If you think Jack’s bean stalk was a problem wait until you’ve read about Lygodium. When I decided to do a Master's thesis in Environmental Studies at FIU, I was sure I wanted to conduct research on a topic that would be useful. I didn’t want to do research for the sole purpose of pursuing an M.Sc. degree; I wanted to make a difference. I met with my major professor and decided to embark on a research topic that was of interest to many ecologists in South Florida……

My name is Tainya Clarke. I am working with the invasive fern Lygodium microphyllum, commonly known as the Old world climbing fern. It was introduced from S.E. Asia to Palm Beach County as an ornamental plant in the 1960s. Lygodium was intentionally planted in commercial and residential gardens but soon ecologists and horticulturalist realized that this fern was growing at a very rapid rate and spreading into undisturbed areas. Over the last few decades various eradication teams have tried chopping, mechanical removal, herbicide application or a combination of all three, but have not been successful in controlling Lygodium's growth and spread without causing harm to native flora and fauna.

My professor and I decided to test the efficacy of a native fungus on this invasive fern. I collected samples from several field sites (Big Cypress Seminole reservation, Big Panther reserve and Dupuis State Preserve); this is to promote genetic variability among my samples, as well as to observe the different areas in which Lygodium grows. It grows everywhere! While in the field, I have observed Lygodium growing in standing water, moist soils, in shaded areas or in full sun. To date it can be found in cypress swamps, saw grass marshes, hammocks, ditches, even the tree islands that are not directly connected to land! I do believe if I don’t move quickly when I’m in the field, the vines will engulf me too.

There is a tremendous difference in soil moisture, humidity, light penetration and canopy cover among the different field sites. At all field sites, however, Lygodium can be seen draping itself like a curtain over native vegetation, with wispy young vines stretching towards their next victim.

I have selected some of the affected native plants to carry out host specificity tests with the fungus. Sampling is tricky, you have to maneuver between clumps of trees while avoiding projecting roots along the ground, and just as you locate young actively growing fern

and begin to dig around the soil and roots it hits you! What?... the mosquitoes of course, in the humid South Florida environment, the smallest of predators becomes your biggest problem. Field work is interesting and a lot of fun but it can be hot and sticky as well. Necessary field supplies include mosquito nets, environmentally friendly insect repellent, long sleeve shirt and lots of potable water.

Working in the field has allowed me to refine my experimental methods, especially those related to humidity and native species. Doing a research thesis which requires field work most definitely provides for a better understanding of the research topic.

When the going gets tough…. Toughen up and keep going.