de
Barcelona a la press, que no arquebisbe de Tarragona en llibertat (If my heart were to be dominated by ambition, I would prefer to be bishop of Barcelona in prison and not archbishop of Tarragona in liberty).
(2) King Felipe V of Spain published an edict forbidding his recognition as cardinal by anyone in Spain.
(3) The king, to the scandal of the Christian world, prohibited in Barcelona that a cardinalitial funeral for the bishop be held; that the catafalque bear the emblem of such dignity; and that the celebrant utter the word "cardinal" in the prayers said for his eternal repose.
(36) 10. ROHAN DE SOUBISE, Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de (1674-1749)
Birth. June 26, 1674, Paris, France. Uncle of Cardinal Armand de Rohan-Soubise-Ventadour (1747), bishop of Strasbourg (1704-1749), and of Cardinal Louis-César-Constantin de Rohan-Guéménée-Montbazon (1761), bishop of Strasbourg from 1757 to 1779. Grand-uncle of Cardinal Louis-René-Edoaurd de Rohan-Guéménée (1778), bishop of Strasbourg from 1779 to 1801.
Education. La Sorbonne University, Paris (doctorate in theology). Socius of La Sorbonne.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Abbot commendatario of Moutier, 1692. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Strasbourg, 1694. Abbot commendatario of Lire, 1698.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tiberias and appointed coadjutor with right of succession, of Strasbourg, with the consent of its chapter, April 18, 1701. Consecrated, June 26, 1701, by Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, bishop of Strasbourg. Member of the Académie Française, June 30, 1703. Succeeded to the see of Strasbourg, April 9, 1704. Abbot commendatario of La Chaise-Dieu or St. Waast.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712. Grand almoner of France and commander of the Order of Saint-Esprit, 1713. President of the commission for the examination of the bull Unigenitus Dei Filius of September 8, 1713, before its publication in France, November 1713. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Received the red hat and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, June 16, 1721. Member of the Council of Regency, 1722. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Blessed the wedding of King Louis XV and Princess Maria Leczinska of Poland, August 15, 1725. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Participated in the conclave of 1740, which elected Pope Benedict XIV. Member of the Académie des Sciences, of the Académie des Inscriptions, and protector of the Académie de Soissons.
Death. July 16, 1749, in his residence in Vieux-Louvre, Paris. Transferred to the convent of the religious de la Merci, July 21, 1749, was buried there, according to his will.
Bibliography. Le Roy de Sainte-Croix, François Noël. Les quatre cardinaux de Rohan (évêques de Strasbourg) en Alsace. Strasbourg : Hagemann et cie, 1880. (Grande collection alsacienne), pp. 11-58.
Links. His engraving and biography, in French; his engraving by an anonymous artist; and his engraving by Pierre Drevet, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.
(37) 11. CUNHA E ATAÍDE, Nuno da (1664-1750)
Birth. December 8, 1664, Lisbon, Portugal. Youngest of the five children of Tristão da Cunha e Ataíde, 7th senhor of Povolide, and Guiomar de Lancastre. His last name is also listed as Acunha.
Education. University of Coimbra, Coimbra (master of arts and licentiate in canon law).
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Canon of the cathedral chapter of Coimbra. Canon of the cathedral chapter of Lisbon. Commander of the Royal Order of Jesucristo and master of chamber of King D. Pedro II. Councilor of State for religious affairs. Deputy of the Holy Office in Portugal. Inquisitor general in Lisbon. Declined appointment to the diocese of Elvas. Major chaplain of the Royal Chapel.
Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Targa, December 14, 1705. Consecrated, March 14, 1706, royal chapel, Lisboa, by Alvaro de Abranches, bishop of Leiria, assisted by Antonio de Vasconcellos, bishop of Coimbra, and by Rodrigo de Moura Telles, bishop of Guarda. Inquisitor general of Portugal, July 30, 1707. Royal privy councilor of King João V.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712. Arrived in Rome to participate in the conclave of 1721 when the new Pope Innocent XIII had just been elected. Received the red hat and the title of S. Anastasia, June 16, 1721. Did not participate in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Did not participate in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Did not articipate in the conclave of 1740, which elected Pope Benedict XIV.
Death. December 3 (or 15), 1750, Lisbon. Exposed and buried in the church of the Dominican friars, Lisbon.
Bibliography. Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, pp. 28, 43 and 369.
Links. Brief biographical data in Os Cardeais Portugueses - Nota Histórica, in Portuguese; and his engraving by Johannes Christoph Kolb.
(38) 12. SCHRATTENBACH, Wolfgang Hanibal von (1660-1738)
Birth. September 12, 1660, Lemberg, diocese of Gürk, Austria. Of the family of the dukes of Schrattenbach. Was baptized on that same day. Nephew of Cardinal Maximilian Gandolph von Künburg (1686). His last name is also listed as Schrottenbach.
Education. Seminario Romano, Rome; Collegio Germanico, Rome; La Sapineza University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology, December 12, 1682).
Sacred orders. Canon of the cathedral chapters of Olomouc, May 20, 1682, and of Salzburg, September 11, 1682. Received the subdiaconate, July 1, 1685; diaconate, July 26, 1688.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 28 (or September 20), 1688. Dean of the cathedral chapter of Salzburg, May 30, 1699.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Olomouc by its cathedral chapter, September 15, 1711 (1). Named administrator of the diocese for six months, December 19, 1711. Preconized, December 23, 1711. Granted dispensation to receive the episcopal consecration as well as the dignity of two abbeys, February 27, 1712.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Marcello, December 7, 1714. Councilor of Emperor Charles VI from 1713. Minister of Austria before the Holy See, 1716-1719. Granted license to receive and exercise royal power and the general captainship of the Kingdom of Naples, August 18, 1719. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII, and wrote a detailed memoir. Did not participate in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII (2). Did not participate in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII.
Death. July 22, 1738, Olomouc (or Brno). Buried in the tomb of the bishops of Olomouc in the castle of Kromeriz.
Link. His portrait, coins and medals.
(1) Zedler, Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste, indicates that he was named bishop of Seckau on July 14, 1703.
(2) This is according to Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, V, 34. Cardella Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, VIII, 137, indicates that he participated in the conclave of 1724.
(39) 13. PRIULI, Luigi (1650-1720)
Birth. September 15, 1650, Venice. His first name is also listed as Alvise. Of a senatorial family. Nephew of Cardinal Pietro Basadonna (1673), on his mother's side.
Education. (No information found).
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1689.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Marcello, July 11, 1712. Opted for the title of S. Marco, May 28, 1714. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 4, 1720 until his death eleven days later.
Death. March 15, 1720, in his Roman palace of S. Marco. Exposed in his title, where the funeral took place on March 18, 1720, and buried in that same church.
Link. His tomb in S. Marco, Rome.
(40) 14. TOMASI DI LAMPEDUSA, Theat., Giuseppe Maria (1649-1713)
Birth. September 12, 1649, Licata (or Alicata), diocese of Girgento, Sicily. Of the princely family of Lampedusa. His last name is also listed as Tommasi. He left his rights as the eldest son and his titles to his brother.
Education. Entered the Order of the Clerics Regular Theatines, March 24, 1665; professed, March 25, 1666. Studied philosophy in Theatine houses of studies at Messina, and later, because of his poor health, at Ferrara and Modena; and theology in Rome and Palermo. He also studied Greek, Ethiopic, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic and Hebrew, and collected the titles of the Psalms. Besides, he studied the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers. Researching in libraries, archives, and monuments, he was able to retrace the ancient ecclesiastical discipline and liturgy. In 1672, returned home to console his brother Ferdinando, afflicted by the death of his wife. The brother died four months later.
Priesthood. Ordained, December 23 (or 25), 1673. In the pontificate of Pope Innocent XII, examiner of bishops. In the pontificate of Pope Clement XI, consultor of his order; theologian of the S.C. of the Regular Discipline and of other congregations; consultor of the SS. CC. of Rites and Indulgences and Sacred Relics, and qualificator of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition. Insistently declined the promotion to the cardinalate and had to be compelled by the pope, who sought the help of Cardinal Tommaso Maria Ferrari, O.P., future servant of God, to make him accept.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Martino ai Monti, July 11, 1712. A prolific writer, chiefly in theology, Scripture, and patristic, his works were published in eleven quarto volumes in 1753. He was known and appreciated by his knowledge, humility, charity and zeal for reform.
Death. January 1, 1713, in his Roman residence next to the church of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna. Exposed in his title where the funeral took place on January 2, 1713, and buried in that same church. In 1971, his incorrupt body was transferred to the Theatine church of S. Andrea della Valle, Rome, where it can be seen beneath a lateral altar.
Sainthood. Beatified on June 5 (or September 16), 1803 by Pope Pius VII and canonized on October 12, 1986 by Pope John Paul II. His feast is celebrated on January 3.
Bibliography. Amato, Domenico. Giuseppe Maria Tomasi : Cardinale, Povero, Dotto, Santo. Palma di Montechiaro : [s.n.], 1986; Andreu, Francesco. Pellegrino alle sorgenti : san Giuseppe Maria Tomasi : la vita, il pensiero, le opere. Roma : Curia generalizia dei chierici regolari (Teatini), 1987; Masetti Zanini, Gian Ludovico. Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, C.R. Cardinale, santo e liturgista principe. Roma : Curia Generalizia dei Padri Teatini, 1986; Mattoni, Giovanni B. Sul sentiero della sapienza : vita di San Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, Teatino, cardinale di S. Romana Chiesa. Palermo ; [s.n.], 1986.
Links. Biography, in English; portrait and biography, in Italian; another biography, in German; brief biographical data and picture, in Italian; biographical data, in Italian and picture of his body; his tomb in S. Andrea della Valle, Rome; his genealogy; and his image on the cover of his biography by Gian Ludovico Masetti Zanini (see bibliography above).
(41) 15. TOLOMEI, S.J., Giovanni Battista (1653-1726)
Birth. December 4, 1653, Camberaia, diocese of Pistoia. Of a noble family from Siena.
Education. Received his early education in Florence; University of Pisa, Pisa (law). Entered the Society of Jesus, February 18, 1673. Spoke eleven languages, Arabic, Chaldee, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Illyrian, Italian, Latin, Spanish, and Syriac.
Early life. Rector of the school of Ragusa, 1677-79. Taught Sacred Scriptures at the Jesuit church of Gesù, from 1679.
Priesthood. Ordained, 1684. Procurator general of his order, 1683-1688. Professor of philosophy and theology at Collegio Romano, from 1697, and later rector from 1698. Rector of Collegio Germanico from 1710. Examiner of the prelates promoted to the episcopacy. Consultor of the SS.CC. of Rites, the Index, and Indulgences and Sacred Relics.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Stefano in Monte Celio, July 11, 1712. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 20, 1720; confirmed, January 20, 1721; confirmed, January 14, 1722; occupied the post until January 20, 1723. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Principal papal advisor in theological questions, especially in the preparation of the condemnation of the Jansenist errors of Pasquier Quesnel in the bull Unigenitus Dei Filius of September 8, 1713.
Death. January 19, 1726, in his residence in Collegio Romano, Rome. Transferred to the church of S. Ignazio, Rome, the following day, and in the evening the vigil was sung; the capella papalis, with the participation of Pope Benedict XIII, took place on January 21, 1726, and was buried in front the main altar in that church, according to his will.
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. 9 vols. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1794, VIII, 144-146; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen V (1667-1730). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1952, pp. 28, 51 and 59.
Links. Biography, in English; his tomb in the church of S. Ignazio, Rome.
(42) 16. CASINI, O.F.M.Cap., Francesco Maria (1648-1719)
Birth. November 11, 1648, Arezzo. Of a noble family.
Education. Entered the Order of the Friars Minor Capuchins, Cortona, 1662.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Celebrated preacher throughout Italy and France. Professor of theology. Procurator general of his order. Ordinary preacher of His Holiness, 1698. Preacher of the Apostolic Palace in the pontificate of Pope Innocent XII, 1707, whom he assisted at his death.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 18, 1712; received the red hat and the title of S. Prisca, July 11, 1712.
Death. February 14, 1719, in his room in the Roman palace next to the church of Ss. Angeli Custodi. Exposed in the Capuchin church of Santissima Concezione, Rome, where the funeral took place on February 17, 1719, and buried in that same church.
Link. Very brief biographical data, in Italian.
(43) 17. ORIGO, Curzio (1661-1737)
Birth. March 8 (or 9), 1661, Rome. Of a patrician family.
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Domestic prelate of Pope Innocent XI. Relator of the S.C. of the Good Government, 1686. Auditor of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, 1690. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1690. Civil lieutenant of the auditor of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber, 1696. Secretary of Memorials, September 7, 1700. Secretary of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta, May 17, 1706. Dean of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1711.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of September 26, 1712. Granted dispensation to receive sacred orders outside of Ember days and without time intervals between them, September 30, 1712. Received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica, November 21, 1712. Received the diaconate, February 26, 1713. Opted for the deaconry of S. Eustachio, July 1, 1716. Legate in Bologna, April 12, 1717. Participated in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, May 16, 1721 until his death. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Opted for the order of priests, March 20, 1726, and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition.
Death. March 18, 1737, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Eustachio, where the funeral took place on March 20, 1737, and buried in his family's sepulchre in the chapel of S. Girolamo in that church.
Bibliography. Re, Nicola del. "I cardinali prefetti della sacra congregazione del concilio dalle origini ad oggi (1564-1964)." Apollinaris, XXXVII (1964), p. 126.
Link. His engraving by Johannes Christoph Kolb.
(44) 18. POLIGNAC, Melchior de (1661-1741)
Birth. October 11 (or 13), 1661, Lavoûte-sur-Loire, France. Of an ancient family of Auvergne, his father was vizcount of Polignac and the governor of Puy in the reign of King Louis XIV.
Education. Seminary des Bons-Enfants, 1691-1693; Collège de Clermont; La Sorbonne University, Paris.
Early life. Administrator of La Sorbonne University, Paris. Conclavist of Cardinal Emmanuel Théodose de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon in 1689 and in 1691. Participated in the negotiations in Rome concerning the Declaration of 1682. Abbot of Corbie. Abbot of Bon-Port, 1693. French ambassador to Poland, March 1693-1698. Blamed for the failure of having the Prince of Conti elected king of Poland, actually the prince's fault, was relegated to the abbey of Bon-Port, 1698. Recalled to Paris and reinstated in 1702. Member of the Académie Française, May 26, 1704; reception, August 2, 1704. Sent to Rome, with Cardinal Joseph-Emmanuel de la Trémoille, to settle the French affairs with Pope Clement XI. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1706. Abbot of Bégard, 1707. French plenipotentiary in Holland, 1710, to participate in the Conference of Gertruydenberg. Member of the Académie des Sciences, 1711. One of the French plenipotentiary to the negotiations of the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of May 18, 1712; published in the consistory of January 30, 1713. Abbot of Corbie, 1713. Member of the Académie des Inscriptions, 1717; and protector of the Académie de Bordeaux. Master of the French Royal Chapel. Granted dispensation to receive the diaconate and the presbyterate outside of Ember days and without time intervals between them, May 21, 1718. Under suspicion during the regency of the duke of Orléans of having been involved in the Cellamare's conspiracy, he was forced to retire for three years to his abbey of Auchin, Flanders, 1718; recalled to Paris by the new king, 1722. Did not participate in the conclave of 1721, which elected Pope Innocent XIII. Participated in the conclave of 1724, which elected Pope Benedict XIII. Received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico, September 27, 1724. French ambassador to the Holy See, 1724-1732; during his tenure he had to deal with the difficulties created by the bull Unigenitus Dei Filius of September 8, 1713. Opted for the order of priests and the title of Santa Maria in Via, November 20, 1724.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Auch, February 20, 1726. Consecrated, March 19, 1726, church of S. Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, by Pope Benedict XIII, assisted by Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni and by Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio. Opted for the title of S. Maria degli Angeli alle Terme, December 19, 1725. Participated in the conclave of 1730, which elected Pope Clement XII. Commander of the Order of the Saint-Esprit, 1733. Did not participate in the conclave of 1740, which elected Pope Benedict XIV. At the end of his life, regretted never having visited his archdiocese. Devoted to art and literature, he was an archeologist, philologist, orator, collector of medals and antiques, and poet who wrote both in French and Latin (1).
Death. November 20, 1741, Paris. Exposed and buried in the church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.
Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 451-452; Faucher, Chrysostôme. Histoire du cardinal de Polignac, archvêque d'Auch : commandeur de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit, ambassadeur de France en Pologne, en Hollande & à Rome, des Académies des sciences, françois, & des inscriptions & belles lettres; contenant des détails très-intéressans sur ses différentes négociations, tirés du dépot des affaires étrangeres, pour servir d'éclaircissement à une partie des regnes de Louis XIV & Louis XV ... 2 vols. Paris : Nyon l'ainé [etc.], 1780.
Links. Biography, in English; and portrait by François Chereau, in the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
(1) Voltaire said of his Latin poetry that he was aussi bon poète qu'on peut l'être dans une langue morte (as good a poet in a dead tongue as one can be).
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