(1) 1. MINUTOLI, Enrico (?-1412)
Birth. (No date found), Naples. Of a noble family. He is also listed as Arrigo Capece Minutoli and his last name as Minutolo. He was called the Cardinal of Naples.
Education. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Bitonto by Pope Urban VI in 1382. Consecrated (no information found). Promoted to the metropolitan see of Trani in 1383. Transferred to the see of Naples, September 1389.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Anastasia in the consistory of December 18, 1389; retained the administration of his see until February 13, 1400. Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica in 1396. Participated in the conclave of 1404, which elected Pope Innocent VII. Opted for the order of cardinal bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati in 1405. Participated in the conclave of 1406, which elected Pope Gregory XII. Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, December 1, 1406. Accompanied the pope to Siena and stayed for five months; he left in January 1409 to attend the Council of Pisa. Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1408 (?). Participated in the conclave of 1409, which elected Antipope Alexander V. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Sabina, July 2, 1409. Participated in the conclave of 1410, which elected Antipope John XXIII. Legate of Antipope John XXIII in Bologna and vicar general in Ferrara and Friuli.
Death. June 17, 1412, Bologna. Buried in a magnificent mausoleum in the Minutoli Chapel in the metropolitan cathedral of Naples.
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 312-314; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1630, II, col. ; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VI. Les cardinaux du Grand Schisme (1378-1417). Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1931. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1931, p. 156-157; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 25, 38, 39, 143, 360 and 492; Zigarelli, Daniello Maria. Biografie dei vescovi e arcivescovi della chiesa di Napoli con una descrizione del clero, della cattedrale, della basilica di s. Restituta e della cappella del tesoro di s. Gennaro. Napoli: Tipografico di G. Gioja, 1861, pp. 90-92.
Links. Biography, in Italian; his tomb, metropolitan cathedral of Naples, Naples, Italy; more detailed view of his tomb; larger image of his tomb; and his arms.
(2) 2. OLEARIO, O.S.B., Bartolomeo (?-1396)
Birth. (No date found), Padua. Of a poor family. His last name is also listed as Oleari, Uliari and Uliario. He was called the Cardinal of Padua.
Education. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) (1). Obtained a doctorate in theology.
Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found).
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ancona in 1381. Consecrated (no information found). Transferred to the see of Florence, December 9, 1385; occupied the see until his promotion to the cardinalate..
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest pf S. Pudenziana in the consistory of December 18, 1389. Named legate in Naples with wide powers to obtain the return of the kingdom to the obedience of Rome; he was successful in his mission.
Death. April 16, 1396, Gaeta. Buried in the church of the Franciscans in that city (2).
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 314; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1630, II, col. 706-707; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VI. Les cardinaux du Grand Schisme (1378-1417). Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1931. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1931, p. 157; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 25, 46, 88 and 250.
Links. His engraving, Biblioteca, Archiginnasio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and same engraving and his arms.
(1) Several sources indicate that he entered the Order of the Friars Minor (Franciscans).
(2) Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 707, indicates that the following two inscriptions were placed on his tomb:
(3) 3. MIGLIORATI, Cosmato Gentile de' (ca. 1336-1406)
Birth. Ca. 1336, Sulmona, L'Aquila. His first name is also listed as Cosimo and Cosma; and his last name as Meliorati. Of a noble family, of military tradition and mercantile interests. Uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Migliorati (1405). He was called the Cardinal of Bologna.
Education. Obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, at the University of Bologna; studied under Giovanni da Legnano, later vicar of that city.
Early life. Rector of the church of S. Maria Annunziate in Sulmona, 1370-1381. During the episcopate of Bishop Andrea Capograssi of Sulmona, he was maestro elemosiniere, chaplain, and familiar of Carlo di Calabria. From 1373, he was archpriest of Sulmona. Chancellor of the archdiocese of Capua in 1379. professor of law at the Universities of Perugia and Padua. Highly recommended by the Commune of Bologna and by his professor, he went to Rome and entered the curia. Chaplain of Pope Urban VI in Rome. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber in 1380. In 383, he was provost of Valva; and dean of the chapters of S. Panfilo and S. Pelino, diocese of Valva. In that same year, 1383, he went to Florence sent by Pope Urban VI in a mission. Apostolic collector of thites in England for ten years. On his return, he was promoted to the episcopate.
Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Ravenna, November 4, 1387. Consecrated on December 5, 1387 (no further information found).He could not take possession of the see because of the strong opposition of Guido da Polenta, signore of the city, who supported Antipope Clement VII. Transferred to the see of Bologna, June 19, 1389; retained the administration of the metropolitan see of Ravenna until September 15, 1400, when he resigned it in favor of his nephew Giovanni de' Migliorati, future cardinal. Vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church; prefect of the conclave of October 1389.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme in the consistory of December 18, 1389. Papal treasurer and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church during the pontificate of Pope Boniface IX. Named legate in Lombardy and Tuscany on to promote the peace between Gian Galeazzo Visconti and the communes of Florence and Bologna; left Rome on March 9, 1390. Named camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church in May 1396. Legate for the peace of Italy. When Pope Boniface IX fell gravely ill, he named Cardinal Migliorati president of the consistory with unlimited authority over the government of the church. Participated in the conclave of 1404 and was elected pope.
Papacy. Elected pope on October 17, 1404. Took the name Innocent VII. He was crowned on November 11, 1404, in the steps of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, probably by Cardinal Landolfo Maramaldo, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere (1). He created eleven cardinals in one consistory.
Death. November 6, 1406, Rome. Buried in the patriarchal Vatican basilica.
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 315-316; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1630, II, col. ; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VI. Les cardinaux du Grand Schisme (1378-1417). Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1931. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1931, p. 157; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, p. 25, 26-27, 41, and 141; Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 234; Del Re, Niccolò. "Innocenzo VII." Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. ; De Vicentiis, Amedeo. "Innocenzo VII." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, II, 581-584; Meluzzi, Luciano. I vescovi e gli arcivescovi di Bologna. Bologna : Grafica Emiliana, 1975, (Collana storico-ecclesiastica; 3), pp. 232-235.
Links. Biography, in English biography, in German; his portrait, arms, tomb and biography, in Italian; biography, in English (Britannica); his engraving by Tobias Stimmer; another engraving; small image of his bust; and his effigy on a medal, Numismatic collection of Olomouc archiepiscopate, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
(1) Cardinal Ludovico Fieschi, protodeacon of S. Adriano, was absent from the conclave.
(4) 4. MARONI, Cristoforo (?-1404)
Birth. (No date found), Rome. His last name is also listed as Manoni, Marone, Morone and Maron. He was called the Cardinal of Isernia.
Education. (No information found).
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Isernia e Venafro in 1387; occupied the see until his promotion to the cardinalate. Consecrated (no information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest of S. Ciriaco in the consistory of December 18, 1389. Archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican basilica toward September 1397. Prior commendatario of the monastery of Ss. Alessio e Bonifazio all'Aventino, Rome; after his death, the priorate was united to the patriarchal Vatican basilica. Together with Cardinals Francesco Carbone and Bartolomeo Carafa, he served as arbiter in the dispute between Pope Boniface IX and Paolo Savelli, Roman prince, concerning the control of several castles; the dispute was resolved to the satisfaction of the two sides. Participated in the conclave of 1404.
Death. December 4, 1404, Rome. Buried in a marble tomb in the chapel of S. Gregorio in the patriarchal Vatican basilica (1). His tomb was renovated in 1574.
Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1793, III, 316-317; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm ab initio nascentis Ecclesiæ vsque ad Vrbanvm VIII. Pont. Max. 2 volumes. Romae : Typis Vaticanis, 1630, II, col. 708; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. VI. Les cardinaux du Grand Schisme (1378-1417). Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1931. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1931, p. 157-158; Eubel, Conradus and Gulik, Guglielmus van. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi. Volumen I (1198-1431). Münich : Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913; reprint, Padua : Il Messagero di S. Antonio, 1960, pp. 25, 42 and 287.
Links. His arms, abbey of S. Stefano all'Isola, Isola della Scala, Verona, Italy; and another image of his arms.
(1) This is the inscription placed on the wall next to his tomb, taken from Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificvm Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalivm, II, col. 708:
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