Birth. December 15, 1926, Kamaggwa, diocese of Masaka, Uganda.

Education. Minor Seminary, Bukalassa; Major Seminary, Katigondo; Pontifical Collegio Urbaniano, Rome (licentiate in theology); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in social sciences); Makerere University, Kampala; Notre Dame University, South Bend, United States. Received the diaconate, August 15, 1957, Rome, from Pietro Sigismondi, titular archbishop of Neapoli di Pisidia, secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1957, chapel of the Pontifical Collegio Urbaniano, Rome, by Pietro Sigismondi, titular archbishop of Neapoli di Pisidia, secretary of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide. In the same ceremony was also ordained Stephen Fumio Hamao, future cardinal. Further studies, Rome, 1957-1960. From 1960 to 1981, further studies in Uganda and United States; pastoral work in diocese of Masaka; inspector of diocesan schools; faculty member, Minor Seminary of Bukalasa; chaplain, faculty member and rector of University of Makerere. Vicar general of diocese of Masaka, 1974-1981. Chaplain of His Holiness, May 25, 1977.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Kiyinda-Mityana, July 17, 1981. Consecrated, November 22, 1981, Mityana, by Cardinal Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, archbishop of Kampala, assisted by Hadrian Kivumbi Ddungu, bishop of Masaka, and by Josef Stimpfle, bishop of Augsburg. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Promoted to coadjutor archbishop, with right of succession, of Kampala, June 21, 1988. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Kampala, February 8, 1990. President of the Episcopal Conference of Uganda, 1990-1994. First rector of Nuova Uganda Martyrs University. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Ugo, June 28, 1994. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. His resignation to the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Kampala was accepted by the pope, in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law, on August 19, 2006. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old on December 15, 2006.

WENDEL, Joseph (1901-1960)

Birth. May 27, 1901, Blieskastel, diocese of Speyer, Germany.

Education. Seminary of Speyer, Speyer; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorates in philosophy and theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 30, 1927, Rome. Pastoral work in the diocese of Speyer and director of Cáritas, 1927-1941.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lebesso and appointed coadjutor of Speyer, with right of succession, April 4, 1941. Consecrated, June 29, 1941, cathedral of Speyer, by Ludwig Sebastian, bishop of Speyer, assisted by Matthias Ehrenfried, bishop of Würzburg, and by Josef Kolb, titular bishop of Velicia, auxiliary of Bamberg. Succeeded to the see of Speyer, June 4, 1943. Promoted to the metropolitan see of München and Freising, August 9, 1952.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria Nuova, January 15, 1953. Military vicar of Germany, February 4, 1956. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII, which elected Pope John XXIII.

Death. December 31, 1960, Münich. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Münich.

Bibliography. Schwaiger, Georg and Mafred Heim. Kardinal Joseph Wendel,1901-1960; zum Gedächtnis des Bischofs von Speyer und Erzbischofs von München und Freising. München: Wewel, 1992.

Link. His episcopal lineage, in English.

Birth. February 20, 1928, Landau, diocese of Speyer, Germany. Third child of Peter Wetter, a railroad worker, and his wife Hedwig Agnes; they also had two daughters: Elisabeth Hedwig Wetter, since 1933 Sister Immolata Wetter CJ, superior general of the Congregatio Iesu (Maria-Ward-Sisters) from 1976 to 1984; and Hildegard Wetter, a grammar school teacher.

Education. Elementary school and high school in Landau; Philosophical Faculty of St. George, Frankfurt; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1948-1956 (doctorate in theology, 1956); resided at the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum, Rome; Theological Faculty, Münich.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 10, 1953, Rome, church of Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum, by Cardinal Clemente Micara, vicar general of Rome. Further studies, 1953-1956. Chaplain, St. Josef, Speyer, and professor of religion at Nikolaus-von-Weis School, 1956-1958. Assistant and lecturer at the Seminary of Speyer, 1958-1960. Auxiliary priest in Glanmuenchweiler, 1960-1961. Given time off to prepare for his "Habilitation", 1961-1962. Professor of fundamental theology at the Superior Institute of Philosophy and Theology, 1962-1967. "Habilitation" in München with Professor Dr. Michael Schmaus. Professor of dogmatic theology, University of Mainz, 1967-1968; honorary professor, 1968.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Speyer, May 28, 1968. Consecrated, June 29, 1968, cathedral of Speyer, by Isidor Markus Emanuel, titular bishop of Marazane, former bishop of Speyer, assisted by Hermann Volk, bishop of Mainz, and by Alfred Kleinermeilert, titular bishop of Pausula, auxiliary of Trier. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Promoted to the metropolitan see of München und Freising, October 28, 1982.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Awarded an honorary doctorate by the Catholic Theological Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, 1997. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Awarded the medal of honor "Palladion" of Greek culture, on December 30, 2002 as acknowledgment of his support to the Greek Orthodox Church in Bavaria. Awarded the "Bavarian Janus 2003" by the Bavarian minister of State for science, research and art; the "Bavarian Janus" is an acknowledgment prize, which is assigned in the Bavarian Archives Day, which unites public and private archives in the Free State of Bavaria. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. His resignation to the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Münich und Freising was accepted by the pope, in conformity to canon 401 § 1of the Code of Canon Law, on February 2, 2007; he was the apostolic administrator of the archdiocese until the installation of his successor on February 2, 2008. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the millennium of the archdiocese of Bamberg, Germany, July 8, 2007. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old on February 20, 2008.

Bibliography. Landersdorfer, Anton. " Wetter, Friedrich." Die Bischöfe der deutschsprachigen Länder, 1945 2001 : ein biographisches Lexikon. Unter Mitwirkung von Franz Xaver Bischof ... [et al.] ; herausgegeben von Erwin Gatz. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2002, pp. 306-307.

Link. Photograph, coat of arms and biography, in German.

Birth. September 4, 1909, Bovenkarspel, diocese of Haarlem, Holland. He was the oldest son of the nine children of Herman and Afra (Kok) Willebrands. His father was a businessman and one of his brothers was a Redemptorist priest who did missionary work in Surinam. His baptismal name was Johannes Gerardus Maria. His first name is also listed as Jan.

Education. Seminary of Warmond, Warmond; Pontifical Angelicum Athenaeum, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 26, 1934, Warmond. Further studies, 1934-1937. Pastoral work the in diocese of Haarlem, 1937-1940. Faculty member of the Seminary of Warmond, 1940-1945; its rector, 1945-1960. Secretary of the Secretariat for Christian Unity, June 28, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965, as expert. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, June 1, 1963. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, October 5, 1963.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Mauriana, June 4, 1964. Consecrated, June 28, 1964, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope Paul VI, assisted by Diego Venini, titular achbishop of Adana, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Ettore Cunial, titular archbishop of Soteropoli, vice-gerent of Rome. Named president of the Secretariat for Christian Unity, April 12, 1969.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, April 30, 1969. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the 7th centennial of the Council of Lyon, France, October 18 to 20, 1974. Named archbishop of Utrecht and military vicar of Holland, December 6, 1975. Transferred to order of cardinal priests, received title of S. Sebastiano alle Catecombe, December 6, 1975. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the Special Synod of Dutch Bishops, Vatican City, January 14 to 26, 1980; he was the first president-delegate. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Resigned the military vicariate, November 22, 1982. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Utrecht, December 3, 1983. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; one of its three president-delegates. Attended the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals, May 2, 1988 until 1995?. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, September 4, 1989. Resigned the presidency of the secretariat and was named president emeritus, December 12, 1989. After his retirement, he resided in the Pontifical Dutch College, Rome. He was decorated with the cross of the Order of Oranje Nassau and granted several honorary doctorates by universities in Europe and the United States. He was known at the Vatican as ''The Flying Dutchman'' for his travels promoting Christian unity.

Death. August 2, 2006, died in Saint Nicolaasstichting, of the Franciscan sisters, at Denekamp. The funeral took place on Tuesday August 8, 2006, at 11.00 am, in St Catharina metropolitan cathedral, Utrecht. The remains of the cardinal were be buried in the adjacent St. Barbara cemetery, in the cathedral's court, where his two immediate predecessors, Cardinals Jan de Jong and Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, are also buried. Cardinal Walter Kaspar, president of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the Unity of Christians, represented the pope at the funeral. Queen Beatrix of Holland sent a letter of condolence to Cardinal Simonis.

Bibliography. Meeking, Basil. "Willebrands, Johannes Gerardus Maria." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, pp. 423-425.

Link. Portrait and biography, in Dutch.

Birth. March 20, 1930, Wellington, New Zealand.

Education. Faculty of Commerce, Victoria University, Wellington; National Seminary, Mosgiel, Dunedin; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum De Propaganda Fide, Rome; University College, Dublin, 1961-1962 (degree in Social Sciences).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1959, Rome, by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian, pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith. Further studies, Dublin. Pastoral work in St Patrick's parish, Palmerston North, 1963-1965; director of studies, Catholic Enquiry Centra, Wellington, 1966-1970; missionary in Western Samoa; built the Paul VI College, Leulumoega, Samoa, 1971-1975; pastor, Holy Family parish, Porurua, Wellington, 1976-1979.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Wellington, October 30, 1979. Consecrated, December 20, 1979, church of St. Mary of the Angels, Wellington, by Owen Noel Snedden, titular bishop of Acheloo, auxiliary of Wellington and military vicar for New Zealand, assisted by John Patrick Kavanagh, bishop of Dunedin, and by Petero Mataca, archbishop of Suva. President of the Episcopal Conference of New Zealand, 1983-1991. Moderator of the National Tribunal.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of Gesù Divin Maestro alla Pineta Sacchetti, February 2, 1983. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Special papal envoy to the centennial celebration of the evangelization of Cook Islands, New Zealand, December 16 to 18, 1994. Military ordinary in New Zealand, June 1, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for Oceania of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 22 to December 12, 1998; president delegate. Awarded the Order of New Zealand, June 5, 2000. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, March 10, 2001. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law, March 4, 2005. Resigned the pastoral government of the Military Ordinariate of New Zealand, March 4, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.

Link. Photograph and biographical data, in English.

Birth. June 3, 1925, Wishaw, diocese of Motherwell, Scotland.

Education. St. Mary's College, Blairs, Aberdeen (philosophy); St. Peter's College, Cardross, Glasgow; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome license in theology; doctorate in canon law); Sacred Roman Rota, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 18, 1948, Rome. Further studies, Rome, 1948-1949. Incardinated in the diocese of Motherwell; assistant priest at St. Aloysius, Chapelhall until 1950. Further studies, Rome, 1950-1953. Assistant priest, St. Mary's, Hamilton, 1953-1957; Our Lady of Good Aid Cathedral, Motherwell, 1957-1958. Secretary, diocese of Motherwell, 1956-1961. Chaplain to the Franciscans of the Immaculate Conception, Bothwell 1958-1961. Spiritual director, Pontifical Scots College, Rome, 1961-1966; qualified as an advocate of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1965. Parish priest, Saint Luke's, Motherwell; Officialis of Motherwell Diocesan Tribunal and Vicar Episcopal for Marriage in Motherwell diocese, 1966-1970. First president and official of the newly established Scottish National Tribunal, Glasgow, 1970-1972.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Lugmad and appointed auxiliary of Glasgow, October 22, 1971. Consecrated, November 30, 1971, metropolitan cathedral of St. Andrew, Glasgow, by James Donald Scanlan, archbishop of Glasgow, assisted by Stephen McGill, bishop of Paisley, and by Francis Alexander Spalding Warden Thomson, bishop of Motherwell. Vicar general, archdiocese of Glasgow 1971-1974 and parish priest of Our Holy Redeemer Parish, Clydebank 1972-1974. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Glasgow, April 23, 1974. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity, The University of Glasgow, 1983. President of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland 1985-2001. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland, 1986. Knight commander of the Holy Sepulchre and grand prior of the Scottish Lieutenancy of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1989; promoted to Knight Grand Cross 1995. Delegate of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland, to the Bishops' Conferences of the European Union, 1990-1996. Member of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. Awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the University, University of Strathclyde, 1992.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Andrea delle Fratte, November 26, 1994. Awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Law, Aberdeen University, 1996. Special envoy to the celebrations of the 14th Centenary of the Death of St. Columba (Colum-cille), in the dioceses of Raphoe and Derry, Ireland, June 8-9, 1997. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999.

Death. June 17, 2001, Glasgow, Scotland. Buried in the crypt of St. Andrew's metropolitan cathedral, Glasgow.

Link. Photographs, biography, arms, speeches, obituary and funeral.

Birth. May 18, 1920, Wadowice, archdiocese of Kraków, Poland. Son of Karol Wojtyla, a non commissioned officer in the 56th Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian army, and Emilia Kaczorowsky, from Silesia, of a family originally from Lithuania. He had a sister who died at a very young age before his birth, and a brother, Edmund, who became a physician and died on December 4, 1932 of scarlet fever he contracted from one of his patients in the hospital in Bilesko. Baptized on June 20, 1920 in the parish of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as the church of Saint Mary, Wadowice, by Fr. Francisco Zak; he received the name Karol Józef. He received first communion in May 1929 and was confirmed on May 3, 1938 by Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Kraków; he took the name Hubert, in memory of a Polish author called Karol Hubert Rostworowski.

Education. Seminary of Kraków, Kraków; Pontifical Angelicum Athenaeum, Rome (doctorate in theology; thesis on faith in the works of St. John of the Cross); Lublin Catholic University, Lublin (doctorate in philosophy; thesis on "evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler").

Priesthood. Ordained, November 1, 1946, chapel of archbishop's palace, Kraków, by Adam Stefan Sapieha, archbishop of Kraków. Further studies and pastoral ministry among Polish immigrants of France, Belgium and Holland, 1946-1948. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Kraków and faculty member of the Catholic University of Lublin, 1948-1951; further studies, 1951-1953. Faculty member of the Major Seminary of Kraków and in the Faculty of Theology of Lublin, 1953-1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Ombi and appointed auxiliary of Eugeniusz Baziak, archbishop of Lviv of the Latins and apostolic administrator of Kraków, July 4, 1958. Consecrated, September 28, 1958, metropolitan cathedral of Kraków, by Eugeniusz Baziak, archbishop of Lviv of the Latins and apostolic administrator of Kraków, assisted by Franciszek Jop, bishop of Opole, and by Bolesław Kominek, archbishop of Wrocław. Vicar capitular of Kraków, June 16, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Kraków, January 13, 1964.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Cesareo in Palatio, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, June 29, 1967. Attended the I Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; its relator; the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; member of the general secretariat, 1977-1978. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16, 1978 and was elected pope.

Papacy. Elected, October 16, 1978. Took the name John Paul II. Inauguration of the pontificate, October 22, 1978; received the pallium from Cardinal Pericle Felici, protodeacon of S. Apollinare. Created 231 cardinals in nine consistories. Another cardinal was created and reserved in pectore and his name was never published.

Death. April 2, 2005, at 9:37 p.m., in his apartment at the Vatican Apostolic Palace. The funeral, presided by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, dean of the College of Cardinals, was celebrated on Friday, April 8, 2005, at 10 a.m., in St. Peter's Square. After the funeral, the body of the pope was interred in the grotto of the patriarchal Vatican basilica in the same place where the body of Pope John XXIII had been buried until it was moved to the upper basilica after his beatification.

Beatification. Pope Benedict XVI announced on May 13, 2005, the opening of the cause of beatification of Pope John Paul II, waiving the normal waiting period of five years after the death of a Servant of God. The pope made the announcement in the course of a meeting with the Roman clergy in the basilica of St. John Lateran. The rescript - or document authorizing the act - was dated May 9, 2005 and was signed by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins and Archbishop Edward Nowak, respectively prefect and secretary of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The diocesan phase of the process was opened on June 28, 2005, less than three months after Pope John Paul II's death, at the patriarchal Lateran basilica by Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar general of Rome; it was closed in that same basilica on April 2, 2007. The diocesan process over, the acts and documents now pass to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, where all the material will be studied.

Bibliography. Bernstein, Carl and Marco Politi. His Holiness: John Paul II and the hidden history of our time. New York : Doubleday, 1996; Bray, Massimo. "Giovanni Paolo II." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, III, 681-697; Dherbier, Yann-Brice ; Verlhac, Pierre-Henri ; Tincq, Henri. Pope John Paul II : a life in pictures. New York : powerHouse Books, 2005; Dziwisz , Stanislao. Una vita con Karol. Conversazione con Gian Franco Svidercoschi. Milano : Rizzoli, 2007; From Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI : an inside look at the end of an era, the beginning of a new one, and the future of the church. Edited by Mary Ann Walsh ; with reporting by Catholic News Service. Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005; Noonan, Peggy. John Paul the great : remembering a spiritual father. New York : Viking, 2005; Spinello, Richard A. The genius of John Paul II : the great pope's moral wisdom. Lanham, MD ; Sheed & Ward ; Distributed by National Book Network, 2007. Contents: Faith, reason, and morals -- Competing moral visions -- The nature of the human person -- Freedom, the good, and the moral law -- The moral person -- Ethics for modern life -- Conclusions -- Appendix: the life and writings of John Paul II; Szulc, Tad. Pope John Paul II. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1995; Weigel, George. Witness to hope : the biography of Pope John Paul II. New York : Cliff Street Books, 1999.

Link. Portrait, arms and biography, in Italian; his episcopal lineage, in English; and portrait, arms and biographical information, in English.

Birth. July 18, 1909, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Son of John Joseph Wright and Marriet Louise Cokely.

Education. Boston College, Boston; Saint John's Seminary, Brighton; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 8, 1935, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, vicar general of Rome. Further studies, 1935-1939. Faculty member of Saint John's Seminary, Brighton, 1939-1943. Secretary to the archbishop of Boston, November 8, 1944. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, December 17, 1944.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Egea and appointed auxiliary of Boston, May 10, 1947. Consecrated, June 30, 1947, cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston, by Richard Cushing, archbishop of Boston, assisted by Ralph Leo Hayes, bishop of Davenport, and by James Louis Connelly, titular bishop of Milasa and coadjutor of Fall River. Transferred to the diocese of Worcester, January 28, 1950. Transferred to the diocese of Pittsburgh, January 23, 1959. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Prefect of the S.C. for Clergy, April 23, 1969.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of Gesù Divin Maestro alla Pineta Sacchetti, April 30, 1969. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; president delegate, August 2, 1971. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Did not participate in the conclave of August 25 to 26, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul I, because of illness. Participated in conclave of October 14 to 16, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul II.

Death. August 10, 1979, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. Buried, family plot, Holyhood Cemetery, Brookline.

Bibliography. Almagno, R. Stephen. Cardinal John Joseph Wright, the bibliophile. Pittsburgh: The Pittsburgh Bibliophiles, 1980; Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 109; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 300.

Birth. March 26, 1925, in the village of Ho Hau, in the country of Wu-hua (Province of Guangdong) diocese of Kai-ying, China. Son of Shing Sing Wu and Mary Chow. Baptized in the parish Church of the same village; received his primary education there.

Education. Seminary of Kaying, Kaying, 1940-1946 (secondary education); South China Regional Seminary, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, August 1946 (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law, summa cum laude, June 23, 1956; thesis: De forma canonica extraordinaria celebrationis matrimonii).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 6, 1952, cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Hong Kong, by Antonio Riberi, titular archbishop of Dara, nuncio in China. Pastoral work at the Refugee Center at Tung Tau Tsuen, Kowloon, Hong Kong, now a part of St. Patrick's Parish, 1952-1953. Further studies in Rome, 1954-1956. July 1956: Sent to the United States to gain experience in diocesan administration, working respectively at the chancery of the archdiocese of New York (July-September 1956); of Boston (September-December 1956); and of Chicago (December 1956-January 1957). Pastoral work in the diocese of Hsin-chu, Taiwan, May 1957-1975; moderator of the diocesan synod, 1971-1972.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Hong Kong, April 5, 1975. Consecrated, July 25, 1975, cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Hong Kong, by Cardinal Agnelo Rossi, prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith, assisted by Petrus Pao-Zin Tou, bishop of Hsinchu, and by Frederic Anthony Donaghy, M.M., bishop of Wuchow (Wuzhou). Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Led delegations in official visits to the People's Republic of China in 1985, 1986 and 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1988; received the red biretta and the title of Beata Vergine Maria del Monte Carmelo a Mostacciano, June 28, 1988. Special papal envoy to the National Missionary Congress of the Philippines, Cebu, September 27 to October 1, 2000. He was the first cardinal from Hong Kong.

Death. September 23, 2002, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Buried in St. Michael's Catholic Cemetery, Happy Valley, Hong Kong.

Link. Biography, in English.

Birth. August 3, 1901, Zuzela, diocese of Lomza, Poland. He was the second of the five children of Stanislaw Wyszynski and Julianna Karp.

Education. Pius X Lyceum, a minor seminary, Wloclaweck; Seminary of Wloclaweck, Wloclaweck, 1920-1924 (philosophy and theology); University of Lublin, Lublin, 1924-1929 (doctorate in canon law; dissertation: The Rights of the Family, the Church, and the State in Relation to Schools, June 1929; habilitacja, The moral environment of factory work). Received the subdiaconate, March 15, 1924, from Bishop Stanislaw Zdzitowiecki; diaconate, April 5, 1924, also from Bishop Stanislaw Zdzitowiecki.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 3, 1924, Wloclaweck, by Wojciech Owczarek, auxiliary bishop of Wloclaweck. Further studies, 1924-1929. Pastoral work in the diocese of Lomza, 1927-1930. Received a traveling scholarship to study the state of the Christian social sciences in Austria, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, and Germany, 1929-1930. Vicar at Przedcz, 1930. Vicar at the cathedral of Wloclawek, Fall 1930. Secretary of the Pius X Lyceum, Wloclawek, 1931. Director of the diocesan missions office, 1931-1932. Faculty member of the Seminary of Wloclaweck, 1931-1939. Between 1931 and 1939, he brought out 106 publications mainly on the economic crisis, unemployment, and social justice. Director of the journal Atenaeum Kaplanskie, 1932-1939. Promoter of justice and defender of the matrimonial bond in the diocesan curia, 1932-1938. Head of the Christian Worker's University. From 1932, he was active in the Christian trade unions and organized the Catholic Union of Young Workers. Actively worked in the Marian Society of Landowners. Member of the Primate's Social Council, 1937. Judge in the episcopal tribunal, from 1938. Clandestine pastoral work during the Second World War, 1939-1945; briefly arrested by the Gestapo in October 1941; lived in Zulow from November 1941 until June 1942; chaplain of the Laski Institute for the Blind, June 1942; pastoral and educational work in Warsaw, 1942-1945. Canon capitular of the cathedral of Wloclawek, August 15, 1945.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Lublin, March 4, 1946. Consecrated, May 12, 1946, Jasna Góra, by Cardinal August Hlond, S.D.B., archbishop of Gniezno and Posen, assisted by Karol Radoński, bishop of Włocławek, and by Stanisław Czajka, titular bishop of Centuria. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Gniezno, with the see of Warsaw united ad personam, November 12, 1948 (1). Imprisoned by the Communist regime, 1953- October 26, 1956.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of January 12, 1953; impeded from attending the consistory. Received the red hat and the title of S. Maria in Trastevere, May 18, 1957. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII, which elected Pope John XXIII. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962 - 1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Prohibited from attending the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, 1967, by the Communist regime. Attended the I Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979.

Death. May 28, 1981, Warsaw. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Warsaw.

Bibliography. Micewski, Andrzej. Cardinal Wyszynski : a biography. Translated from Polish by William A. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. Translation of : Kardynal Wyszynski, primas I maz stanu; Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 265-279; Prymas Wyszyński a kultura katolicka. Redakcja Krzysztof Dybciak. Warszawa : Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2002; Raina, Peter. Stefan Kardynal Wyszynski Prymas Polski. 3 vols. Londyn [i.e. London] : Oficyna Poetów i Malarzy, 1979-1988; Wyszynski, Stefan. A freedom within : the prison notes of Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski. Trans. By Barbara Krzywicki-Herburt and Walter J. Ziemba; foreword by John Cardinal Krol. San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Translation of : Zpiski wiezienne.

Link. Photographs and biography, in Polish; Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, Warsaw, in Polish; biographical data, in Polish; biographical data, in English; photographs, arms, statue and biographical data, in Polish; photographs, arms, statue and biography, in English; photograph, biography and bibliography, in Polish; catalog of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland, in English; postcards and stamps.

(1) As he was dying, Cardinal Hlond suggested to the pope to name Bishop Wyszynski as his successor. The Polish episcopate, not knowing this, had also forwarded his name to Rome.

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.