KAKOWSKI, Aleksander (1862-1938)

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1919; received the red hat and the title of S. Agostino, December 18, 1919. Participated in the conclave of 1922, which elected Pope Pius XI. Presided at the funeral of Marshal Pilsudski, 1935.

Death. December 30, 1938, Warsaw. He was exposed in the archiepiscopal palace of Warsaw on January 3 to 4, 1939. The funeral was celebrated by August Hlond, S.D.B., archbishop of archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań, primate of Poland. Buried in the cemetery of Bródnowski, Warsaw.

Bibliography. Arcybiskup budowniczy i protektor prasy katolickiej : album ku upamietnieniu 50-lecia kaplanstwa Jego Eminencji Ks. Dr. Aleksandra Kardynala Kakowskiego Arcybiskupa Metropolity Warszawskiego. Warszawa : [s.n.], 1936. Corporate name: Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Warsaw (Poland); Pięta, Zenonem. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen IX (1903-1922). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 2002, pp. 18, 21 and 388; Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 227-236.

Link. Photographs and biography, in English; and his episcopal lineage, in English.

KAŠPAR, Karel (1870-1941)

Birth. May 16, 1870, Mirošov, archdiocese of Prague, Austria-Hungary (later Czechoslovakia). His baptismal name was Karel Borromejský.

Education. Seminary of Plzeň, Plzeň; Pontifical Roman Athenaeum of "S. Apollinare", Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, February 25, 1893, Rome. Pastoral work in Sevopin, 1893-1895. Further studies, 1895-1898. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Prague and canon of its cathedral chapter, 1899-1920.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Betsaida and appointed auxiliary of Hradec-Králové, March 8, 1920. Consecrated, April 11, 1920, Prague, by Franziskus Kordác, archbishop of Prague, assisted by Josef Doubrava, bishop of Hradec-Králové, and by Wenceslas Frind, titular bishop of Gadara, auxiliary of Prague. Transferred to the diocese of Hradec-Králové, June 13, 1921. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Prague, Czechoslovakia, October 22, 1931. Military vicar of Czechoslovakia.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 16, 1935; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio, December 19, 1935. Participated in the conclave of 1939, which elected Pope Pius XII.

Death. April 21, 1941, Prague. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Prague.

Bibliography. Poul, Frantisek ; Frslínek, Josef ; Mikuta, Rudolf. Zivot a dílo Karla Kardinála Kaspara. V Praze, Vydala Správní rada Ceskoslovenské akciové tiskárny v Praze, 1940.

Link. Llist of the archbishops of Prague.

KASPER, Walter (1933-

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 21, 2001; received the red biretta and the deaconry of Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova, February 21, 2001. President of the Pontifical Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity, March 3, 2001. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. Reappointed as president of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity, April 21, 2005. Attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 23, 2005. Represented Pope Benedict XVI at the International Conference on Peace and Tolerance - Dialog and Understanding in South East Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, celebrated in Istanbul, November 7 to 9, 2005. Headed the papal delegation to the funeral of Orthodox Patriarch Teoctist of Rumania, which was celebrated on Friday August 3, 2007, at 11 a.m., in the patriarchal cathedral of Bucarest, Rumania. Special papal envoy to the solemn celebrations of the 8th centennial of the translation of the relics of the Apostle Saint Andrew to Amalfi, Italy, which took place on May 8, 2008.

Link. His arms.

KEELER, William Henry (1931-

Birth. March 4, 1931, San Antonio, Texas, United States. Son of Thomas L. Keeler and Margaret T. Conway. Soon after his birth, the family moved to Lebanon, Pennsylvania.

Education. Catholic elementary and high schools, Lebanon; St. Charles Seminary, Overbrook, Philadelphia (bachelor's in arts, 1952); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in theology, 1956; doctorate in canon law, 1961).

Priesthood. Ordained, July 17, 1955, Rome, by Luigi Traglia, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, vice-gerent of Rome. From 1955 to 1979, pastoral work in Harrisburg; secretary of the diocesan tribunal; further studies in Rome; defensor of the matrimonial bond; expert at the II Vatican Council, 1962-1965; vice-chancellor, 1965, and later chancellor. Chaplain of His Holiness, November 9, 1965. Prelate of honor of His Holiness, May 8, 1970.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Dulcigno and appointed auxiliary of Harrisburg, July 24, 1979. Consecrated, September 21, 1979, St. Patrick's cathedral, Harrisburg, by Joseph Thomas Daly, bishop of Harrisburg, assisted by Francis Joseph Gossman, bishop of Raleigh, and Martin Nicholas Lohmuller, titular bishop of Ramsbiria, auxiliary of Philadelphia. Apostolic administrator of Harrisburg, September 3, 1983. Transferred to see of Harrisburg, November 10, 1983. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Baltimore, April 6, 1989. Vice-president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops/U.S. Catholic Conference, 1989-1992; president, 1992-1995. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994; the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 2 to 29, 1994.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria degli Angeli, November 26, 1994. Member, by papal appointment, of the council of the General Secretariat of the World Synod of Bishops, January 11, 1997. Attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 16 to December 12, 1997. Special papal envoy to the National Congress on the Holy Spirit, Manila, Philippines, January 22 to 25, 1998. Attended the X Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 27, 2001. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. On July 12, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation to the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Baltimore, United States of America, in conformity to canon 401 § 1 of the Code of Canon Law. Apostolic administrator of the archdiocese until the installation of his successor on October 1, 2007.

Bibliography. Branson, Charles N. Ordinations of U. S. Catholic Bishops 1970-1989. A chronological list. Washington, D.C. : National Conference of Catholic Bishops ; United States Catholic Conference, 1990, p. 180; Kauffman, C. J. "Keeler, William Henry." New Catholic encyclopedia : jubilee volume, the Wojtyła years. Detroit, MI : Gale Group in association with the Catholic University of America, 2001, p. 237-238.

Links. Photograph and biography, in English; and his arms.

KHORAICHE, Antoine-Pierre (1907-1994)

Birth. September 20, 1907, Ain Ebel, archdiocese of Tyr of the Maronites, Lebanon. His last name is also listed as Khreich.

Education. Patriarchal Seminary of Tyr, Tyr; Pontifical Urbanian University, Rome; St. Joseph Pontifical University, Beirut (doctorate in philosophy).

Priesthood. Ordained, April 12, 1930. Successively, 1930-1940, faculty member of Sophia School, Beirut; patriarchal vicar of Palestine and president of the Maronite tribunal in the Holy Land. Vicar general of the archdiocese of Tyr of the Maronites, 1940-1950.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Tarso of the Maronites and appointed auxiliary of Saïda of the Maronites, April 25, 1950. Consecrated, October 15, 1950, Diman, Lebanon, by Antoine-Pierre Arida, patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites, assisted by Ignace Ziadé, archbishop of Alep of the Maronites, and François Ayoub, bishop of Cyprus of the Maronites. Apostolic administrator, sede plena, of Saïda of the Maronites. Transferred to the see of Saïda of the Maronites, November 25, 1957. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Administrator delegate of the patriarchate of Antioch of the Maronites, 1974. Episcopal delegate for the Maronite seminaries and president of the executive commission of the Inter-ritual Assembly of Patriarchs and Bishops of Lebanon. Elected patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites, Bkerké, February 3, 1975; received the ecclesiastica communio, February 15, 1975. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal patriarch, February 2, 1983; received the red biretta, February 2, 1983. Attended the VI Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Resigned the pastoral government of the patriarchate, April 3, 1986. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, September 20, 1987.

Death. August 19, 1994, Beirut. Buried, patriarchal see, Bkerké, Lebanon.

KIM, Stephen Sou Hwan (1922-

Birth. May 8, 1922, Tae Gu, South Korea.

Education. Seminary of Tae Gu, Tae Gu; Catholic University of Sophia, Tokyo, Japan.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 15, 1951, Tae Gu. Secretary to the bishop of Tae Gu, pastoral work in the diocese of Tae Gu, and director of the diocesan newspaper The Catholic Shilbo, 1947-1956, and 1964-1966. Further studies, 1957-1964.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Masan, February 15, 1966. Consecrated, May 31, 1966, by Antonio del Giudice, titular archbishop of Gerapoli di Siria, internuncio in Korea, assisted by John B. Sye Bong-Kil, archbishop of Tae Gu, and by John A. Choi Jae-seon, bishop of Pusan. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Seoul, April 9, 1968.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of April 28, 1969; received the red biretta and the title of S. Felice de Cantalice a Centocelle, April 30, 1969. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Apostolic administrator of Pyeong Yang, June 10, 1975. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980; the VI Ordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983; the II Extraordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; the Special Assembly for Asia of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, April 19 to May 18, 1998; one of its three president delegates. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, May 29, 1998. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years old, May 8, 2002. Cardinal primoprete, March 13, 2004. He is the first cardinal from South Korea.

KITBUNCHU, Michael Michai (1929-

Birth. January 25, 1929, Samphran, apostolic vicariate of Bangkok, Thailand.

Education. Seminary of Siracha, Siracha; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum De Propaganda Fide," Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 20, 1959, Rome, by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian, pro-prefect of the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith. Pastoral work in Bangkok, 1960-1965. Rector of the Metropolitan Seminary of Bangkok, 1965-1972.

Episcopate. Elected archbishop of Bangkok, December 18, 1972. Consecrated, June 3, 1973, by Joseph Khiamsun Nittayo, former archbishop of Bangkok, assisted by Lawrence Thienchai Samanchit, bishop of Chanthaburi, and by Michel-Auguste-Marie Langer, M.E.P., bishop of Nakhorn-Sawan. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. President of the Episcopal Conference of Thailand, 1979-1982.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the title of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna, February 2, 1983. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, December 2, 1993. Participated in the conclave of April 18 to 19, 2005, which elected Pope Benedict XVI. He is the first cardinal from Thailand.

Link. His arms.

KNOX, James Robert (1914-1983)

Birth. March 2, 1914, Bayswater, archdiocese of Perth, Australia. Second of the three children of John Knox and Emily Walsh, both from Ireland.

Education. Seminary of New Norcia, Australia; Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 22, 1941, Rome, by Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni-Biondi. Chaplain and vicerector of the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum "De Propaganda Fide," 1941-1949. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, 1948-1950. Member of the Central Committee for the Holy Year, 1949-1950. Staff member of Vatican Radio, 1949-1950. Secretary to the apostolic delegate in Japan, 1950-1953. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, July 22, 1950.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Melitene and appointed apostolic delegate in British Africa, with residence in Mombasa, July 20, 1953. Consecrated, November 8, 1953, Rome, by Cardinal Celso Costantini, assisted by Filippo Bernardini, titular archbishop of Aniochia di Pisidia, nuncio in Switzerland, and by Antonio Samorè, titular archbishop of Tirnovo, secretary of the S.C. of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Internuncio in India and apostolic delegate in Burma and Ceylon, February 14, 1957. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Co-organizer of the papal visit to India, December 2 to 4, 1964. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Melbourne, April 13, 1967. Organized the 40th International Eucharistic Congress, Melbourne, February 18 to 25, 1973.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Maria in Vallicella, March 5, 1973. Prefect of the SS. CC. for Sacraments and for Divine Worship, January 25, 1974. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, July 1, 1974. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Prefect of the new S.C. for Sacraments and Divine Worship, August 1, 1975. Papal legate to the 41st International Eucharistic Congress, Philadelphia, United States, August 1 to 8, 1976. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Special papal envoy to the National Eucharistic Congress, Kampala, Uganda, and to the celebrations commemorating the first centennial of the establishment of the Catholic Church in Uganda, February 10 to 20, 1979. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 9, 1979; the V Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. President of the Pontifical Council for the Family, August 4, 1981. Special papal envoy to the National Eucharistic Congress, Nigeria, November 19 to 21, 1982.

Death. June 26, 1983, Rome. Buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Melbourne.

KOLIQI, Mikel (1902-1997)

Birth. September 29, 1902, Shkodrë, Albania. Son of Mark Koliqi and Age Simoni. Due to the country's situation, he was sent to study in Italy.

Education. Initial studies at Kolegjin Saverian, 1911; Jesuit Collegio Arici, Brescia (elementary eductaion); he then went to Collegio Vilorez, Monza, 1919-1924; and later, to Bergamo, Florence and Bari, where he passed the final exams in the Technical Institute; started studying in the Polytechnical Institute, Milan, and while he was there, he felt the vocation to the priesthood and started to study theology at the Seminary of Milan, Venegono; and later in Milan, where he finished. He then returned to Albania.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 30, 1931, church of the Jesuit fathers, Shkodrë, by Lazër Mjeda, archbishop of Shkodrë. Vice-pastor of the cathedral of Shkodrë, 1931-1936; founder of the cathedral's schola cantorum in 1932; pastor, 1936- 1945; vicar general, 1936-1991; in charge of the diocesan press; editor of Veprimin Katolik Shqiptar; and director of the cultural review Kumona e së djelës, 1938-1944. Arrested by the Communist authorities, February 3, 1945 and sentenced to 2 years in prison. Freed and again arrested and sentenced to 5 years in 1946. Freed in 1951and later arrested and sentenced to forced labor in camps in Lsunie, Gradishta, Gjas, Valona and others. In total, 21 years of forced labor and 21 of imprisonment for having listened to foreign radio stations and organized Catholic youth. Freed in 1986 because of advanced age. Given the title "Pishtar i demokracise" (Torchbearer of democracy) by the People's Assembly. Honorary prelate of His Holiness, January 31, 1992. His melodramas Rozafa (Rozafa), Rrethimi i Shkodër (The siege of Shkodër) and Ruba e kuqe (The red scarf), which were written and performed between 1936 and 1938, are considered to be the precursors of the Albanian operatic movement.

Episcopate. Declined to receive the episcopal consecration because of age.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of November 26, 1994; received red biretta and deaconry of Ognissanti in Via Apia Nuova, November 26, 1994. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. He was the first cardinal from Albania.

Death. January 28, 1997, Shkodrë. Buried in the crypt of the metropolitan cathedral of Shkodrë.

Links. Biography, in Albanian; his image in Albanian postal stamps, at the bottom of the page.

KOMINEK, Bolesław (1903-1974)

Birth. December 23, 1903, Radlin, diocese of Wrocław (or Breslau, now archdiocese of Katowice), Poland. Son of Franciszek Kominek, a miner, and Kataryna Kozielskich.

Education. Catholic University of Kraków, Kraków; Institut Catholique, Paris, France. Received the subdiaconate in 1926 from Cardinal August Hlond, S.D.B., archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań; and the diaconate in 1926 from Arkadiusz Lisiecki, bishop of Katowice.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 11, 1927, Katowice, by Arkadiusz Lisiecki, bishop of Katowice. Further studies and pastoral work among Polish immigrants, Paris, 1927-1930. Pastoral work in the diocese of Katowice, 1930-1939; with Polish fugitives during the Second World War, 1939-1945, in Lublin, Katowice, and Upper Silesia. Apostolic administrator of Opole, August 15, 1945; the administration was interrupted by the Communist regime, January 26, 1951.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Sofene, with residence in Wrocław, April 26, 1951. Prevented from residing in Wrocław and from being consecrated by the Communist regime. Clandestinely consecrated, October 10, 1954, episcopal palace of Przemyšl, by Franciszek Barda, bishop of Przemysl of the Latins, assisted by Wojciech Tomaka, titular bishop of Elenopoli di Bitinia, auxiliary of Przemyšl of the Latins, and by Bishop Franciszek Jopa; the consecration was kept secret until 1956. Resided in Wrocław from October 1956 onward. Transferred to the titular see of Vaga, December 1, 1956. Promoted to titular archbishop of Eucaita, March 19, 1962. Apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis, May 25, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Wrocław, June 28, 1972.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of March 5, 1973; received the red biretta and the title of S. Croce in via Flaminia, March 5, 1973.

Death. March 10, 1974, Wrocław. Buried, metropolitan cathedral, Wrocław.

Bibliography. Brom, Rudolf ; Śliwiok, Józef. Ksiądz kardynał Bolesław Kominek - twórca chrześcijańskich struktur życia społecznego : w 80-lecie powstania diecezji katowickiej. Katowice : Wszechnica Górnosłąskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk im. W. Roździeńskiego, 2005. Conference Author: Sesja Naukowa nt.: "Ksiądz Kardynał Bolesław Kominek - Twórca Chrześcijańskich Struktur Źycia Społecznego" ; (2004 ; Katowice). Note: Mater. sesji nauk., która odbyła się 10 grudnia 2004 r. w Katowicach ; Wszechnica Górnośląskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk im. W. Roździeńskiego w Katowicach; Krucina, Jan. Dei Virtus : Kardynałowi Bolesławowi Kominkowi w hołdzie. Wrocław : Wrocławska Ksiłgarnia Archidiecezjalna, 1974; Krucina, Jan ; Kominek, Bolesław. Szkice do portretu : Kardynał Bolesław Kominek. Wrocław : "Tum" - Wydawnictwo Wrocławskiej Księgarni Archidiecezjalnej, 2005 Note(s): Zawiera równieź artykuły, przemówienia, listy kard. Bolesława Kominka. Other titles: Kardynał Bolesław Kominek; Szkice do portretu ; Kard. Kominek; Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 301-312.

KÖNIG, Franz (1905-2004)

Birth. August 3, 1905, Warth, small village near Rabenstein, diocese of Sankt Pölten, Austria. Of a family of farmers. Son of Franz and Maria König.

Education. Institute of the Benedictine abbey of Melk (minor seminary, 1919); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in philosophy, July 9, 1930; doctorate in theology, January 21, 1936); Pontifical Collegio Germanico-Hungarico, Rome; Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome (old-Persian religion and languages); Catholic University of Lille, Lille, France. He spoke German, English, Italian, French, Spanish, Russian and Latin, and could understand Syriac, ancient Persian and Hebrew. While studying in Rome, he met Fr. Alojzije Stepinac, future cardinal.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 29, 1933, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, vicar general of Rome and its district, archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran basilica. Fruther studies, 1933-1934. Chaplain in Altpölla, Neuhofen/Ybbs, Sankt Valentin and Scheibbs, diocese of Sankt Pölten, 1934-1938; Domkurat in Sant Pölten and Jugend, 1938-1945; assisted the prisoners of war at the hospital. Professor of religion at the College of Krems and at the University of Vienna, 1945-1948. Professor of moral theology at the University of Salzburg, 1948-1952.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Liviade and appointed coadjutor of Sankt Pölten, with right of succession, July 3, 1952. Consecrated, August 31, 1952, St. Pölten, by Michael Memelauer, bishop of St. Pölten, assisted by Leo Pietsch, titular bishop of Narona, auxiliary bishop of Seckau, and by Franz Zauner, titular bishop Fata, coadjutor of Linz. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Vienna, May 10, 1956.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 15, 1958; received the red hat and the title of S. Eusebio, December 18, 1958. Military vicar of Austria, February 21, 1959; resigned, 1969. Granted a visa by the Communist authorities of Yugoslavia to attend the funeral of Cardinal Alozije Stepinac, archbishop of Zagreb, February 1961; on his way to the funeral, he was involved in a serious car accident which kept him near death for several days; it took him almost a year to resume normal activities. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Sent by Pope John XXIII in 1963, he became the first Catholic prelate to visit Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty, archbishop of Esztergom, Hungary, at the U.S. embassy in Budapest where he had sought refuge after the U.S.S.R. crushed the 1956 uprising; afterwards, he visited the cardinal several times until the cardinal's departure for Rome in 1971. Participated in the conclave of 1963, which elected Pope Paul VI. President of the Austrian Episcopal Conference. He also visited Poland and Romania and later the Orthodox Church of Serbia. Participated in a conference with delegates of three non-Christian religions in Bombay, India, 1964. President of the Secretariat for Non-Believers, April 6, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29-October 29, 1967; I Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974; president delegate. In 1975, he visited the Coptic Christian patriarch Shenouda III in Egypt. Attended the IV Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. In 1978, he visited the Orthodox patriarch of Syria in Damascus. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5-9, 1979. Resigned the presidency of the secretariat for Non-Believers, June 27, 1980. In 1980, he met in Moscow with the patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Special papal envoy to the Croatian National Eucharistic Congress, Marija Bistrica, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, September 8-9, 1984. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, August 3, 1985. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, September 16, 1985. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; special guest.

Death. March 13, 2004, near 3 a.m. in his sleep, in the convent of the Sisters of Mercy of Vienna, where he resided. Buried on March 27, 2004, in the vault of the bishops, metropolitan cathedral of Vienna. Last surviving cardinal of Bl. Pope John XXIII.

Bibliography. Feichtlbauer, Hubert. Franz König : der Jahrhundert-Kardinal. Wien : Holzhausen Verlag, 2003; König, Franz and Licheri, Gianni. Chiesa dove vai? : Gianni Licheri interroga il cardinale Franz Koenig. Roma : Borla, 1985. (Concilio aperto).

KOREC, S.J., Ján Chryzostom (1924-

Birth. January 22, 1924, Bošany, diocese of Nitra, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia).

Education. Joined Society of Jesus, September 15, 1939. Jesuit houses of study. Interrupted his philosophical studies when the religious orders were suppressed in Czechoslovakia, 1950.

Priesthood. Ordained, October 1, 1950, Roznava, by Robert Pobozný, titular bishop of Neila, vicar capitular of Roznava. Pastoral work in secret due to the religious persecution.

Episcopate. Elected (no formal election because he was secretly consecrated). Consecrated, August 24, 1951, Bratislava, secretly, by Pavel Hnilica, S.J., also a clandestine bishop, without co-consecrators. At 27, he was the youngest bishop in the world. While performing his episcopal ministry, he worked in a factory and later was the librarian at the Institute of Labor Hygiene, 1951-1958. Arrested in 1960 and sentenced to 12 years in prison. Freed and rehabilitated in 1968; seriously ill. Totally rehabilitated in 1969; gravely ill; when released from the hospital, he worked as street sweeper in Bratislava; and later, worked in a chemical factory. Rehabilitation annulled in 1974 and sent to prison for 4 years to complete his sentence; freed for poor health, he lost the job of street sweeper; unemployed; worked again in the chemical factory until 1984. Rector of the Seminary of Bratislava, January 2, 1990 to February 6, 1990. Nominated to the diocese of Nitra, February 6, 1990. President of the Regional Episcopal Conference of Slovakia from April 23, 1990 to May 4, 1993.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Fabiano e Venanzio a Villa Fiorelli, June 28, 1991. Attended the II Special Assembly for Europe of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 23, 1999. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, January 22, 2004. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese in conformity to canon 401 §1 of the Code of Canon Law, June 9, 2005.

Bibliography. Khelemendik, Sergei. Kardinál Ján Chryzostom Korec: Krestanstvo nás robí ludmi : kniha dialóg. Bratislava : Slovanský dom, 2004. (Edmcia Homo sapiens); Korec, Ján Chryzostom. The night of the barbarians : memoirs of the Communist persecution of the Slovak cardinal. Editor Emil Vontorcíčk ; Gaughran, Richard ; Reguli, Ivan. Wauconda, IL : Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002. Uniform Title: Od barbarskej noci. Contributors, forewords: John Paul II, Vaclav Havel, and Theodore Cardinal ; preface, Peter-Paul Siska ; introduction, Viliam Judak ; translators, Peter-Paul Siska with Richard Gaughran and Jeff Schmitz ; editors, Richard Gaughran, Emil Vontorcik, and Ivan Reguli.

Links. Photograph, arms and biographical information, in Slovak and another image of his arms.

KOZŁOWIECKI, S.J., Adam (1911-2007)

Birth. April 1, 1911, Huta Komorowska, diocese of Przemyšl, Poland. Of noble parents. Son of Adam Kozłowiecki, and Maria Janochów.

Education. Jesuit school in Chyrów (now in Ukraine: because of young Adam's interest in the Society of Jesuit, his parents sent him to a private school in Poznan; after he finished school, he renounced his title and heritage and entered the ordeer in Stara Wies, on July 30, 1929; Novitiate of Brzozów, Borzozów; Jesuit Faculty of Philosophy, Kraków; magisterium in Chyrów; Bobolanum Theological Faculty, Lublin; third probation, Lviv. Took the final vows, August 15, 1945, Rome.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 24, 1937, Lublin, by Karol Niemira, titular bishop of Tavio, auxiliary of Pinsk. Arrested by the Gestapo, November 10, 1939, incarcerated in Kraków; interned in the Auschwitz concentration camp, June-December, 1940; in the Dachau concentration camp, December, 1940 to April 29, 1945, freed by the U.S. army troops. Taught at the Jesuit School, Pullach. Volunteered as a missionary to the Jesuit mission in North Rhodesia, now Zambia. Pastoral work, especially in education, Kasisi, 1946-1950. Apostolic administrator of the apostolic vicariate of Lusaka, 1950.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Diospoli inferiori and appointed apostolic vicar of Lusaka, Zambia, June 4, 1955. Consecrated, September 11, 1955, by James Robert Knox, titular archbishop of Melitene, apostolic delegate in British Africa, assisted by Aston Sebastian Joseph Chichester, S.J., archbishop of Salisbury, and by Joseph van den Biesen, M. Afr., titular bishop of Tullia, vicar apostolic of Abercorn. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Lusaka, April 25, 1959. Participated in the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. He resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese so that an African prelate could be named archbishop; transferred to the titular see of Potenza Picena, May 29, 1969. After his retirement and until 1989, he was director of the Pontifical Missionary Society of Zambia; he then he resigned his post to hand over to the young up coming priests; despite his advanced age, he worked in Chikuni, Chingombe, Mulungushi, Lusaka missions and others. In 1987 he was made a companion of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Zambia. Attended the Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Africa, Vatican City, April 10 to May 8, 1994. He was decorated with the Commenda of Merit of the Republic of Poland in 1995 by Lech Walesa, president of that republic.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 21, 1998; received the red biretta and the title of S. Andrea al Quirinale, February 21, 1998. Promoted to the cardinalate when he was over 80 years old, and thus, he did not have the right to participate in the conclave. He continued living in Lusaka after his promotion to the cardinalate. On December 21, 2006, he was decorated with the Legion d'honneur of France.

Death. September 28, 2007, at 8:30 a.m., in a hospital in Lusaka. He was buried on Friday October 5, 2007, in the metropolitan cathedral of the Child Jesus, Lusaka.

Bibliography. Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał. Polscy kardynałowie. Kraków : Wydawnictwo WAM, 2001, pp. 371-381.

Links. Photographs and biography, in Italian; and biography, in Polish.

KROL, John Joseph (1910-1996)

Birth. October 26, 1910, Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Son of John Krol and Anna Pietruzka.

Education. St. Mary's College, Orchard Lake, Mich.; St. Mary's Seminary, Cleveland; Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.

Priesthood. Ordained, February 20, 1937, Cleveland, by Joseph Schrembs, bishop of Cleveland. Pastoral work in the diocese of Cleveland, 1937-1938. Further studies, 1938-1942. Faculty member of St. Mary's Seminary, Cleveland, 1942-1943. Vice-chancellor of the diocese of Cleveland, 1943-1951; chancellor, 1951-1954. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, July 19, 1945.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Cadi and appointed auxiliary of Cleveland, July 11, 1953. Consecrated, September 2, 1953, at the cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist, Cleveland, by Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, titular archbishop of Laodicea in Frigia, apostolic delegate in the United States of America, assisted by Edward Francis Hoban, archbishop-bishop of Cleveland, and by Floyd Lawrence Begin, titular bishop of Sala, auxiliary of Cleveland. Vicar general of diocese of Cleveland, June 4, 1954. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Philadelphia, February 11, 1961. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of June 26, 1967; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria della Mercede e S. Adriano, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, June 28, 1967. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the II Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; elected member of the Board of the General Secretariat of the World Synod of Bishops, November 6, 1971. President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops/U.S. Catholic Conference, 1971-1974. Attended the III Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26, 1978. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, November 5 to 9, 1979. Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See, May 31, 1981. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; one of its three presidents delegate. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese, February 11, 1988. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, October 26, 1990.

Death. March 3, 1996, Philadelphia. Buried in Sts. Peter and Paul metropolitan cathedral in Philadelphia.

Bibliography. Code, Bernard. Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York : Joseph F. Wagner, 1964, p. 158; Jones, E. Michael. John Cardinal Krol and the cultural revolution. South Bend, IN : Fidelity Press, 1995.

KUHARIĆ, Franjo (1919-2002)

Birth. April 15, 1919, Pribić, near Krašić, archdiocese of Zagreb, Yugoslavia (then Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; now Croatia).

Education. Classic Lyceum, Zagreb; Theological Faculty, University of Zagreb, Zagreb.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 15, 1945, Zagreb, by Alojzije Stepinac, archbishop of Zagreb, future blessed. Pastoral work in the archdiocese of Zagreb, 1945-1964.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Meta and appointed auxiliary of Zagreb, February 15, 1964. Consecrated, May 3, 1964, metropolitan cathedral of Zagreb, by Franjo Šeper, archbishop of Zagreb, assisted by Dragutin Nežić, bishop of Poreć i Pula, and by Josip Lach, titular bishop of Dodona, auxiliary of Zagreb. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1964-1965. Apostolic administrator of Zagreb, 1969-1970. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Zagreb, June 16, 1970. President of the Episcopal Conference of Yugoslavia, 1970-1993. Attended the I Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 2, 1983; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Girolamo dei Croati, February 2, 1983. Attended the II Extraordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985; Special Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops for Europe, Vatican City, November 28 to December 14, 1991. President of the Croatian Episcopal Conference, 1993-1997. Honorary member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1994. Special papal envoy to the beginning of the celebration of 4th centennial of the Union of Brest-Litovsk and the 350th anniversary of the Union of Uzhgorod, Marian shrine of Zarvanycia, Ukraine, May 18-21, 1995. Resigned the pastoral government of archdiocese, July 5, 1997. Special papal envoy to the closing celebrations of the 850th anniversary of the establishment of the diocese of Hvar, Croatia, September 14, 1997; to the 7th centennial celebrations of the establishment of the diocese of Sibenik, Croatia, September 29, 1998. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, April 15, 1999. He was called the "Rock of Croatia".

Death. March 11, 2002, Zagreb. Buried in the crypt of the metropolitan cathedral of Zagreb.

Bibliography. Pavicic, Darko. Tajna kardinala vozaca, ili, Kako sam u noci vidio dugu. Zagreb : ITD, 1997. Biographies of Cardinals Stepinac, Alojzije, 1898-1960; Kuharic, Franjo, 1919-2002; and Seper, Franjo, 1905-1981. Other title: Tajna kardinala vozaca; Kako sam u noci vidio dugu; Stankovic, Vladimir. Kardinal Kuharic u hrvatskom iseljenistvu : Juzna Afrika.Zagreb : Krscanska sadasnjost : Glas koncila, 2003. (Likovi ; 20; Variation: Likovi (Zagreb, Croatia) ; 20); Stankovic, Vladimir. Kardinal Kuharic u hrvatskom iseljenistvu-- Sjeverna Amerika. Zagreb : Krscanska sadasnjost : Glas Koncila, 2005.

Link. His effigy on a medal.

KUNG PIN-MEI, Ignatius (1901-2000)

Birth. August 2, 1901, P'ou-tong, diocese of Shanghai, China. His last name is also listed as Gong Pin-mei. He belonged to a five generation Catholic family. At 12, he was taught Chinese classics and religious instruction by his aunt Martha, a homebound nun, who encouraged him to join the priesthood. He later attended St. Ignatius High School in Shanghai and entered the seminary at 19.

Education. Seminary of Shanghai, Shanghai.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 28, 1930. From 1930 to 1949, pastoral work in diocese of Shanghai; although a diocesan priest, he was appointed headmaster of Aurora High School and later of Gonzaga High School, both run by the Society of Jesus.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Soochow, August 9, 1949. Consecrated, October 7, 1949, Shanghai, Zikawei, church of Saint Joseph, by Antonio Riberi, titular archbishop of Dara, nuncio in China, assisted by James Edward Walsh, M.M., titular bishop of Sata, and by Simon Chu Kai Min, bishop of Haimen. Transferred to Shanghai and also appointed apostolic administrator of Soochow and Nanking, July 15, 1950. When persecution against church started, arrested September 8, 1955; sentenced to life in prison, March 16, 1960. Released from jail and placed under house arrest, 1985; political rights granted by Shanghai tribunal, January 6, 1988. Exercised pastoral ministry during his years in jail. Resided in United States since 1988.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest and reserved in pectore, June 30, 1979; published, June 28, 1991; received the red biretta and the title of S. Sisto, June 30, 1991. By the time his creation was published he had already turned 80 years of age, August 2, 1981, and lost the right to participate in the conclave.

Death. March 12, 2000, Stamford, Connecticut, United States. Buried, Santa Clara Mission Cemetery, Santa Clara, California.

Links. Biography, in English; highlights from his Life and Work, in English; and photo gallery.

©1998-2008 Salvador Miranda.