OBANDO BRAVO, S.D.B., Miguel (1926-

Birth. February 2, 1926, La Libertad, Chontales, apostolic prelature of Juigalpa, Nicaragua. Son of Antonio Obando y Cisneros and Marí Nicolasa Bravo de Obando. The couple had six children: Cándido, Miguel Purificación, Anselmo, Lino, Jesús and Estela.

Education. Salesian school in Granada; "Aspirantado Salesiano", Granada; joined the Pious Society of St. Francis de Sales (Salesians of Don Bosco) in 1949. Salesian houses of study in San Salvador, El Salvador (Latin, Greek, pedagogy, mathematics, physics and philosophy); in Guatemala, Guatemala (theology); and in Colombia and Venezuela (vocational psychology).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 10, 1958, Guatemala, by Giuseppe Paupini, titular archbishop of Sebastopoli di Abasgia, nuncio in Guatemala and El Salvador. Professor of mathematics and physics, Nicaragua and El Salvador, 1958-1959. Prefect of discipline, Salesian Seminary, San Salvador, 1959-1961; rector of the Institute Rinaldi, Salesian Seminary, San Salvador, 1961-1968. Member of the provincial council of the Salesian Order in Central America, 1962-1968. Delegate of the Central America and Panamá provinces to the general chapter of the Salesian Order, Rome, 1965.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Puzia di Bizacena and appointed auxiliary of Matagalpa, January 18, 1968.Consecrated, March 31, 1968, by Marco Antonio García y Suárez, bishop of Granada, assisted by Clemente Carranza y López, bishop of Estelí, and by Julián Luis Barni Spotti, O.F.M., titular bishop of Coracesio, prelate of Juigalpa. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Managua, February 16, 1970. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. President of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, 1971-1974; and 1979-1983. President of the Episcopal Secretariat of Central America and Panamá, 1976-1980. Active defensor of human rights during Somoza's dictatorship and Sandinista regime. Received the Bruno Kreysky Award for peace and freedom, Vienna, Austria, 1979; the Plaque for Peace and Freedom of the Nicaraguan People, San Francisco, United States, 1980; the Letter of Brotherhood of the Piarist Society, Managua, 1980; the Venezuelan Order of Francisco Miranda, 1981; the Distinction of Loyalty to the Pope, the Church and the Nicaraguan People, Central of Nicaraguan Workers (CTN), 1982.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of S. Giovanni Evangelista a Spinaceto, May 25, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. President of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, 199--1996; 1999-. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992. Special papal envoy to the celebrations of the IV centennial of the veneration of Santo Cristo of Esquipulas, Guatemala, March 9, 1995. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Managua upon having reached the age limit, March 12, 2005. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005; by papal appointment. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, February 2, 2006. On March 14, 2007, he announced in a press conference held at Unica Catholic University that he had accepted a request made in January by Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega to preside over the Peace and Reconciliation Commission, which is charged with ensuring the implementation of signed agreements with Nicaraguans who were affected by the civil war of the 1980's. He accepted the presidency "a título personal" (in his own name). In February, the cardinal had indicated that he would accept only if the Holy See allowed him. On March 10, 2007, he had an audience with Pope Benedict XVI and in the press conference the cardinal said that the pope had told him to work for the reconciliation of the Nicaraguan family. He is the first Nicaraguan cardinal.

Bibliography. Urtasun Martínez, Domingo. Miguel Obando Bravo cardenal por la paz. Managua : Hispamer, 1994.

Link. His arms.

O'BOYLE, Patrick Aloysius (1896-1987)

Birth. July 18, 1896, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Son of Michael O'Boyle and Mary Muldoon.

Education. Saint Thomas College, Scranton; Saint Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, New York; New York School of Social Work, New York.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 21, 1921, New York, by Patrick Joseph Hayes, archbishop of New York. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of New York, 1921-1926. Faculty member of the New York School of Social Work, 1932-1936. Executive director of the Catholic Guardian Society, New York, 1926-1933. Assistant director of the Children Care Department of Catholic Charities of New York, 1933-1936. Executive director of the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, Mt. Loretto, Staten Island, 1936-1943. Privy chamberlain, of His Holiness 1941. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, June 21, 1944. Executive director of the War Relief Services, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D.C., 1943-1947. Executive director of the Catholic Charities of New York, August 1, 1947.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Washington, D.C., November 27, 1947. Consecrated, January 14, 1948, St. Patrick's cathedral, New York, by Cardinal Francis Spellman, archbishop of New York, assisted by John Michael McNamara, titular bishop of Eunemia, auxiliary of Washington, and by Henry Theophilus Klonowski, titular bishop of Daldis, auxiliary of Scranton. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, December 25, 1955. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Named metropolitan archbishop of Washington when the see was elevated to that rank, October 12, 1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the title of S. Nicola in Carcere, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, June 29, 1967. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, March 3, 1973. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, July 18, 1976.

Death. August 10, 1987, Washington. Buried in the chapel of St. Francis of Assisi, the burial chamber for the archbishops of the archdiocese, St. Matthew's metropolitan cathedral, Washington.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 112; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 219; MacGregor, Morris J. Steadfast in the Faith: The Life of Patrick Cardinal O'Boyle. Washington, D.C. : The Catholic University of America Press, 2006. Contents : Preface; 1. A Scranton Childhood; 2. A Curate's Education; 3. Catholic Charities; 4. Other Duties as Assigned; 5. An Organization Man; 6. Pomp and Circumstance; 7. Learning on the Job; 8. Fighting Jim Crow; 9. A Capital Pulpit; 10. The Measure of the Man; 11. Vatican II; 12. A Fretful Man; 13. A Civil Rights Crusader; 14. State in Fide; 15. "What'll They Think of Next?"; 16. Finale; Bibliography; Index.

O'BRIEN, Keith Michael Patrick (1938-

Birth. March 17, 1938, Ballycastle, diocese of Down and Connor, Ireland. He was a child when his parents migrated to Scotland.

Education. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (bachelor of science, 1959; diploma in education, 1966); Seminary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

Priesthood. Ordained, April 3, 1965, Edinburgh, by Cardinal Gordon Joseph Gray, archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. In the archdiocese of Edinburgh, vicar cooperator in Holy Cross, Edinburgh, 1965-1966; St. Bride, Cowdenbeath, 1966-1971; St. Patrick, Kilsyth, 1972-1975; St. Mary, Bathgate, 1975-1978. Spiritual director, St. Andrew's College, Drygrange, 1978-1980. Rector, St. Mary's College, Blairs, 1980-1985.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, May 30, 1985. Consecrated, August 5, 1985, metropolitan cathedral of Saint Mary, Edinburgh, by Cardinal Gordon Joseph Gray, archbishop emeritus of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, assisted by Bruno Bernard Heim, titular archbishop of Xanto, apostolic delegate in Great Britain, and by Thomas Joseph Winning, archbishop of Glasgow. President of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland. Grand cross and conventual chaplain of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1985. Knight commander with star of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. Apostolic administrator of the diocese of Argyll and the Isles, 1996. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Gioacchino e Anna al Tuscolano, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI.

Link. His arms.

O'CONNELL, William Henry (1859-1944)

Birth. December 8, 1859, Lowell, archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Youngest of the eleven children of John O'Connell, a textile mill laborer, and Bridget Farrelly, Irish immigrants.

Education. Saint Charles Seminary College, Ellicott City, Maryland, 1879; left the seminary and entered Boston College, Boston (graduated in 1881, first honors in philosophy and physics); resumed his studies for the priesthood and was sent to the North American College, Rome; Pontifical Urban Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome (because of illness had to leave without completing his doctorate).

Priesthood. Ordained, June 7, 1884, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Maria Marocchi, vicar general of His Holiness. Pastoral work in the parishes of St. Joseph, Medford, and St. Joseph, Boston, West End, archdiocese of Boston, 1885-1895. Rector of the North American College, Rome, 1895-1901. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, 1897.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Portland, Maine, February 8, 1901. Consecrated, May 19, 1901, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Satolli, assisted by Edmund Stonor, titular archbishop of Trapezus (Trebizonda), and by Rafael Merry del Val, titular archbishop of Nicea. Special papal envoy to Japan, 1905. Special papal envoy to Emperor Mutsuhito of Japan, August 31, 1905; decorated with the Grand Cordon of the Sacred Treasure. Assistant at Pontifical Throne, 1905. Promoted to titular archbishop of Constantia (1) and appointed coadjutor of Boston, with right of succession, February 21, 1906. Succeeded to the archdiocese of Boston, August 31, 1907.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 27, 1911; received the red hat and the title of S. Clemente, November 30, 1911. Arrived late to the conclave of 1914, which elected Pope Benedict XV. Arrive late to the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI; asked the new pope to extend the number of days between the death of the pope and the opening of the conclave (2). Papal legate to the National Convention of Holy Name Society, Washington, D.C., September 23, 1924. Awarded an honorary degree by Harvard University in 1937; he was the first native Catholic prelate to receive such recognition. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. April 22, 1944, Brighton, Boston. Buried in a small chapel he had built on the grounds of St. John's Seminary of Boston (3).

Bibliography. Branson, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 55; Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, pp. 221-22; Golden jubilee of His Eminence, William Cardinal O'Connell, Archbishop of Boston, 1884-1934. Cambridge, Mass. : Riverside Press, 1935; O'Connell, William Henry. Reminiscences of twenty-five years, 1901-1926. Boston : Pilot Pub. Co., 1926; O'Leary, Robert Aidan. William Henry Cardinal O'Connell : a social and intellectual biography. Dissertation: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 1980; Reproduction: Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International, 1982; O'Toole, James M. Militant and Triumphant: William Henry O'Connell and the Catholic Church in Boston, 1859-1944. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 1992; Pieta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 11, 22, 90 and 139; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VIII (1846-1903). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1979, p. 464; Sexton, John E. Cardinal O'Connell : a biographical sketch, souvenir of the silver jubilee of his episcopate. Boston : Pilot Pub. Co., 1926; Wayman, Dorothy G. Cardinal O'Connell of Boston. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Young, 1955.

Links. His portrait and biography, in English; "Number One" The man who set the style for America's bishops, article from Boston College Magazine, Winter 2003; The Cardinal of Repression, book review of Militant and Triumphant: William Henry O'Connell and the Catholic Church in Boston, 1859-1944, by James Carroll, published in The Atlantic Monthly; July 1992; Volume 270, No. 1; pp. 90-95; and his photograph.

(1) This see is also called Tomi.
(2) In response, the pope issued the motu proprio Cum proxime, dated March 1, 1922, by which he ordered that the conclave should begin fifteen days after the death of the Roman Pontiff and empowered the College of Cardinals to extend this period to eighteen days if they considered it necessary.
(3) An article in The Boston Globe describes the place of burial: "in a small chapel, on a hill situated well away from the major buildings, with two statues of lions in front of it. There is no plaque or any other wording there to identify it."

O'CONNOR, John Joseph (1920-2000)

Birth. January 15, 1920, Philadelphia, United States of America. Fourth child of Thomas O'Connor and Dorothy Gomple.

Education. Public elementary and junior high schools, Philadelphia; West Catholic High School for Boys, Philadelphia; St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, Philadelphia; Villanova University, Philadelphia; University of Delaware, Wilmington; Catholic University, Washington; Georgetown University, Washington (masters in superior ethics, clinical psychology and political science).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 15, 1945. Faculty member, St. James School and St. James School for Adults, Philadelphia; University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Military chaplain in the United States Army and Navy, in Quantico, Barstow, Okinawa, and Vietnam; chief chaplain, 1957-1979; retired, June 1, 1979. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, October 27, 1966.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Curzola and appointed auxiliary to the military vicar for the United States, April 18, 1979. Consecrated, May 27, 1979, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy, archbishop emeritus of Bangalore, secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, and by Eduardo Martínez Somalo, titular archbishop of Tagora, substitute of the Secretariat of State. Transferred to the see of Scranton, May 6, 1983. Promoted to the metropolitan see of New York, January 25, 1984. Apostolic administrator of the armed services, January 26, 1984 to March 16, 1985.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 25, 1985; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, May 25, 1985. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, 1985; November 6, 1995. Special papal envoy to the Philippines National Eucharistic Congress, Manila, December 8, 1987. Attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994; one of its three president delegates. Special papal envoy to the closing ceremonies of the centenary of the cathedral of Melbourne, Australia, October 27, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 15, 2000. Awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, March 7, 2000.

Death. May 3, 2000, New York. Buried in the crypt of St. Patrick's metropolitan cathedral, New York.

Bibliography. Bransom, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic bishops 1790-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 179-180; Hentoff, Nat. John Cardinal O`Connor: At the storm center of a changing Catholic Church. New York : 1988; Shelley, Thomas J. "O'Connor, John Joseph." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, pp.368-370.

ODDI, Silvio (1910-2001)

Birth. November 14, 1910, Morfasso, diocese of Piacenza, Italy. He was the twelfth of fourteen children, seven boys and seven girls. His baptismal name was Silvio Angelo Pio.

Education. Seminary of Piacenza, Piacenza, October 1921 to 1926 (studies ginnasiali); Collegio Alberoni-, Piacenza, 1926-1933 (philosophy, theology and moral); Pontifical Athenaeum Angelicum, Rome; Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 21, 1933, Piacenza. Further studies, Rome, 1933-1936. Scretary of the apostolic delegation in Iran, 1936-1939. Privy chamberlain supernumerary, April 24, 1937; reappointed, March 3, 1939. Secretary of the apostolic delegation in Lebanon and Syria, 1939-1945; in Egypt, 1945-1948; in the nunciature in France, 1948-1951. Regent of the nunciature in Yugoslavia, 1951-1953.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Messembria, July 30, 1953. Appointed apostolic delegate in Jerusalem, Palestine, Transjordania, and Cyprus, July 31, 1953. Consecrated, September 27, 1953, cathedral of Piacenza, by Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, patriarch of Venice, assisted by Umberto Malchiodi, titular archbishop of Serre, coadjutor, with right of succession, of the archbishop-bishop of Piacenza, and by Antonio Samorè, titular archbishop of Tirnovo, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Internuncio in Egypt, January 11, 1957. Nuncio in Belgium and internuncio in Luxemburg, May 17, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Agata in Urbe, April 30, 1969. President of the Commission of Cardinals for the Pontifical Shrines of Pompei and Loreto, and pontifical legate for the patriarchal basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, June 13, 1969. Participated in the two conclaves of 1978. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated, pro illa vice, to title, June 30, 1979. Prefect of the S.C. for the Clergy, September 29, 1979. Attended the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals, June 25, 1984 to June 22, 1987. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Resigned prefecture, January 9, 1986. Special papal envoy to the state funeral of Emperor Hirohito of Japan, Tokyo, February 24, 1989. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, November 14, 1990.

Death. June 29, 2001, Cortemaggiore, Piacenza. Buried, old parish church, Morfasso.

Bibliography. Oddi, Silvio ; Brunelli, Lucio. Il tenero mastino di Dio : memorie del Cardinale Silvio Oddi. Roma : Progetti museali editore : ENEL, 1995. Other Title : Memorie del Cardinale Silvio Oddi.

O'DONNELL, Patrick (1856-1927)

Birth. November 28, 1856, Kilraine, Glenties, diocese of Raphoe, Ireland. He was the son of a small farmer of Kilraine, near Glenties, Co. Donegal.

Education. He studied at the High School, Letterkneey; the Catholic University, Dublin (1873-18'75); Old Diocesan Seminary, Letterkneey before Maynooth; and St Patrick's College, Maynooth. He obtained the doctorate in Sacred Theology in 1885.

Priesthood. Ordained, 1880, Maynooth. Professor of dogmatic and moral theology, Saint Patrick's Seminary, Maynnoth, 1881-1888. Dean of the revived post-graduate Dunboyne Institute, 1884-1888. During this time, he was a prolific author on moral theology and canon law.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Raphoe, February 26, 1888; at the time, he was the youngest bishop in the world. Consecrated, March 25, 1888, pro-cathedral of Raphoe, Letterkenny, by Michael Logue, archbishop of Armagh, assisted by Francis Kelly, bishop of Derry, and by Patrick McAllister, bishop of Downs and Coonor. Member of the Irish Convention, 1917-1918. Promoted to the titular archbishop of Attalia and appointed coadjutor of Armagh, with right of succession, January 14, 1922. Apostolic administrator of Raphoe, 1922-1923. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Armagh, and primate of All Ireland, November 19, 1924.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 14, 1925; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Pace, December 17, 1925. Papal legate to the Irish Plenary Council, Maynooth, June 27, 1927.

Death. October 22, 1927, Carlingford, near Armagh. Buried, St. Patrick's cemetery, Armagh.

Link. Photograph and biography, in English, fourth on the page.

Ó FIAICH, Tomás (1923-1990)

Birth. November 3, 1923, Crossmaglen, archdiocese of Armagh, Ireland.

Education. St. Patrick's College, Armagh; Maynooth University, Armagh; St. Peter's College, Armagh.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 6, 1948, Armagh. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Armagh, 1948-1953. Faculty member, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, 1953-1977; vice-rector, 1970-1974; rector, 1974-1977.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Armagh, August 18, 1977. Consecrated, October 2, 1977, Armagh, by Gaetano Alibrandi, titular archbishop of Binda, nuncio in Ireland, assisted by Francis Lenny, titular bishop of Rotdon, auxiliary of Armagh, and by William J. Philbin, bishop of Down and Connor. President of Episcopal Conference of Ireland, 1977-1990.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 30, 1979; received the red biretta and the title of S. Patrizio, June 30, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5-9, 1979; V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26-October 25, 1980; VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29-October 28, 1983; II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24-December 8, 1985; VII Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1-30, 1987.

Death. May 8, 1990, Toulouse, France. Buried, grounds of St. Patrick's metropolitan cathedral, Armagh.

Bibliography. FitzGerald, Billy. Father Tom. Fount, 1990; Ó Glaisne, Risteárd. Tomás Ó Fiaich. Baile Átha Claith: Coiscéim, 1990.

O'HARA, C.S.C., John Francis (1888-1960)

Birth. May 1, 1888, Ann Arbor, diocese of Detroit, Michigan, United States of America. Son of John Walter O'Hara and Ella Cecilia Thornton.

Education. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Catholic University of America, Washington; State University of Pennsylvania. Joined the Congregation of the Holy Cross, August 8, 1912; professed, September 14, 1914.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 9, 1916, Indianapolis, by Joseph Chartrand, titular bishop of Flavia, auxiliary of Indianapolis. Faculty member and spiritual director of the University of Notre Dame, 1917-1933; its vice-president, 1933-1934; its president, 1934-1939.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Milasa and appointed delegate of the military vicar of the United States Armed Forces, December 11, 1939. Consecrated, January 15, 1940, church of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame, by Francis Spellman, archbishop of New York, assisted by John Francis Noll, bishop of Fort Wayne, and by Joseph Elmer Ritter, bishop of Indianapolis. Transferred to the diocese of Buffalo, March 10, 1945. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Philadelphia, November 28, 1951.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1958; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, December 18, 1958.

Death. August 20, 1960, Philadelphia. Buried in the church of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame.

Bibliography. Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 229; McAvoy, Thomas T. Father O'Hara of Notre Dame the cardinal archbishop of Philadelphia. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press, 1967.

OKOGIE, Anthony Olubunmi (1936-

Birth. June 16, 1936, Lagos, Nigeria.

Education. Minor Seminary of Ibadan, Ibadan; Major Seminary of Ibadan, Ibadan (philosophy and theology); Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome, 1963 (licentiate in theology, 1966).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 11, 1966, Lagos, by Archbishop John Kwao Amuzu Aggey of Lagos. Incardinated in the archdiocese of Lagos; coadjutor of the cathedral parish; vicar economous of St. Patrick's parish, Idumagbo; diocesan director of Catholic schools and of the Work of Vocations; in charge of the radio programs of National Radio-Television; professor of religion, King's College; member of the episcopal senate; member of the pastoral commission.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Mascula and appointed auxiliary of of Oyo, June 5, 1971. Consecrated, August 29, 1971, cathedral of Saint Benedict, Oshogbo, by Owen McCoy, bishop of Oyo, assisted by Anthony Saliu Sanusi, bishop of Ijebu-Ode, and by Alexius Obabu Makozi, titular bishop of Fallaba, auxiliary of Lokoja. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lagos, April 13, 1973. Attended the Special Assembly for Africa of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of Beata Vergine Maria del Monte Carmelo a Mostacciano, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Special papal envoy to the National Eucharistic Congress of Ghana, November 19 to 20, 2005. Named member of of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, February 3, 2007.

ORTEGA Y ALAMINO, Jaime Lucas (1936-

Birth. October 18, 1936, Jagüey Grande, diocese of Matanzas, Cuba. Son of Arsenio Ortega, a merchant, and Adela Alamino, housewife. When he was five years old, his family moved to the city of Matanzas.

Education. Public school "Arturo Echemendma" (primary education); Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Matanzas (secondary education; bachillerato in sciences and letters, 1955); he also studied music (piano) in Matanzas; Seminary of San Alberto Magno, Matanzas, 1956-1960 (humanities and philosophy); Seminary of Priests of Foreign Missions, Québec, Canada, 1960-1964 (theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, August 2, 1964, cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, Matanzas, by José Maximino Eusebio Domínguez y Rodríguez, bishop of Matanzas. Vicar cooperator in Cárdes, 1964-1966. For eight months, he was recruited by the "Unidades Militares de Apoyo a la Producción" (UMAP), controlled by the Ministry of the Interior in Camagüey. From 1967-1969, pastor of Jagüey Grande, his native city; as all the pastors in Cuba, due to a severe shortage of priests in those years, he served in several parishes and churches at the same time. Pastor of the cathedral of Matanzas, and at the same time, assisted the parish of Pueblo Nuevo and two other churches in the countryside; he was also president of the Diocesan Commission of Catechetic and realized an active apostolate with the youth of the diocese; in those years, which were even more difficult for the pastoral work of the church, he began a youth movement that included, among other forms of apostolate, a summer camp for the youth, and a work of evangelization through theatrical works performed by the same youth. At the same time, he was professor at San Carlos y San Ambrosio Interdiocesan Seminary, Havana, where he traveled every week to teach moral theology for several years.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Pinar del Rio, December 4, 1978. Consecrated, January 14, 1979, cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, Matanzas, by Mario Tagliaferri, titular archbishop of Formia, pro-nuncio in Cuba, assisted by Francisco Ricardo Oves Fernández, archbishop of San Cristóbal de La Habana, and by José Maximino Eusebio Domínguez y Rodríguez, bishop of Matanzas. Took possession of the see on January 21, 1979. Promoted to the metropolitan see of San Cristóbal de La Habana, November 20, 1981. President of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Cuba, 1989-1998. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Aquila e Priscilla, November 26, 1994. In February 1995, he was elected second vice-president of the Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM); he occupied the post for several years. In 1996, he presided the commission for the process of postulation of the cause of beatification of the Servant of God Fr. Félix Varela y Morales. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Special papal envoy to the National Eucharistic Congress of El Salvador, San Salvador, November 25 to 26, 2000. President of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Cuba, 1988-1998; and again, December 6, 2001 to 2004. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. He was awarded honorary doctorates by St. Thomas University, Miami, Florida; Barry University, also in Miami, Florida; Providence University, Rhode Island; St John University, New York; University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Universidad Popular Autónoma de Estado de Puebla, México; he also received the Annual Prize of "Fundazione Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy, among others. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil.

Links. Biography, in Spanish and his arms.

OTTAVIANI, Alfredo (1890-1979)

Birth. October 29, 1890, Rome, Italy. Eleventh of the twelve children of Enrico Ottaviani, a baker, and Palmira Catalini.

Education. Initial studies with the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Trastevere, Rome; Pontifical Roman Seminary, Rome; Pontifical Roman Athenaum "S. Apollinare", Rome (doctorates in philosophy, theology and canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 18, 1916, Rome. Professor of Public Ecclesiastical Law at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare"; and of philosophy at the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide"; minutante at the S.C. of Propaganda Fide; and pastoral ministry at the Pontifical Oratory of S. Pietro in diocese of Rome, 1916-1926. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, March 15, 1922. Rector of the Pontifical Bohemian College, Rome, 1926-1928. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, May 31, 1927. Under secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, February 1928-1929. Substitute of the secretariat of State, June 7, 1929. Protonotary apostolic, December 21, 1931. Assessor of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, December 19, 1935.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of January 12, 1953; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica, January 15, 1953. Member of the Commission for the Study of the Dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. President of the Spritual Commission in the Central Committee for the Holy Year. President of the Committee for the 15th centennial of the Council of Chalcedonia. President of the Committee for the Commemoration of the apostolic constitution "Sapienti Consilio: Pro-secretary of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, January 15, 1953 to November 7, 1959. Participated in the conclave of 1958, which elected Pope John XXIII. In 1959, he received a doctorate honoris causa from The Catholic University of America, Washington; from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana; from Creighton University, Omaha; from Seton Hall University, Newark; and from Loras College, Dubuque. Papal legate to the centennial celebration of the establishment of the Catholic hierarchy in Canada, August 25, 1959. Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of Holy Office, November 7, 1959 to February 9, 1966. Cardinal protodeacon, August 3, 1961.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Berrea, April 5, 1962. Consecrated, April 19, 1962, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo and by Cardinal Benedetto Aloisi Masella. In the same ceremony were consecrated Cardinals Joaquín Anselmo María Albareda, O.S.B., Antonio Bacci, Augustin Bea, S.J., Francesco Bracci, Michael Browne, O.P., William Theodore Heard, Alberto di Jorio, André Jullien, P.S.S., Arcadio María Larraona, C.M.F., Francesco Morano, and Francesco Roberti. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. Crowned Pope Paul VI, June 30, 1963. Pro-prefect of the S.C. of the Doctrine of the Faith, February 9, 1966 to January 8, 1968. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, June 26, 1967. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Resigned the pro-prefecture and was named prefect emeritus, January 6, 1968. Lost the right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years, January 1, 1971.

Death. August 3, 1979, Vatican City. Buried in the chapel of S. Salvatore in ossibus church, Vatican City.

Bibliography. Cavaterra, Emilio. Il prefetto del Sant'Offizio : le opere e i giorni del cardinale Ottaviani. Presentazione di S.Em. il cardinale Pietro Palazzini. Milan : Mursia, 1990. (Storia e documenti ; 100; Variation: Storia e documenti (Mursia (Firm) ; 100.); Damizia, Giuseppe. "Card. Alfredo Ottaviani." La Pontificia Università lateranense : profilo della sua storia, dei suoi maestri, e dei suoi discepoli. Roma : Libreria editrice della Pontificia Università lateranense, 1963, p. 230-231.

OTUNGA, Maurice (1923-2003)

Birth. January, 1923, Chebukwa, diocese of Kisumu, Kenya. He was the son of Wasike Lusweti 'Sudi', a traditional paramount chief of the Bakhone (or Bukusu) who had about seventy recognized as true wives, and diviner Rosa Namisi. He was named "Otunga", which meant a staff on which the elderly or the ill lean for support. The original name was Odunga but the Lubukusu language does not have a "d" sound, so it was eventually changed to Otunga. He converted to Catholicism and was baptized in 1935 in Kabibii, either by Father Leo Pulaert or Fent; he took the name Maurice Michael. His father was baptized in 1963 and his mother in 1965.

Education. Mill Hill School, Kibabii, 1931-1933; Mill Hill School, Sijei, 1933-1934; back to Kisibii, 1934; Holy Ghost School, Kabaa, 1935-1939; Holy Ghost School, Mangu, 1939-1943; St. Peter the Apostle Minor Seminary, Mukumu; Major Seminary at Ggaba, Kampala, Uganda (philosophy and theology); in 1947, he declined to become paramount chief when his father retired; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome, 1947-1950 (licentiate in theology, September 1951).

Priesthood. Ordained, October 3, 1950, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni Biondi, prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith. Further studies in Rome, 1950-1951. Traveled in Europe for a few months in 1951, visiting northern Italy, Paris, Lourdes, England and Ireland. Returned to Kenya in 1951 and was professor of theology at St. Peter's Seminary, Kakamega, for three years, 1951-1954. Secretary to James Know, titular archbishop of Melitene, apostolic delegate in British Africa, 1954-1956; resided in Mombasa; he traveled extensively in Africa with the delegate. Assigned to the parish of Makupa, Nairobi, 1956.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tacape and appointed auxiliary of Kisumu, November 17, 1956. Consecrated, February 25, 1957, seminary grounds, Kakamega, by James Robert Knox, titular archbishop of Melitene, apostolic delegate in British Africa, assisted by John Joseph McCarthy, archbishop of Nairobi, and by Frederick Hall, bishop of Kisumu. Transferred to diocese of Kisii, May 21, 1960. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. First chancellor of the University of Eastern Africa. Military vicar of Kenya, January 20, 1964. Promoted to titular archbishop of Bomarza and appointed coadjutor of Nairobi, with right of succession, November 15, 1969. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Nairobi, October 24, 1971. President of Episcopal Conference of Kenya. Vice-president of the Association of Episcopal Conferences of East Africa (AMECEA). Member of the Permanent Commission of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane, March 5, 1973. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; member of its general secretariat, 1977-1980. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; member of its general secretariat, 1980-1983. Military ordinary for Kenya, January 24, 1981. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, May 31, 1981. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 14, 1997. Resigned the military ordinariate, September 13, 1997. After his retirement, he decided to live in a home for the aged. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, January, 2003. He spent his last days until he died at Nyumba ya Wazee home for the elderly. He was the first Kenyan to become a priest, a bishop, an archbishop and cardinal.

Death. September 6, 2003, 6:45 a.m., of cardiac arrest, at the intensive care unit of Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi. Buried, according to his will, in Saint Austin's Cemetery, Msongari, Nairobi. In February 2005, the starting of plans for his beatification were announced. The first step is the reburial of his body at Resurrection Gardens in Karen, Nairobi. This was immediately opposed by the Bukusu community, from which the late cardinal came, arguing that the move was likely to bring a curse on the community.

Bibliography. Ogola, Margaret A. and Roche, Margaret. Cardinal Otunga : a gift of grace. Nairobi, Kenya : Paulines Publications Africa, 1999.

OUELLET, P.S.S., Marc (1944-

Birth. June 8, 1944, Lamotte, diocese of Amos, Canada. His father was a school director and had eight children.

Education. Collège de Berthier, 1958-1959; Ècole Normale of Amos, 1959-1964 (two years of philosophy); University of Laval, Laval (bachelor in education, 1964); Major Seminary of Montréal, Montréal, 1964-1968 (licentiate in theology, 1968); Pontifical University San Tommaso d'Aquino, Rome (licentiate in philosophy, 1974); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in dogmatic theology, 1983). He speaks French, English, German, Italian and Spanish.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 25, 1968, Amos, by Gaston Hains, titular bishop of Belesana, coadjutor with right of succession of Amos. Vicar in the parish of Saint-Sauveur de Val-d'Or, 1968-1970. Entered the Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice, 1972. For ten years, professor and rector of several major seminaries in Colombia. Rector and professor, Major Seminary of Montréal, 1989-1994; and Major Seminary of Edmonton, 1994-1997. Professor, John Paul II Institute of Studies on Marriage and the Family, 1997-2001.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Agropoli and appointed secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity, March 3, 2001. Consecrated, March 19, 2001, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Pope John Paul II, assisted by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, secretary of State, and by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. Member of the editorial board of the North American edition of the theological journal Rivista Internazionale Communio. Promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Québec, November 15, 2002.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of October 21, 2003; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria in Traspontina, October 21, 2003. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005; by papal appointment. Named member of of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, February 3, 2007. Participated in the 5th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate that took place from May 13 to 31, 2007, in Aparecida, Brazil. On January 12, 2008, he was named relator general of the 12th General Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops that will take place at the Vatican from October 5 to 26, 2008.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des évêques catholiques du Canada. les diocèses catholiques canadiens des Églises latine et orientales et leurs évêques; repères chronologiques et biographiques, 1658-2202. Ottawa : Wilson & Lafleur, 2002. (Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), pp. 724-725.

Links. Photograph, arms and biography, in French; photograph, arms and biography, in English; and another picture of his arms.

OVIEDO CAVADA, O. de M., Carlos (1927-1998)

Birth. January 19, 1927, Santiago de Chile, Chile.

Education. Joined the Order of Mercy, January 28, 1944; took the simple vows, March 18, 1945; the solemn vows, March 19, 1948. House of studies of his order (philosophy); Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago (theology); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in canon law).

Priesthood. Ordained, September 24, 1949, Santiago. Further studies, Rome, 1949-1953. Faculty member and spiritual director, St. Peter Nolasco School; faculty member, Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago, 1953-1958. Work in the general curia of his order and further studies in the Secret Vatican Archive, Rome, 1958-1961. Director of the Theological Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University, Santiago, 1962-1963; pastoral ministry in Santiago and official in the archdiocesan curia as lawyer in the ecclesiastical tribunal; prosynodal examiner; visitor to religious women; and book censor, 1961-1964.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Benevento and appointed auxiliary of Concepción, March 21, 1964. Consecrated, June 7, 1964, basilica of La Merced, Santiago, by Alfredo Silva Santiago, titular archbishop of Petra di Palestina, retired archbishop of Concepción, assisted by Manuel Sánchez Beguiristain, archbishop of Concepción, and by Emilio Tagle Covarrubias, bishop of Valparaíso. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1964-1965. Secretary of the Episcopal Conference of Chile, 1970-1974. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Antofagasta, March 25, 1974. Apostolic administrator, sede vacante, of the prelature of Calama, 1974-1976. Grand chancellor of the University of the North, May 29, 1976-1989. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Santiago de Chile, March 30, 1990. Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Member of the Chilean Academy of History. Attended the IV General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 12 to 28, 1992; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria della Scala, November 26, 1994. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 16, 1998; continued governing archdiocese until a successor was appointed, April 24, 1998.

Death. December 7, 1998, hospital of the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago de Chile. Buried in his family's crypt in the Catholic Cemetery, Santiago de Chile.

Link. Photograph and biography, in Spanish.

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.